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1.
γ‐Radiation vulcanized natural rubber (RVNR)/phase transfer/suspension polymerization technique was used to prepare high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) in bead form. The high notched Izod impact resistance of HIPS based on RVNR was observed and compared with that of unmodified PS. The impact resistance of HIPS based on RVNR was further enhanced by addition of 10% of polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene copolymer. A mesh structure of all crosslinked rubber particles containing polystyrene and long crazes in HIPS were observed under electron microscopy. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

2.
Poly1‐hexene was prepared using a conventional heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst and its stereoregularity was characterized using 13C‐NMR analysis. New kind of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) was prepared by radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of different amounts of synthesized poly1‐hexene (PH) as impact modifier (HIPS/PH) and compared with conventional high impact polystyrene with polybutadiene (HIPS/PB) as rubber phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the dispersion of poly1‐hexene in polystyrene matrix was more uniform compared with it in HIPS/PB. The impact strength of HIPS/PH was 29–79% and 80–289% higher than that in HIPS/PB and neat polystyrene, respectively. FTIR was used to confirm more durability of HIPS/PH samples toward ozonation. To study the effect of rubber type and amount on the Tgs of polystyrene, differential scanning calorimetry was employed. Results obtained from TGA demonstrated higher thermal stability of HIPS/PH sample in comparison with conventional HIPS/PB one. Our obtained results suggest new high impact polystyrene that in all studied aspects has better performance than the conventional HIPS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43882.  相似文献   

3.
Block copolymers containing ε‐caprolactone were synthesized. Mechanical properties as a function of chemical composition and domain structure as a function of elongation were studied. Based on previous optimal conditions determination by factorial design of experiments of ε‐caprolactone anionic polymerization, polystyrene‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone), polyisoprene‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone), polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (SBCL), and polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (SICL) with different compositions where synthesized, and characterized by GPC and DSC. Both the SICL and SBCL materials are thermoplastic elastomers, from which spin‐cast films were prepared. Their mechanical properties were determined, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements were carried out during straining, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed. All diblock polymers separate into a two‐phase structure, but the melting point of crystalline poly(ε‐caprolactone) domains in the block polymer is higher than in the case of the homopolymer. According to DMA data, some of the SICL and SBCL materials are three‐phase systems, but others are only two‐phase systems. The two‐phase materials show a considerable depression of the composite hard domain glass transition and, consequently, turn out to be very soft. It appears peculiar that the transition from three‐phase to two‐phase material is accomplished by decreasing the soft block length. For the soft material SAXS exhibits a lamellar stack nanoscale structure and several reflections of colloidal crystals. As a function of increasing elongation, the crystal reflections broaden, whereas lamellar stacks rotate as a whole.  相似文献   

4.
The adhesive properties, as measured by bulk tack and peel strength analysis, were found to decrease in polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene (SBS) and polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene (SIS) PSA films containing common singlet oxygen generators, acridine, rose bengal, and C60 fullerene, when irradiated with a tungsten halogen light in air. The addition of the singlet oxygen quencher, β‐carotene, to the C60 fullerene samples was found to significantly deter the rate of adhesive loss in the fullerene‐SBS and ‐SIS PSA nanocomposites. The presence of oxygen was essential to the mechanism of adhesive loss and, in combination with the effects of singlet oxygen generators and a singlet oxygen scavenger, strongly supports a singlet‐oxygen mediated process. FTIR investigations of fullerene‐SBS and ‐SIS systems suggest the initial formation of peroxides which, upon further irradiation, lead to the generation of carbonyl‐containing compounds of a ketonic type after crosslinking. Rates of SBS and SIS C‐H abstraction were comparable and found to decrease when the high‐pressure, mercury xenon irradiation source was filtered to allow only light of λ > 390 nm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008  相似文献   

5.
Plastic foams with nano/micro‐scale cellular structures were prepared from poly(propylene)/thermoplastic polystyrene elastomer (PP/TPS) systems, specifically the copolymer blends PP/hydrogenated polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene rubber and PP/hydrogenated polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene. These PP/TPS systems have the unique characteristic that the elastomer domain can be highly dispersed and oriented in the machine direction by changing the draw‐down ratio in the extrusion process. A temperature‐quench batch physical foaming method was used to foam these two systems with CO2. The cell size and location were highly controlled in the dispersed elastomer domains by exploiting the differences in CO2 solubility, diffusivity, and viscoelasticity between the elastomer domains and the PP matrix. The average cell diameter of the PP/TPS blend foams was controlled to be 200–400 nm on the finest level by manipulating the PP/rubber ratio, the draw‐down ratio of extrusion and the foaming temperature. Furthermore, the cellular structure could be highly oriented in one direction by using the highly‐oriented elastomer domains in the polymer blend morphology as a template for foaming.

