PLZT陶瓷纤维/环氧树脂1-3复合材料的制备和性能研究

以乙酸铅、乙酸镧、乙酸氧锆和钛酸丁酯为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺镧锆钛酸铅(PLZT)凝胶纤维.该纤维经热解、烧结后成为直径约25μm的陶瓷纤维.陶瓷纤维的表面和断面形貌的电子扫描图象表明,该陶瓷纤维均匀致密.用阿基米德法测得陶瓷纤维的密度为:7.78×10³kg/m³.对于直径为4.4mm、厚度为43μm、陶瓷含量为70％的PLZT陶瓷纤维/环氧树脂1-3复合材料压电片,测得其压电常数d₃₃、机电转换常数k_t分别为:410pC/N和0.631.     

1-3型压电纤维复合材料的制备及性能研究

用粉末-溶胶混合物挤出法制备了直径为300μm和400μm的PZT压电纤维,研究了纤维的显微结构、密度和收缩率.采用排列-浇铸法制备了纤维体积分数为25%的1-3型压电纤维复合材料,计算了材料的介电常数、机电耦合系数和机械品质因数.结果表明:1-3型压电复合材料的Kp小于压电陶瓷片,Kt和Kt/Kp都大于陶瓷片;相同体积分数的压电纤维复合材料,直径为400μm的纤维制备的复合材料其εT,d33,Kt和Kt/Kp都大于直径为300μm的纤维制备的复合材料.     

锌铌酸铅-锆钛酸铅(PZN-PZT)压电陶瓷和陶瓷纤维的制备

以乙酸铅、丙酸锌、五乙氧基铌、四丙氧基锆和四正丁氧基钛为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了锌铌酸铅-锆钛酸铅(PZN-PZT)凝胶纤维.该纤维经热解、烧结后成为直径约25μm的陶瓷纤维.陶瓷纤维的表面和断面形貌的电子扫描图像显示:该陶瓷纤维均匀致密,呈圆柱形.X射线分析表明:烧结温度影响陶瓷的晶相纯度.当烧结温度高于1250℃时,该陶瓷及陶瓷纤维呈现纯净的钙钛矿晶相.阿基米德法测得陶瓷和陶瓷纤维的密度分别为7.70×10³kg/m³和7.80×10³kg/m³.对陶瓷含量为63%的PZN-PZT陶瓷纤维/环氧树脂1-3复合材料压电片,测得其机电转换常数kt、压电常数d₃₃和相对介电常数ε分别为:0.65、403pC/N和1300.以溶胶-凝胶法制备的超细粉体为原料烧结成的PZN-PZT陶瓷,其k_t、d₃₃和ε分别为0.48、600pC/N和2627.     

切割-填充法制备粗压电陶瓷纤维复合材料驱动器

采用切割-填充法制备了一种粗压电陶瓷纤维复合材料驱动器,该驱动器由叉指电极电路板、环氧树脂黏结层和粗压电陶瓷纤维复合材料层三部分组成。理论计算了粗压电陶瓷纤维复合材料的压电性能,并采用TF Analyzer 2000铁电分析仪和基于LabVIEW的动态应变采集系统测试了该驱动器的P-E回线和应变性能。结果表明:粗压电陶瓷纤维复合材料的理论压电常数d33和剩余极化强度Pr分别为634pC·N-1和31.4μC·cm-2。且在±1,000V正弦交变电压作用下,驱动器可以产生纵向和横向应变分别为30με和20με,即纵向和横向伸缩分别可达0.63μm和0.34μm。     

