Viscosity affected by nanoparticle aggregation in Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-water nanofluids

An investigation on viscosity was conducted 2 weeks after the Al₂O₃-water nanofluids having dispersants were prepared at the volume concentration of 1-5%. The shear stress was observed with a non-Newtonian behavior. On further ultrasonic agitation treatment, the nanofluids resumed as a Newtonian fluids. The relative viscosity increases as the volume concentrations increases. At 5% volume concentration, an increment was about 60% in the re-ultrasonication nanofluids in comparison with the base fluid. The microstructure analysis indicates that a higher nanoparticle aggregation had been observed in the nanofluids before re-ultrasonication.     

Numerical investigation of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/water nanofluid laminar convective heat transfer through triangular ducts

In this article, laminar flow-forced convective heat transfer of Al₂O₃/water nanofluid in a triangular duct under constant wall temperature condition is investigated numerically. In this investigation, the effects of parameters, such as nanoparticles diameter, concentration, and Reynolds number on the enhancement of nanofluids heat transfer is studied. Besides, the comparison between nanofluid and pure fluid heat transfer is achieved in this article. Sometimes, because of pressure drop limitations, the need for non-circular ducts arises in many heat transfer applications. The low heat transfer rate of non-circular ducts is one the limitations of these systems, and utilization of nanofluid instead of pure fluid because of its potential to increase heat transfer of system can compensate this problem. In this article, for considering the presence of nanoparticl: es, the dispersion model is used. Numerical results represent an enhancement of heat transfer of fluid associated with changing to the suspension of nanometer-sized particles in the triangular duct. The results of the present model indicate that the nanofluid Nusselt number increases with increasing concentration of nanoparticles and decreasing diameter. Also, the enhancement of the fluid heat transfer becomes better at high Re in laminar flow with the addition of nanoparticles.     

Ébullition par Convection Forcée des Mélanges Eau‐Ammoniac dans un Tube Vertical

An experimental study has been conducted on the forced convective boiling heat transfer of ammonia‐water mixtures flowing inside a 6 mm inner diameter vertical smooth tube. Using a water‐heated double pipe type generator, the local heat transfer coefficients are measured inside the inner tube for a range of heat flux density (29.93 — 99.79 kW/m²), mass flux density (35.36 — 99.04 kg/m²·s), mass flow rate (0.001 — 0.03 kg/s) and ammonia mass concentration (49%, 55% and 61%). The effect of the experimental parameters on the heat transfer coefficients is analysed. Three methods are used to predict the boiling heat transfer coefficients. Experimental data were compared with the available correlations. The obtained results confirm the good performance of the Mishra et al. (1981) and Bennett‐Chen's (1980) correlations in predicting the convective boiling heat transfer coefficient of NH₃‐H₂O mixtures. These methods are able to predict the boiling heat transfer data within an average accuracy of ± 20 %.     

Stability and rheology of dilute TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-water nanofluids

The apparent wall slip (AWS) effect, accompanying the flow of colloidal dispersions in confined geometries, can be an important factor for the applications of nanofluids in heat transfer and microfluidics. In this study, a series of dilute TiO₂ aqueous dispersions were prepared and tested for the possible presence of the AWS effect by means of a novel viscometric technique. The nanofluids, prepared from TiO₂ rutile or anatase nanopowders by ultrasonic dispersing in water, were stabilized by adjusting the pH to the maximum zeta potential. The resulting stable nanofluid samples were dilute, below 0.7 vol.%. All the samples manifest Newtonian behavior with the fluidities almost unaffected by the presence of the dispersed phase. No case of important slip contribution was detected: the Navier slip coefficient of approximately 2 mm Pa^-1 s^-1 would affect the apparent fluidity data in a 100-μm gap by less than 1%.     