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6.
By using in situ prepolymerization and radiation curing, high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) with a bimodal distribution of the size of the rubber particles (bimodal HIPS) was synthesized in the presence of ultrafine full‐vulcanized powdered styrene–butadiene rubber (UFPSBR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR). TEM photographs indicated that UFPSBR was dispersed uniformly as a single particle with a diameter of about 100 nm. On the other hand, bimodal HIPS with different rubber particle size distributions could also be obtained by blending HIPS and UFPSBR grafting styrene (UFPSBR‐g‐St) with different grafting yields. The bimodal HIPS with the smallest rubber particle size, at about 100 nm, could be prepared by blending the monomodal HIPS containing big rubber particles with polystyrene/UFPSBR. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008  相似文献   

7.
The thermoreversible gelation of a triblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene/butylene)‐block‐polystyrene in n‐octane and two solvent mixtures of n‐octane and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone with a high n‐octane content has been studied. n‐Octane and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone are selective solvents for the middle poly(ethylene/butylene) block and the end polystyrene blocks, respectively. The influence of the solvent composition on the sol–gel transition and the mechanical properties of the gels was studied. The gel formation temperature increased with the copolymer concentration and the n‐octane content in the solvent system. The mechanical properties of the different gels were studied through oscillatory shear measurements. The concentration dependence of the elastic storage modulus showed an exponent close to that expected for gels in good solvents (2.25) that possess a structure similar to those of chemical networks. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
Toughening of polyamide‐6 (PA6) by elastomers without sacrificing the modulus of blends has always been a challenge. In this study, PA6 was modified by poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic acid)‐block‐polystyrene‐block‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐polystyrene tetrablock copolymer (BCP) elastomer. The introduced acid groups in BCP resulted in the size of BCP inclusions down to nanometers in polyamide matrix. 10 wt % of BCP‐modified PA6 blends achieved five times increase in notched impact strength with almost no loss in modulus. Microscopic observations suggested the cavitation of elastomer particles and shear yielding of PA6 matrix to be the major toughening mechanism. This research provides a strategy to toughen polyamides by block copolymers at very low rubber content. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134, 44849.  相似文献   

9.
Polystyrene‐b‐alkyl, polystyrene‐b‐polybutadiene‐b‐polystyrene, and polystyrene‐b‐poly(propylene glycol)monotridecyl ether were synthesized using macro initiators and atom transfer radical polymerization or by esterifications of homopolymers. The aim was a maximum molecular weight of 4 kg/mol and minimum polystyrene content of 50 w/w %, which by us is predicted as the limits for solubility of polystyrene‐b‐alkyl in polystyrene. DSC showed polystyrene was plasticized, as seen by a reduction in glass transition temperature, by block copolymers consisting of a polystyrene block with molecular weight of approximately 1 kg/mol and an alkyl block with a molecular weight of approximately of 0.3 kg/mol. The efficiency of the block copolymers as plasticizers increases with decreasing molecular weight and polystyrene content. In addition, polystyrene‐b‐alkyl is found to be an efficient plasticizer also for polystyrene‐b‐polyisoprene‐b‐polystyrene (SIS) block copolymers. The end use properties of SIS plasticized with polystyrene‐b‐alkyl, measured as tensile strength, is higher than for SIS plasticized with dioctyl adipate. The polystyrene‐b‐polybutadiene‐b‐polystyrene and polystyrene‐b‐poly(propylene glycol)monotridecyl ether series were only partially soluble in polystyrene and insoluble in the polystyrene phase of SIS. For the lowest molecular weight samples, this leads to measurable plasticization of polystyrene but no plasticization of SIS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 981–991, 2005  相似文献   

