无机—有机纳米杂化材料的分子设计与构筑的研究

着重介绍用分子设计制备无机—有机纳米杂化材料的新方法及其结构、性能演变规律和功能化的工作。特别介绍关于纳米晶—聚合物杂化材料、纳米二氧化硅—聚合物纳米复合材料及其有机—无机聚合物表面结构与性能关系规律。如通过对纳米无机材料功能化修饰,使其含有与聚合物共聚的官能团,实现了与聚氨酯、硅橡胶、环氧树脂的分子组装,形成了无机—有机的互穿网络式嵌断共聚物,大大提高了聚氨酯、硅橡胶和环氧树脂的力学性能和热稳定性能。该聚氨酯杂化材料的拉伸强度和伸长率比未改性前均提高了2倍以上。通过原位聚合、聚合物刷、从表面接枝技术制备出高性能材料。探讨用催化链转移聚合等聚合方法实现新颖有机—无机纳米杂化材料的制备及其表面构筑。通过无机材料的表面设计和表面处理控制无机/聚合物复合材料的界面结构和行为,得到了多种性能优良的多元多尺度复合材料。提高纳米杂化复合高分子材料的加工性能,探索其特异的光电等特异性能。     

纳米TiO2改性丙烯酸酯增透膜的研究

将丙烯酸酯共聚物与纳米TiO₂利用羟基之间的缩合反应形成有机-无机杂化材料，涂覆于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面后，可提高基体薄膜的透光率，最高可达93.0%,性能优于共混改性材料。此外，薄膜表面接触角也在涂覆后有明显上升。经过热重分析可知，纳米TiO₂缩合改性后的杂化材料热分解温度高于纯共聚物和共混改性材料。     

PHPMA/SiO2有机无机杂化材料的研究

以甲基丙烯酸p羟丙酯(HPMA)、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为原料，基于溶胶凝胶技术合成出聚甲基丙烯酸B羟丙酯PHPMA／SiO2均质透明有机无机杂化材料。采用气相色谱(GC)技术、紫外可见分光度技术研究TEOS与HPMA杂化机理。利用FT—IR和DSC技术对杂化材料进行表征。实验结果表明，HP—MA的活性羟基与TEOS的乙氧基间能够发生杂化反应，形成以Si—O--C链结合的有机无机杂化网络，这些有机无机杂化网络赋予了材料优异的力学性能和热学性能。根据实验结果预测了PHPMA／SiO2杂化材料网络模型。     

疏水型多孔PVA/SiO2有机无机杂化材料的研究

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料，基于溶胶凝胶工艺制备出疏水型多孔PVA／SiO2有机无机杂化材料。杂化材料内部的硅氧链与PVA链相互交织，形成杂化网络结构，具有增强增韧的效果。杂化材料在热处理过程中，小分子逸出产生的微孔和材料表面面外的甲基，赋予了材料的透气疏水性能，可用于制备性能优良的环保型包装薄膜、农用地膜等功能复合材料。     

聚氨酯/SiO2有机无机杂化材料研究

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解缩合,合成表面带有羟基(-OH)的活性S iO2粒子,利用甲苯二异氰酸酯(TD I)和聚乙二醇(PEG)的预聚体与活性S iO2粒子表面的-OH原位聚合反应,制备聚氨酯(PU)/S iO2有机无机杂化材料。FT-IR分析表明,弥散在杂化材料中的S iO2粒子与PU基体以化学键键合;DSC分析表明,随S iO2含量的增加,杂化材料的玻璃化温度Tg升高。与纯PU相比,S iO2含量为4%时,杂化材料的Tg由90℃升高至132℃,但当S iO2含量超过4%达到6%时,S iO2粒子破坏了PU链段的规整性,基体PU的热分解温度由387℃降低至382℃。TEM显示,杂化材料内部弥散的S iO2粒子分布比较均匀,且大部分粒子的尺寸在50 nm左右。     

沸石分子筛膜研究进展

沸石分子筛膜材料由于其独特均一的孔道结构及可调变的表面等性质,在分子级别的分离表现了高度的分离选择性及优越性,成为膜科学与研究的前沿和热点领域之一.文章介绍了面向不同分离体系沸石分子筛膜材料设计、制备与应用,重点探讨了沸石分子筛膜材料结构与性能调控的策略,分析了其产业化生产和工业应用进程,提出了采用新策略调控沸石分子筛膜的结构与性能是沸石膜发展的关键,并指出了沸石分子筛膜的研究发展方向.     

PMMA/SiO2纳米杂化材料的制备及作为润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能

用无皂乳液聚合法，一步制备了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯，表面有机化二氧化硅（PMMA／SiO2）纳米杂化材料，采用了红外光谱（FT-IR）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及热分析（TGA-DSC）等仪器对材料的核一壳结构进行表征，利用四球机考察了添加剂在AN10全损耗系统用油中的摩擦学性能。结果表明，合成的PMMA／SiO，纳米杂化材料能提高润滑油的抗磨性能及承载能力，并能降低摩擦系数，其最佳用量为1．5％，同时，PMMA／SiO2纳米杂化材料能极大地提高润滑油的极压性能。     

有机-无机分子杂化稀土发光材料研究

利用无机正硅酸乙酯（TEOS）和有机聚乙二醇（PEG），采用溶胶一凝胶法制备了一系列有机／无机纳米杂化复合材料。首先将TEOS在酸性条件下预水解，再与PEG共水解、共缩聚以形成有机／无机杂化网络结构。在溶胶一凝胶过程中引入稀土离子来制备发光材料。通过控制工艺条件得到了具有良好稳定性和发光性能的透明有机／无机纳米杂化材料。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备含氟聚丙烯酸酯/SiO2杂化材料的结构与性能

用酸催化溶胶-凝胶法制得SiO2溶胶,与丙烯酸酯单体原位聚合,制备了含氟聚丙烯酸酯/SiO2杂化材料。利用红外光谱、场发射扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱等表征了杂化材料的结构、形态及表面化学组成;研究了SiO2相的形态、分布和界面状况等与杂化材料的表面性能、热学性能和力学性能的关联与影响。结果表明,SiO2在杂化体系中以Si-O网络的形式存在,并与有机相之间有良好键合;杂化材料的疏水性、热稳定性和硬度随着SiO2含量的增加逐渐增强,附着力则先增大后减小。     

聚氨酯无机杂化材料研究进展及应用前景

介绍了聚氨酯无机杂化材料的性能,叙述了制备聚氨酯无机杂化材料的4种主要方法.重点对国内外聚氨酯无机杂化材料的研究现状进行了分析,对纳米SiO2和蒙脱土杂化的聚氨酯杂化材料进行了着重阐述,进而探讨了无机杂化材料在聚氨酯注浆材料中应用的可能性和今后发展前景.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.