纳米石墨冷冻机油对R600a流动沸腾换热的影响

搭建了纳米冷冻机油/制冷剂水平光管内流动沸腾换热测试实验台,研究了石墨/R600a纳米制冷剂在水平直光管内流动沸腾换热特性,分析了纳米石墨对含油制冷剂流动沸腾换热的影响。实验测试段为总长2.5 m、外径9.52 mm、内径8 mm、壁厚0.76 mm的紫铜管。在质量流速为150、200、250、300 kg·m^-2·s^-1下,分别测量纯R600a、含油R600a、不同质量分数(0.05%、0.1%、0.2%)纳米石墨冷冻机油和R600a混合物在水平光滑圆管内流动沸腾传热系数随干度的变化趋势。实验结果表明:纳米石墨的添加增强了含油制冷剂的流动沸腾换热。实验获得了基于石墨的含油纳米制冷剂流动沸腾换热关联式,关联式的预测值与94.5%的实验数据偏差在±15%以内。     

低压条件下纳米流体的沸腾换热特性

在不同低压压力和不同纳米流体浓度下对光滑传热面上的水基纳米流体的池内沸腾特性进行了试验研究.纳米流体由平均直径50 nm的氧化铜粒子加入去离子水中组成,没有加入任何添加剂.研究主要针对7.2 kPa到100kPa的压力区间和0.1%到2%的质量浓度区间内压力和颗粒浓度对光滑表面沸腾换热特性的影响,研究结果表明:压力对纳米流体的沸腾换热特性有强烈影响,沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)强化率随着压力的降低而大幅度增加.纳米流体浓度对沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)有重要影响,并且在质量浓度约1%附近存在一个最佳颗粒浓度.研究结果显示由与去离子水相比,质量分数为1%,压力为7.2 kPa的纳米流体在光滑表面上的沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度都得到了显著提高.     

Electrochemical performance of La<Subscript>0.75</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.25</Subscript>Cr<Subscript>0.9</Subscript>M<Subscript>0.1</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskites as SOFC anodes in CO/CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> mixtures

The performance of La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.9M_0.1O₃ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) perovskitic materials as anodes was studied for a CO-fueled solid oxide fuel cell. The electrocatalytic performance and the tolerance to carbon deposition were investigated, while electrochemical characterization was carried out via AC impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.9Fe_0.1O₃ perovskite showed the best anode performance at temperatures above 900 °C; while at temperatures below 900 °C, the best performance was achieved with the La_0.75Sr_0.25Cr_0.9Co_0.1O₃ material. AC impedance spectroscopy was used for a semi-quantitative analysis of the LSC-M_0.1 anodes performance in view of total cell and charge transfer resistance. All anode materials exhibit high electronic conductivity and presumably do not substantially contribute to the overall cell resistance and concomitant ohmic losses.     

Laminar heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluids in a circular tube

Forced convection heat transfer behavior of three different types of nanofluids flowing through a uniformly heated horizontal tube under laminar regime has been investigated experimentally. Nanofluids were made by dispersion of γ-Al₂O₃, CuO, and TiO₂ nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). All nanofluids as well as the base fluid exhibit shear-thinning behavior. Results of heat transfer experiments indicate that both average and the local heat transfer coefficients of nanofluids are larger than that of the base fluid. The enhancement of heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing nanoparticle loading. At a given Peclet number and nanoparticle concentration the local heat transfer coefficient decreases by axial distance from the test section inlet. It seems that the thermal entry length of nanofluids is greater than the base fluid and becomes longer as nanoparticle concentration increases.     

脉冲加热下微加热器在Al2O3纳米流体中的沸腾换热

以Al₂O₃-H₂O纳米流体中的微加热器为研究对象,通过实验方法对脉冲加热条件下微加热器的温度响应曲线和气泡动力学行为进行了详细的研究。比较了在纯水及浓度为0.1%和0.2%的Al₂O₃-H₂O纳米流体中微加热器的温度变化和气泡动力学行为。发现在脉冲加热条件下,微加热器在不同浓度的纳米流体中将出现不同的温度响应曲线,加热膜表面的气泡动力学行为也不相同。实验表明,在脉冲加热条件下,微加热器在Al₂O₃-H₂O纳米流体中的换热效果要明显高于纯水,纳米粒子的浓度对于加热膜表面的气泡动力学行为有明显影响,对微加热器换热的影响也很大。最后根据实验结果以及纳米粒子对气液固三相线的影响,对实验中Al₂O₃纳米流体的换热情况进行了合理的解释。     

Intensification of convective heat transfer in water/ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing TiO2 nanoparticles