10.
Core–shell polybutadiene‐graft‐polystyrene (PB‐g‐PS) rubber particles with different ratios of polybutadiene to polystyrene were prepared by emulsion polymerization through grafting styrene onto polybutadiene latex. The weight ratio of polybutadiene to polystyrene ranged from 50/50 to 90/10. These core‐shell rubber particles were then blended with polystyrene to prepare PS/PB‐g‐PS blends with a constant rubber content of 20 wt%. PB‐g‐PS particles with a lower PB/PS ratio (≤70/30) form a homogeneous dispersion in the polystyrene matrix, and the Izod notched impact strength of these blends is higher than that of commercial high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS). It is generally accepted that polystyrene can only be toughened effectively by 1–3 µm rubber particles through a toughening mechanism of multiple crazings. However, the experimental results show that polystyrene can actually be toughened by monodisperse sub‐micrometer rubber particles. Scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surface and stress‐whitening zone of blends with a PB/PS ratio of 70/30 in PB‐g‐PS copolymer reveal a novel toughening mechanism of modified polystyrene, which may be shear yielding of the matrix, promoted by cavitation. Subsequently, a compression‐induced activation method was explored to compare the PS/PB‐g‐PS blends with commercial HIPS, and the result show that the toughening mechanisms of the two samples are different. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.
High impact polystyrene (HIPS) resins were obtained with in situ bulk polymerization toughened by styrene–isoprene–butadiene terpolymer rubber (SIBR). SIBR prepolymer was prepared through selective polymerization of styrene (St), isoprene (Ip), and butadiene (Bd) in St with [Nd]/[Al]/[Cl] catalyst. Nd‐based catalyst exhibited more favorable activity toward conjugated diene other than St, resulting in St solution of random SIBR with high cis‐1,4 stereoregularity and low St content, which was directly exposed to the free radical polymerization of St to generate HIPS. Effect of toughened rubber and the initiators [difunctional (D2) and trifunctional (T3)] were examined to attain HIPS possessing mechanical properties as follow: impact strength, 0.9–24.8 kJ/m2; tensile strength, 16.0–27.5 MPa; and elongation at break, 7.4–107.0%. Increasing SIBR matrix in HIPS improved the impact strength and decreased tensile strength. The fracture surface morphologies of HIPS specimens were studied by notched impact tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), illustrating that the incremental SIBR matrix presented synergistic toughening effect of crazing to enhance the ductile fracture behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43979.  相似文献   