振动真空方法对水泥基压电复合材料性能提高表征测试

为改善水泥基压电复合材料的密实度,提高材料性能和耐久性,该文提出一种基于振动真空共同作用的方法,制备水泥基压电复合材料,设置两组对照试验。以普通硅酸盐水泥为基体,以锆钛酸铅压电陶瓷PZT为功能体,用振动真空和纯真空方法结合切割-填充法制备出1-3型、2-2型PZT/水泥基压电复合材料.研究分析振动真空和纯真空下水泥基压电复合材料的压电性、介电性和机电耦合性能的变化规律。结果表明:采用振动真空方法所得到的试件,其压电应变常数d_(33)和相对介电常数ε_γ比纯真空方法得到的结果相对偏大,而相对应的压电电压常数g_(33)则偏小,压电性能更好。振动真空方法得到的试件,其串联谐振频率f_s和并联谐振频率f_p较纯真空方法得到的试件要更小,而K_p、K_t和Q_m的值都稍微更大,机电耦合性能更好。     

排列–浇铸法制备柔性压电纤维复合驱动器

设计了该压电纤维复合驱动器的结构,包括叉指电极板、粘结层和压电纤维复合层三部分。采用排列–浇铸法制备了柔性的层状压电纤维复合驱动器。测试了铌锌锆钛酸铅(PZN-PZT)陶瓷的电学性能及力学性能,理论推导了压电纤维复合材料的压电性能,并采用基于LabVIEW的动态应变系统测试了驱动器的应变性能。结果表明,PZN-PZT陶瓷的压电常数d33为520 pC/N,居里温度Tc为320℃,弹性柔顺系数s33为20.5×10–12m2/N。压电纤维复合材料的理论压电常数d33为509 pC/N,d31为–156 pC/N。在300 V正弦交变电压作用下,驱动器可以产生100με的纵向应变和58με的横向应变,即纵横向伸缩分别可达3.6和1.7μm,说明该驱动器具有较高的机电性能。     

PZT基NiTi SMA/PZT复合材料的组织结构及其压电性能研究

采用真空直流溅射法在PZT基体上沉积NiTi SMA薄膜,再经过晶化处理而制备出PZT基NiTi SMA/PZT复合材料.使用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料试样的表面和界面组织结构.使用ZJ-3A型准态仪、Automatic LCR Meter4225测试复合材料的压电常数d33,机电耦合系数KP1,介电损耗tgδ,以考察NiTi SMA薄膜对PZT压电性能的影响.测试结果显示复合材料的压电常数d33,机电耦合系数KP相对于PZT均有提高,而介电损耗tgδ有小幅度降低.NiTiSMA薄膜与PZT基体之间的良好的界面结合结构及界面附近存在的源自膜/基材料间晶格差异的约束应力,有利于电偶极子的定向运动,保障了PZT基体压电性能的发挥.     

PZT基NiTi SMA/PZT复合材料的组织结构及其压电性能研究EI

采用真空直流溅射法在PZT基体上沉积NiTi SMA薄膜,再经过晶化处理而制备出PZT基NiTi SMA/PZT复合材料.使用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料试样的表面和界面组织结构.使用ZJ-3A型准态仪、Automatic LCR Meter4225测试复合材料的压电常数d33,机电耦合系数KP1,介电损耗tgδ,以考察NiTi SMA薄膜对PZT压电性能的影响.测试结果显示复合材料的压电常数d33,机电耦合系数KP相对于PZT均有提高,而介电损耗tgδ有小幅度降低.NiTiSMA薄膜与PZT基体之间的良好的界面结合结构及界面附近存在的源自膜/基材料间晶格差异的约束应力,有利于电偶极子的定向运动,保障了PZT基体压电性能的发挥.     

0.08Pb(Fe1/3Sb2/3)O3-yPbTiO3-(1-0.08-y)PbZrO3压电陶瓷性能研究

合成了钙钛矿结构的0.08Pb(Fe1/3 Sb2/3)O3-yPb-TiO3-(1-0.08-y)PbZrO3三元系压电陶瓷材料,测量并计算了不同y值时的压电常数(d33)、机电耦合系数kp、k33)、机械品质因数(Qm)以及极化前后的介电常数(εT33/ε0),对实验现象进行了简单的讨论,得出一些有益的结论;实验结果表明当选取合适的y值时可以获得压电性能良好的压电材料,如y=0.45时材料的平面机电耦合系数kp、纵向机电耦合系数k33和压电常数d33分别达到0.64×10-12C/N、0.72×10-12C/N和365×10-12C/N.     

