Optimal tree design for sunshine and ventilation in residential district using geometrical models and numerical simulation

Vegetation has positive effects on the outdoor pedestrian comfort and thermal environment. Studied with He Qing Yuan district in Beijing, an investigation of the optimal landscape design of trees in residential buildings at northern China is carried out for good sunshine and comfortable wind environment. Firstly, in consideration of the legal planning requirement for basic sunshine hour control in winter for house, geometrical models for trees and buildings are built and analyzed by AutoCAD and Sketch-Up software to determine reasonable tree location between buildings, suitable heights and crown shapes. Secondly, aimed at comfortable wind environment inside the residential district, optimal arrangement of trees has been studied with numerical simulation by SPOTE (simulation platform for outdoor thermal environment), where the air velocity lower than 5 m/s is introduced as the aims of scheme optimization. With geometrical analysis and numerical simulation and comparison, the tree types and layout in green space between buildings were optimized.     

基于ENVI-met模拟的不同用地类型居住小区绿地布局对PM2.5的影响

居住区绿地作为城市绿地的主要组成肌理,对改善空气质量起着重要作用。首次将ENVI-met用于居住小区绿地布局与PM2.5的模拟,选取武汉市典型的一类、二类、三类小区,定量分析不同草地、乔木布局对PM2.5的影响。研究表明,集中型的草地布局、四周型的乔木布局能更有效降低小区PM2.5浓度;分散型的草地布局、集中型的乔木布局最不利于消减PM2.5;四周型的乔木布局对阻滞道路上PM2.5的扩散效果最佳。同种绿地布局形式下,二类小区的平均PM2.5浓度最低,三类小区最高,PM2.5空间分布在3类小区中也具有一定的差异。研究揭示了居住小区绿地布局对PM2.5的影响机制,为小区绿地的规划设计实践提供一定参考。     

A parametric approach for performance optimization of residential building design in Beijing

During the early design stage of green residential buildings, there are tremendous potential of using parametric optimization to achieve preferable green performance, such as building energy consumption efficiency, daylighting, ventilation and thermal comfort. Taking residential design features into consideration, this paper presents an optimization workflow and effects based on a case study of a residential building project in Beijing. Firstly, 27 design parameters related to residential spatial form and building envelope were selected for the optimization. The simulation results of the cooling and heating load were taken as the optimization objects. Secondly, optimized schemes were obtained from 6246 simulation results, with 1925 verified simulation results proving that the optimized result is reliable. Finally, analysis was performed to establish the correlations between design parameters and performance in order to create the easy access for architects to determine design parameters depending on the performance sensitivity of each parameter. Analysis results showed that parametric optimization of spatial form and building envelope at the design stage is a feasible approach to reducing energy consumption in residential building design.

     

A study of the daylighting performance and energy use in heavily obstructed residential buildings via computer simulation techniques

The quality and quantity of natural light entering a building depends on both internal and external factors. In Hong Kong, many buildings are high-rise blocks constructed close to each other and hence the external factor plays a significant role in daylighting designs. This paper studies the daylighting performance and energy use for residential flats facing large sky obstructions via computer simulations. Key building parameters affecting daylighting designs are presented. The daylighting performance for typical interior rooms was investigated in terms of illuminance level and daylight factor. The daylight levels of residential flats can be severely reduced by neighboring buildings and hence the externally reflected component would be the main source of natural light. The indoor daylight levels for kitchen and living/dining faced large neighboring building were found always less than the standard maintenance illuminance during daytime period. These imply that many residential flats in Hong Kong would have to rely on supplementary electric lighting.     

绿化和建筑布局对住宅小区的风热环境影响的数值模拟分析

良好的住宅小区风热环境可以加快室外热量的消散和污染物排放,保证居民的健康和舒适。影响小区风热环境的因素主要有小区布局、建筑形态及下垫面形式等。以青岛市一个实际小区为案例采用数值模拟的方法分析小区冬夏季行人高度的风场及温度场分布,评估设计的合理性,找出小区内风热环境不满足要求的区域。通过调整小区内建筑的布局和改变下垫面形式等方法改进小区的设计,并对改进后的方案进行模拟计算。通过模拟结果的对比发现:1合理布局建筑位置,在小区内形成风道可有效改善风环境;2改变下垫面热物性,提高地面材料的反射率,能够降低地面附近的空气温度和体感温度,改善小区热环境。     