12.
We observed that modified polyphenylene ether (PPE) was solubilized in thermoplastic styrenic elastomer (TPS) and that a two‐phase lacy structure formed on nanometer scales when the TPS composition was 67 wt % and modified PPE and polystyrene‐block‐poly(styrene‐co‐ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene (S‐SEB‐S triblock copolymer) were blended. However, the molecular weight of the outer PS block segments MoutPS and the content of the outer PS block segments ?outPS were <10,000 g/mol and 20 wt %, respectively. The resulting S‐SEB‐S/modified PPE nano‐alloy exhibited both flexibility and flame retardancy, unlike other materials, where a trade‐off exists between these two properties; that is, the flame retardancy was excellent when the phosphorus additive was present. This combination of properties might be attributed to the two‐phase nanometer‐scale structure consisting of flame‐retardant styrene/PPE domains and a continuous soft, lacy SEB matrix. The results for polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene (S‐EB‐S triblock copolymer)/modified PPE blends were presented for comparison. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40446.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of compatibility of tackifier with polymer matrix and mixing weight ratio of triblock/diblock copolymers as the matrix on the adhesion property and phase structure of tackifier‐added polystryrene triblock/diblock copolymer blends were investigated. For this purpose, polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene triblock and polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene diblock copolymers were used and the diblock weight ratio in the blend was varied from 0 to 1. Spherical polystyrene domains with a mean size of about 20 nm were dispersed in the polyisoprene (PI) continuous phase. In the case of the hydrogenated cycloaliphatic resin as tackifier having a good compatibility with PI and a poor compatibility with polystyrene, the peel strength increased with an increase of the tackifier content, and the degree of increase became significant above 40 wt % of tackifier. It was found that the nanometer‐sized agglomerates of tackifier in the PI matrix were formed and the distance between the nearest neighbors of agglomerates was about 15 nm from SAXS measurement. The peel strength increased with an increase of the nanometer‐sized agglomerates of tackifier from TEM observation. On the other hand, in the case of the rosin phenolic resin as tackifier having a good compatibility with both polystyrene and PI, the peel strength increased effectively at the lower tackifier content, while no significant increase at higher tackifier content was observed. The agglomerates of tackifier were never confirmed in this system. The higher peel strength was obtained at the diblock weight ratio in the blend of 0.5–0.7 for both tackifier‐added systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: The phase behaviour of copolymers and their blends is of great interest due to the phase transitions, self‐assembly and formation of ordered structures. Phenomena associated with the microdomain morphology of parent copolymers and phase behaviour in blends of deuterated block copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), i.e. (dPS‐blockdPMMA)1/(dPS‐block‐PMMA)2, were investigated using small‐angle X‐ray scattering, small‐angle neutron scattering and transmission electron microscopy as a function of molecular weight, concentration of added copolymers and temperature. RESULTS: Binary blends of the diblock copolymers having different molecular weights and different original micromorphology (one copolymer was in a disordered state and the others were of lamellar phase) were prepared by a solution‐cast process. The blends were found to be completely miscible on the molecular level at all compositions, if their molecular weight ratio was smaller than about 5. The domain spacing D of the blends can be scaled with Mn by DMn2/3 as predicted by a previously published postulate (originally suggested and proved for blends of lamellar polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene copolymers). CONCLUSIONS: The criterion for forming a single‐domain morphology (molecularly mixed blend) taking into account the different solubilization of copolymer blocks has been applied to explain the changes in microdomain morphology during the self‐assembling process in two copolymer blends. Evidently the criterion, suggested originally for blends of lamellar polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene copolymers, can be employed to a much broader range of block copolymer blends. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
The ternary Ziegler‐Natta‐type catalyst system based on neodymium versatate (NdV), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAH) and ethylaluminium sesquichloride (EASC) was used for the in situ preparation of a compatibilized blend consisting of poly(cis‐1,4‐butadiene) (BR = butadiene rubber) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL). Poly(cis‐1,4‐butadiene)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) which acts as compatibilizer for the two immiscible polymers BR and PCL was obtained by a two step sequential polymerization with the preparation of a living cis‐1,4‐BR building block in the first stage and the subsequent polymerization of CL during the second stage. This preparation method resulted in a polymer blend comprising the homopolymers BR and PCL as well as the block copolymer BR‐block‐PCL. For detailed characterization the block copolymer was separated from the respective homopolymers BR and PCL by means of fractionation with the binary solvent mixture dimethylformamide/methylcyclohexane (DMF/MCH) which mixes well at elevated temperature and exhibits phase separation at ambient temperature. 1H NMR, IR, SEC and TEM were used for characterization of the block copolymer.

TEM of BR‐block‐PCL.  相似文献   


16.
Mei-Kuan Lai 《Polymer》2005,46(8):2558-2566
A (star polystyrene)-block-(linear polyisoprene)-block-(star polystyrene) copolymer, (S)nI(S)n, was prepared. The star polystyrene was produced via anionic polymerization of polystyrene macromonomers each containing an unsaturated double bond (vinyl) at the chain end. This vinyl-terminated polystyrene macromonomer (SSTM) was obtained beforehand via the synthesis of a living polystyrene using alkyllithium and the termination with p-chloromethylstyrene (PCMS). The living site in the core of the star polystyrene enabled the construction of the succeeding polyisoprene block resulting in the living (star polystyrene)-block-(linear polyisoprene) copolymer, (S)nI. This living diblock copolymer was then coupled with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) to form the well-defined (S)nI(S)n. Compared to a linear polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene, SIS, with the same molecular weight, (S)nI(S)n had a higher Tg and exhibited a lamellae-forming phase separation in conjunction with many dislocation defects. The thermal stability appeared independent of the molecular structure, and the radius of gyration and viscosity of (S)nI(S)n were much smaller than SIS.  相似文献   