1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备及性能

采用切割-浇注法, 以硫铝酸盐水泥为基体, 制备了1-3型水泥基压电复合材料。详细阐述了1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的制备过程; 研究了0.375Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.375PbTiO₃-0.25PbZrO₃压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t对1-3型水泥基压电复合材料的压电性能、 介电性能和声阻抗的影响。结果表明: 压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t对1-3型水泥基压电复合材料性能有很大影响, 随着w/t的增加, 其压电应变常数d₃₃、 机电耦合系数K_p与K_t、 机械品质因数Q_m、 介电常数ε_r和介电损耗tanδ均随着w/t的增加而减小, 而压电电压常数g₃₃值几乎不受w/t的影响。在压电陶瓷体积分数仅为22.72%的条件下, 调节压电陶瓷柱的宽厚比w/t至0.130, 可使复合材料的声阻抗与混凝土的声阻抗十分接近, 从而有效地解决了智能材料在土木工程中的声阻抗相容性问题。      

Mechanical properties of

The ultimate values for compressive strength, Young's modulus, and toughness of cylindrical specimens of unitary aspect ratios and uniform grain-size distributions were extrapolated for hydroxyapatite (HAP) to 70 MPa, 9.2 GPa, and 0.36 J cm-3, and for tricalcium phosphate (TCP), to 315 MPa, 21 GPa, and 2.34 J cm-3. For total volume porosities of 50%, the corresponding values were determined: for HAP, 9.3 MPa, 1.2 GPa, 0.042 J cm-3, for TCP, 13 MPa, 1.6 GP, 0.077 J cm-3. Porosities of HAP specimens ranged from 3%–50%; TCP from 10%–70%. Two pore-size distributions were employed. Exponential dependencies of the mechanical properties were found upon porosity (p0.0001). No differences in measured mechanical properties, as determined in compression, could be attributed to pore size. The superiority of TCP increases with density and suggests that a larger or more selective pore-size distribution could be effectively employed in TCP biological implants. This work also suggests the dominant role of secondary calcium phosphates in increasing compressive strengths. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Flexural properties and dynamic mechanical properties of glass fibre-epoxy composites

The viscoelastic behaviour of glass fibre (GF)-epoxy composites was studied by flexural tests and dynamic mechanical measurements. In relation, the influence of surface treatment of GF on viscoelastic behaviour was also examined. Using the results of flexural tests under a variety of constant temperature and strain rate, master curves of flexural strength () and flexural strain () were obtained for matrix epoxy and GF composites. The magnitudes of the master curves were different between matrix epoxy and GF composites. The fracture mode was influenced by temperature, strain rate, and G F surface treatment. The magnitude of storage modulus and effectiveness of adhesion at the GF-matrix interface were also influenced by GF surface treatment. Relationship between the results of flexural strain and loss modulus were considered for GF composites.     

Effective thermal properties of viscoelastic composites having field-dependent constituent properties

This study introduces a micromechanical model for predicting effective thermal properties (linear coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity) of viscoelastic composites having solid spherical particle reinforcements. A representative volume element (RVE) of the composites is modeled by a single particle embedded in the cubic matrix. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed to the RVE. The micromechanical model consists of four particle and matrix subcells. Micromechanical relations are formulated in terms of incremental average field quantities, i.e., stress, strain, heat flux and temperature gradient, in the subcells. Perfect bonds are assumed along the subcell’s interfaces. Stress and temperature-dependent viscoelastic constitutive models are used for the isotropic constituents in the micromechanical model. Thermal properties of the particle and matrix constituents are temperature dependent. The effective coefficient of thermal expansion is derived by satisfying displacement and traction continuity at the interfaces during thermo-viscoelastic deformations. This formulation leads to an effective time–temperature–stress-dependent coefficient of thermal expansion. The effective thermal conductivity is formulated by imposing heat flux and temperature continuity at the subcells’ interfaces. The effective thermal properties obtained from the micromechanical model are compared with analytical solutions and experimental data available in the literature. Finally, parametric studies are also performed to investigate the effects of nonlinear thermal and mechanical properties of each constituent on the overall thermal properties of the composite.     