灰霾天气条件下几种建筑布局中空气污染的PM2.5调查及比较

对北方工业大学校园内几种建筑布局及其绿地中空气的pM2.5浓度所进行的调查表明,不同建筑布局会影响其PM2.5的浓度分布,而不同绿地形式也会对PM2.5浓度产生相应的影响,进一步地,建筑布局与绿地形式的不同结合也导致了PM2.5浓度的变化.调查还显示：①灰霾天气条件下,建筑群中空气的PM2.5浓度远超国家标准;②所调查的多种绿地均可在一定程度上降低空气的PM2.5浓度,但效果小于植物群落;③建筑布局的高度、围合方式对空气中PM2.5的浓度具有一定影响;④多层合院式布局中的林荫道能有效减少PM2.5浓度.居住区规划设计应当注意采取适当的布局,以利于减少PM2,5暴露.     

气候适应型绿色公共建筑环境性能优化设计策略研究

基于不同气候区几个典型绿色公共建筑的设计实践，结合部分建筑运行实测效果，对比、分析了气候适应型公共建筑在改善建筑环境性能（自然通风、自然采光等）并节约能耗的综合技术策略，研究如何与建筑空间平面设计相结合，进而总结、归纳了在建筑体型、空间平面设计与节能或环境性能提升技术融合与协同推进的工作流程及经验。     

浅析张家口地区传统民居建筑

对张家口地区传统民居建筑的地理气候、文化社会环境作了分析,阐述了张家口地区传统民居建筑的空间布局、建筑形式、建筑材料的特征,总结了影响张家口地区传统民居建筑的各种因素,以期为今后的建筑规划设计积累经验。     

解读阿尔帕托·坎波·巴埃萨的空间设计手法

西班牙建筑师巴埃萨的建筑优雅而富有诗意,理性而不失浪漫,他的建筑大多以白色为主色调,在阳光下显得格外出众,或矗立在山涧,或静立在街道旁;在他的建筑空间表达中,常出现内向性空间;在他设计的住宅中,建筑位于院落中心位置,四周围以院落,院落的布置简洁,白色的大理石铺地,水池,零星几棵小树,白色围墙,围墙上没有洞窗,同外界隔离,在院落里仰望天空,沉寂在纯净的世界里冥想。     

双向建筑中庭天然采光与建筑设计的研究

通过研究双向建筑中庭的形状、高度、面积及中庭的天窗面积、玻璃材料与中庭天然采光之间的关系,为建筑师设计中庭提供理论依据。     

An analysis of daylighting performance for office buildings in Hong Kong

Daylighting has often been recognized as a useful source of energy savings and visual comforts in buildings. Occupants expect good daylight in their working spaces. The quality and quantity of natural light entering a building depend on both internal and external factors. In Hong Kong, commercial building accounts for the major building energy use and electric lighting is one of the major electricity-consuming items. This paper studies the daylighting performance and energy implications for office buildings. A total of 35 commercial buildings have been selected in the survey. Key building parameters affecting daylighting designs are presented. Two typical office blocks were further analysed based on a lighting simulation program. The daylighting performance was evaluated in terms of daylight factor, room depth and glare index. It has been found that the daylighting performance for office buildings is quite effective. About one-third of the office areas that are near the perimeter regions have an average daylight factor of 5%. For inner region of deep plan offices, some innovative daylighting systems such as light redirecting panels and light pipe could be used to improve the daylighting performance. In general, the office building envelop designs are conducive to effective daylighting and proper daylight linked lighting controls could save over 25% of the total electric lighting use.     

居住建筑室内环境自然采光设计评价分析

通过对住宅建筑室内采光系数,采光照度的模拟分析,评价居住建筑的室内采光效果,确定住宅功能空间是否满足绿色建筑要求.     