17.
Poly(A)‐block‐poly(B), poly(A)‐block‐poly(B)‐block‐poly(A) and B(A)2 block copolymers were prepared through coordinated anionic ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) and lactic acid (LA) using hydroxy‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as initiator. A wide range of well‐defined combinations of PDMS‐block‐PCL and PDMS‐block‐PLA diblock copolymers, PCL‐block‐PDMS‐block‐PCL and PLA‐block‐PDMS‐block‐PLA triblock copolymers and star‐PDMS(PCL)2 copolymers were thus obtained. The number‐average molar masses and the structure of the synthesized block copolymers were identified using various analytical techniques. The thermal properties of these copolymers were established using differential scanning calorimetry. Considering PDMS‐block‐PCL copolymers, the results demonstrate the complex effect of polymer architecture and PCL block length on the ability of the PDMS block to crystallize or not. In the case of diblock copolymers, crystallization of PCL blocks originated from stacking of adjacent chains inducing the extension of the PDMS block that can easily crystallize. In the case of star copolymers, the same tendency as in triblock copolymers is observed, showing a limited crystallization of PDMS when the length of the PCL block increases. In the case of PDMS‐block‐PLA copolymers, melting and crystallization transitions of the PLA block are never observed. Considering the diblock copolymers, PDMS sequences have the ability to crystallize. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
The crystallization behaviors, dynamic mechanical properties, tensile, and morphology features of polyamide1010 (PA1010) blends with the high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) were examined at a wide composition range. Both unmodified and maleic‐anhydride‐(MA)‐grafted HIPS (HIPS‐g‐MA) were used. It was found that the domain size of HIPS‐g‐MA was much smaller than that of HIPS at the same compositions in the blends. The mechanical performances of PA1010–HIPS‐g‐MA blends were enhanced much more than that of PA1010–HIPS blends. The crystallization temperature of PA1010 shifted towards higher temperature as HIPS‐g‐MA increased from 20 to 50% in the blends. For the blends with a dispersed PA phase (≤35 wt %), the Tc of PA1010 shifted towards lower temperature, from 178 to 83°C. An additional transition was detected at a temperature located between the Tg's of PA1010 and PS. It was associated with the interphase relaxation peak. Its intensity increased with increasing content of PA1010, and the maximum occurred at the composition of PA1010–HIPS‐g‐MA 80/20. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 857–865, 1999  相似文献   

19.
Mono‐ and bifunctional poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) macroinitiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) were prepared by esterification of mono‐ and bishydroxy telechelic PPO with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. The macroinitiators were used for ATRP of styrene to give block copolymers with PPO and polystyrene (PS) segments, namely PPO‐block‐PS and PS‐block‐PPO‐block‐PS. Various ligands were studied in combination with CuBr as ATRP catalysts. Kinetic investigations revealed controlled polymerization processes for certain ligands and temperature ranges. Thermal analysis of the block copolymers by means of DSC revealed only one glass transition temperature as a result of the compatibility of the PS and PPO chain segments and the formation of a single phase; this glass transition temperature can be adjusted over a wide temperature range (ca 100–199 °C), depending on the composition of the block copolymer. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
Polystyrene terminated with benzyl alcohol units was employed as a macroinitiator for ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and L ‐lactide to yield AB‐ and ABC‐type block copolymers. Even though there are many reports on the diblock copolymers of poly(styrene‐block‐lactide) and poly(styrene‐block‐lactone), this is the first report on the poly(styrene‐block‐lactone‐block‐lactide) triblock copolymer consisting of two semicrystalline and degradable segments. The triblock copolymers exhibited twin melting behavior in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis with thermal transitions corresponding to each of the lactone and lactide blocks. The block derived from ε‐caprolactone also showed crystallization transitions upon cooling from the melt. In the DSC analysis, one of the triblock copolymers showed an exothermic transition well above the melting temperature upon cooling. Thermogravimetric analysis of these block copolymers showed a two‐step degradation curve for the diblock copolymer and a three‐step degradation for the triblock copolymer with each of the degradation steps associated with each segment of the block copolymers. The present study shows that it is possible to make pure triblock copolymers with two semicrystalline segments which also consist of degradable blocks. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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