Free-volume properties of epoxy composites and its relation to macrostructure properties

Some characteristics of epoxy composites are discussed based on the results of positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), electrical and mechanical measurements. The effect of different types and wt% of fillers such as aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), titanium oxide (TiO₂) and silicon carbide (SiC) on the epoxy structure and hence free volume, physical, electrical, and mechanical properties is presented. The results showed that the electrical properties are improved at high wt% of filler, while mechanical properties are improved at low wt% of filler. Furthermore, a similar trend is observed for all fillers but with a systematic shift to high influence when Sic added to cured epoxy. On the other hand, adding SiC as a filler on epoxy improved the resistance to water absorption.The role of PALS as a sensitive probe for changes in microstructure of epoxy composites is confirmed during the correlation between the free-volume parameters and the other measurements.     

Thermodynamic properties of n-pentane

Specific volumes and isobaric heat capacity measurements are reported for n-pentane. The measurements were made in the liquid and vapor phases at temperatures ranging from the triple point (173 K) to the onset of dissociation temperature (700 K) and pressures up to 100 MPa including a wide region around the critical point. We are able to fit our data, as well as those of a number of other authors, to a single equation of state with 30 constants. This equation yields the density of n-pentane in the temperature range from 280 to 650 K at pressures up to 80 MPa and the caloric properties up to 500 K. Additional experimental investigations of the thermodynamic properties are required for temperatures above 500 K. Interpolating equations for the caloric properties on the saturated line and in the critical region are also presented.     

Piezoelectric properties,hysteresis behaviour and dielectric properties of PMN-PZT ceramics

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties ofxPb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃−(1−x)Pb (Zr_0·55Ti_0·45)O₃ system have been investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate rhombohedral and cubic structures. Maximum dielectric constant and piezoelectric properties are exhibited by 0·5–0·5 PMN-PZT composition.P _r is high in 0·6–0·4 PMN-PZT composition.     

磺化改性对聚醚砜力学性能和抗凝血性能的影响

对磺化改性后聚醚砜的力学性能和抗凝血性能进行了测试 ,结果表明 :磺化改性后聚醚砜材料的力学性能有一些改善 ,抗凝血性能也有一定提高     

Thermodynamic properties of nickel

This work reviews and discusses the data and information on the thermodynamic properties of nickel available through May 1984. These properties include heat capacity, enthalpy, enthalpy of transition and melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. The recommended values for heat capacity cover the temperature range from 1 to 3200 K. The recommended values for enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy function, and vapor pressure cover the temperature range from 298.15 to 3200 K.     

Antifouling properties of hydrogels

Marine sessile organisms easily adhere to submerged solids such as rocks, metals and plastics, but not to seaweeds and fishes, which are covered with soft and wet ‘hydrogel’. Inspired by this fact, we have studied long-term antifouling properties of hydrogels against marine sessile organisms. Hydrogels, especially those containing hydroxy group and sulfonic group, show excellent antifouling activity against barnacles both in laboratory assays and in the marine environment. The extreme low settlement on hydrogels in vitro and in vivo is mainly caused by antifouling properties against the barnacle cypris.     

Thermodynamic properties of aluminum

This work reviews and discusses the data on the thermodynamic properties of aluminum available through May 1984. However, two papers dated 1985 which are useful to this work are also included. These properties include heat capacity, enthalpy, enthalpy of transition and melting, vapor pressure, and enthalpy of vaporization. The recommended values for heat capacity cover the temperature range from 0.1 to 2800 K. The recommended values for enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy function, and vapor pressure cover the temperature range from 298.15 to 2800 K.