This paper presents a study of heat transfer performance of water, ethylene glycol (EG) and their mixtures of varying compositions and comparison thereof. The present work demonstrates the enhancement in convective heat transfer in nanofluids. The nanofluids were prepared by adding TiO₂ nanoparticles (having a particle size below 100 nm) in a base fluid. A binary mixture of EG (40%) and water (60%) was used as a base fluid. Nanofluids with varied volume fraction between 0 and 0.5 (volume fraction of TiO₂ nanoparticles) were considered in the present study. The experimental setup used was consisting of a test section that includes 750 mm long copper pipe with 8 mm inner diameter and a heater. The test section was covered with an insulation layer to minimize the heat losses. Temperature measurement was done with thermocouples. The experiments were conducted to study the effects of solid volume fraction, nanofluid flow rate and the inlet temperature on the heat transfer performance of the nanofluids. The results show an enhancement in heat transfer coefficient with increased volume fraction of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The maximum enhancement of 105% in heat transfer coefficient was observed for the nanofluid with solid volume fraction of 0.5.     

Experimental results of nanofluids flow effects on metal surfaces

The results of an experimental study on the effects of the flow of nanofluids (water-based suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles) on metal surfaces are presented. Either different nanofluids (containing TiO₂, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and SiC, respectively) and different target materials (aluminum, copper, stainless steel) have been investigated, under similar operating conditions. Different behaviors were observed depending on the specific combination nanofluid-target material, which in some cases led to severe damaging of the tested target, thus highlighting the need for an adequate preliminary investigation of the possible interactions between the selected nanofluid and the apparatus materials, before its adoption as heat transfer fluid.     

Experimental study on thermo-hydraulic performances of nanofluids flowing through a corrugated tube filled with copper foam in heat exchange systems

Thermo-hydraulic characteristics of TiO₂-water nanofluids in thin-wall stainless steel test tubes (corrugated tube and circular tube) filled with copper foam (40 PPI) are experimentally investigated and compared with those in test tubes without copper foam. The effects of nanoparticle mass concentration on flow and heat transfer performances are investigated. In addition, the mutual restriction relationships between Reynolds number (Re), Nusselt number (Nu) and resistance coefficient (f) are discussed respectively. Also, the comprehensive coefficient of performance (CCP) between heat transfer and pressure drop is evaluated. The results show that core-enhancement region for heat transfer using experimental tubes filled with copper foam is notably different from that of tubes without copper foam. There is a corresponding Reynolds number (about Re=2400) for the maximum CCP of each condition. And the heat transfer can be enhanced dramatically and sustained at 8000 ≤ Re ≤ 12000.     

Cathodic behaviour of CoFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> spinel electrodes in alkaline medium

Spinel type CoFe₂O₄ thin films have been prepared, on stainless steel supports, by thermal decomposition of aqueous solutions of mixed cobalt and iron nitrates in 1:2 molar ratio at 400 °C. The electrochemical behaviour of the CoFe₂O₄/1 M KOH interface was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and impedance techniques. The studies allowed finding out the redox reactions occurring at the oxide surface. The results were compared with colloidal electrodes prepared by alkaline precipitation of Fe(II) or Fe(III) hydrous oxi-hydroxides on platinum electrodes. In addition, it has been concluded that the processes are diffusion-controlled and the diffusion of the hydroxide ion, through the oxide, acts as the rate-determining step. The diffusion coefficient of OH⁻ through the oxide film was determined using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques.     

R290在小管径水平微肋管内沸腾传热的实验研究

实验研究小管径水平微肋管内R290的两相流沸腾传热特性,分别在内径为4、6 mm,有效长度为900 mm的紫铜管内,得到R290在质量流量密度100～250 kg·m^-2·s^-1、饱和温度7～11℃、热通量13～24 kW·m^-2以及干度0.1～0.9范围内的沸腾传热系数;分析了质量流量密度、饱和温度、热通量、管型以及干度对R290沸腾传热系数及临界干度的影响。结果发现：沸腾传热系数随质量流量密度、饱和温度的增大而增加;随着热通量的增大,传热系数出现先增后减的现象;热通量越高,临界干度越小;微肋管相比于光滑管临界干度更大;且随着R290的沸腾汽化,干度逐渐增大并出现干涸现象,导致沸腾传热系数先增至一极值后降低。分别采用6种常用的沸腾传热关联式预测R290的沸腾传热系数,对比实验结果得出Fang等和Choi等的预测精度比较高。     

Photoactive WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> and Se-WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> thin films for photoelectrochemical oxidation of organic compounds

Thin films of bare and Se-containing tungsten trioxide (WO₃) on AISI304-type stainless steel were prepared by electrochemical deposition using peroxy-tungstate solutions. The obtained films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal and photovoltammetry analyses. The oxidation of methylene blue, phenol, and methanol was used to evaluate the photoelectrocatalytic activity of the prepared films. It has been established that the incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) in 0.1-M K₂SO₄ decreases as the concentration of methylene blue and phenol increases. On the contrary, the IPCE values increase with the increase in initial concentration of methanol. The bulk electrolysis experiments revealed that the prepared films are stable and can be used for photoelectrochemical oxidation of methanol.     