城市居住区建筑布局的环境效应研究——以重庆市某旧城改造项目为例

建筑的布局方式会显著影响居住区的微环境,建筑布局在空间上表现为建筑单体本身、建筑体的组合以及建筑体之间的敞开空间三类空间要素。在对建筑布局的环境效应进行定量评价时应基于上述三类因素,结合BIM软件提供的工具,对不同建筑布局方案的日照、光环境、风环境、热环境因素进行分析。基于实际工程案例,通过对目前居住区最常采用的两种布局方式(围合式和矩阵式)的一系列综合评价可以看出,不同建筑布局方案的环境效应存在较大差异,一方面会影响到相应居民的居住感受以及小区的舒适度,另一方面,不同建筑布局方案对于建筑物使用阶段的全寿命周期能耗的影响也各不相同。     

Daylight as a zoning device for midtown

Since 1960, New York City's Midtown district has experienced an office building boom with the construction of seventy million square feet (650 300 m²) of new office space in one hundred eleven buildings. During this period it became increasingly clear that this new generation of superscale office towers, such as AT & T and IBM, were overpowering their context by dramatically diminishing the daylighting available to the public streets, parks, plazas, and neighboring buildings.The prime cause of this environmental dilemma was the permissive and subjective manner in which the City Planning Commission reviewed Midtown buildings. The waiving of the rigid as-of-right or automatic height and setback regulations for a negotiated review, conceived to encourage good architecture, resulted in daylighting conditions which were measurably worse than those that, in part, led to the call for zoning to protect public access to “light and air” in 1916. The as-of-right zoning regulations which were enacted to guarantee an adequate level of solar access had been superceded by negotiated or discretionary zoning and in the process one of the original goals of zoning was lost.Responding to the defined need for procedural certainty, public accountability, and design and development flexibility, the consultants proposed a performance system of as-of-right zoning based on objective criteria and measurement techniques. The centerpiece of the new building bulk regulations is a modified Waldram Diagram on which the daylighting performance of a building is evaluated against a threshold and standard. The threshold and standard were systematically derived from an analysis of the sixty-year historical expectation for daylight in Midtown. The performance system as adopted by the City is presently being programmed for computer evaluation.     

福建传统民居节能技术初探

本文根据对福建传统民居在聚落选址、群体布置、平面布局、空间结构、自然通风、环境绿化、节能建材等方面的初步探索，总结了其可供当代建筑借鉴的节能理念与技术。     

四向建筑中庭天然采光与建筑设计的研究

天然采光有利于节省照明能耗,改善建筑空间的光环境质量.通过研究四向建筑中庭的形状、中庭高度、中庭面积、中庭的天窗面积、玻璃材料与中庭天然采光之间的关系,为建筑师设计中庭提供了理论依据.     

三向建筑中庭天然采光与建筑设计的研究

天然采光有利于节省照明能耗,改善建筑空间的光环境质量.通过研究三向建筑的中庭形状、中庭高度、中庭面积、中庭的天窗面积、玻璃材料与中庭天然采光之间的关系,为建筑师设计中庭提供理论依据.     

A graphical method of presenting property rights,building types,and residential behaviors: A case study of Xiaoxihu historic area,Nanjing

One of the main reasons for the decline of urban historic areas in China is the co-existence of multiple property rights. It also deeply affects conservation and regeneration practice. This paper aims to propose a graphical method that illustrates the association between property rights, space, and resident behavior. Based on typological maps and justified graphs, a three-step method was proposed to visualize the relationships between these three elements. The final graph and quantitative data were used to observe the evolution of the courtyard building from a diachronic perspective, as well as to compare the residential behavior in different types from a synchronic perspective. The results show that following the subdivision of property rights, the building layout become more diverse due to various illegal additions, while the residential behavior within different building types tends to be consistent. Moreover, the study observed the traditional Chinese courtyard buildings’ adaptability. The findings contribute to understand the evolution of Chinese urban historic areas and internal motivation, and provide guidance for the conservation and regeneration practice.     

广深机场天然光环境营造方式的比较研究

天然光环境更有利于人体健康与视觉舒适,这促使机场等大空间建筑对于天然采光设计的重视程度逐渐提高。比较广州新白云机场、深圳宝安机场T3航站楼两个大型机场的采光设计方案及其实际采光效果,文章旨在提出机场等大空间公共建筑采光设计应注意的问题以及设计原则。通过理论分析、现场测量、使用后评价等方法,研究两者在天然采光设计方面的优劣。经调研对比后发现开敞式大空间建筑使用集中式带型天窗不利于在整个室内实现均匀的天然光环境,而使用分散式平天窗更有利于营造均匀的天然光环境。     

谈绿色住宅设计

从人的需求角度出发,讨论了绿色住宅设计的重要性及设计理论和方法,并研究了在住宅项目中的具体运用,从总体规划、平面布局、景观设计等方面探讨了兼顾资源节约、环境保护及设计效果的绿色设计思路,解决了绿色建筑的技术问题。