烧结型多孔表面管外池沸腾传热特性

实验研究了热通量为0.1~160 kW·m^-2时,去离子水在光管及烧结型多孔表面管管外的池沸腾传热特性,分析了换热管布置方式(垂直与水平)、管径大小(20、25和32 mm)与多孔层颗粒尺寸(30~105 μm)对池沸腾传热特性的影响规律。结果表明:去离子水在多孔管表面的起始沸腾过热度小于光管,比光管低3 K左右;多孔表面管可明显强化核态沸腾传热,其沸腾传热系数可达光管的3~4.5倍;大热通量下,换热管水平布置时的传热效果较垂直布置佳,且布置方式对多孔管换热效果的影响比对光管的影响小;随管径增大,光管与多孔表面管的沸腾传热系数降低;大颗粒尺寸多孔层的强化效果优于小颗粒尺寸多孔层。     

Synthesis and properties of the composite ceramics from nanocrystalline Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-30% Y<Subscript>0.1</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>0.9</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> prepared from a water-alcohol solution

The hydrogel of the mixed oxide Al₂O₃-30% Y_0.1Zr_0.9O₂ was prepared by precipitation of ammonia from a water-alcohol mixture (1 : 5). The Al₂O₃-30% Y_0.1Zr_0.9O₂ compound thus synthesized was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, and the BET adsorption method. The obtained sample consisted of spherical particles with an average size of 16–20 nm and a specific surface area of 167 m²/g. The Al₂O₃-30% Y_0.1Zr_0.9O₂ powder was pressed at 300 MPa and then calcinated at 1600°C for 2 h in air. The topographic and structural features of the prepared ceramics were determined using atomic force microscopy and X-ray electron probe microanalysis. The porosity, the Vickers microhardness, and the tensile strength were determined by mercury porometry.     

Fouling of tube bundles under pool boiling conditions

This paper aims to provide experimental heat transfer results for boiling of CaSO₄ solutions on the outside of tube bundles, and also to shed some light into the mechanisms which influence heat transfer fouling under pool boiling conditions. Heat transfer coefficients for three heater rods with an identical diameter of 10.67 mm on a 35 mm vertical pitch have been measured. The independent variables bulk concentration and heat flux have been varied from 0.8 to 1.6 g/L and 33 to 300 kW/m², respectively. The experimental results show that the mechanisms of fouling on the middle and top heater substantially differ from those at the bottom heater, due to the dominant effects of bubble impingement on the heat transfer surfaces. In particular, the competing effects on the degree of wall superheat and the supersaturation of the boiling liquid play a significant role. Spalling effects are more pronounced on the upper heaters where thin, friable deposits were found with low density and adherence, particularly at higher heat fluxes and lower concentrations. In terms of tube bundle efficiency, the best results were found for lower concentrations.     

Structure and properties of glasses in the MgSO<Subscript>4</Subscript>-Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>B<Subscript>4</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>-KPO<Subscript>3</Subscript> system

A glass formation region has been established in the MgSO₄-Na₂B₄O₇-KPO₃ system. This region is located in the borate-phosphate part of the concentration triangle and occupies ∼40% of the triangle area. Based on the spectral data obtained (nuclear magnetic resonance, IR and Raman spectroscopy), a model is proposed in terms of which the physicochemical properties (such as the linear thermal expansion coefficient, the softening temperature, and the glass transition temperature) of the samples are discussed.     

Properties of a melt of the eutectic composition in the NaPO<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>B<Subscript>4</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>-LiF system

Physical (density, viscosity) and thermophysical (heat capacity, thermal conductivity) properties of a melt of the eutectic composition (wt %) 84NaPO₃ · 8Na₂B₄O₇ · 8LiF have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that this eutectic mixture is a promising material for the use as a high-temperature heat-transfer agent.