微弯型科氏质量流量计测量气-液两相流研究

与普通U形和Δ形科氏质量流量计相比,微弯型科氏质量流量计固有频率更高、相位差更小,测量气-液两相流时误差更大。为此,设计气-液两相流实验方案,采用课题组研制的科氏质量流量变送器进行气-液两相流实验,采用BP人工神经网络对测量误差进行建模,得到误差模型,实现对气-液两相流测量误差的在线实时修正。实验结果表明,当密度降在0%~30%范围内变化时,通过在线修正,气-液两相流测量误差从原来的最大为-50%减小到-5%~3%以内,取得了很好的效果。     

变传感器设定值的科氏质量流量管控制方法

在科氏质量流量计中,流量管的稳幅振动是准确测量的前提。当两相流发生时,科氏质量流量管无法维持在最佳幅值下振动,导致传感器输出信号幅值波动大。针对两相流下流量管幅值控制面临的问题,分析影响流量管振动幅值大小和稳定性的因素,提出跟踪传感器信号幅值、变传感器信号设定值的控制方法,在研制的数字式科氏质量流量变送器上实时实现,并在气-液两相流实验装置上进行2种设定值方法的对比实验。实验结果表明,在不同含气量和控制及时性的情况下,变传感器设定值的控制方法均具有良好的信号跟踪和幅值控制的性能,流量管振动较平稳,传感器信号幅值波动范围小,极大地减小了两相流测量过程中的波动性。     

科里奥利质量流量计研究现状及发展趋势（二）

4　实验研究概况实验研究中 ,一方面内容是考察流体温度、密度、压力以及二相流对流量计性能的影响 ,这项工作由意大利Ｎａｐｌｅｓ大学的Ｆ .Ｃａｓｃｅｔｔａ博士等完成。 1992年 ,他们对 7种不同形状科氏流量计作了实验比较[31] 。结果显示 ,对水在室温下的质量流量测量 ,这些流量计的测量误差很小 ,但前提是必须按照制造商的具体规定进行安装 ,并需现场标定 ,测量中所造成的压降比70年代末的第一代产品小得多。可是若将水中注入空气模拟气—液两相流的测量 ,则精度大大降低而不能用于计量。同年的另一个实验是揭示流体的温度及密度对流…     

气液两相流下微弯型科氏质量流量计信号建模

相比于普通的U型和Δ型科氏质量流量计,微弯型科氏质量流量计具有更高的频率和更小的相位差,测量气-液两相流时误差更大。为了揭示气液两相流测量误差的特性,针对微弯型科氏质量流量传感器输出信号的实验数据,采用数字过零检测方法提取流量序列。用概率密度分析流量序列的分布规律,再通过相关分析得到流量序列的数学模型,并验证模型的准确性。该数学模型由稳定分量和波动分量组成。稳定分量对应于气液两相流下流量实际测量的均值,其与真实值之间的偏差反映了气液两相流的测量误差;波动分量反映了瞬时流量测量的稳定性。     

数字信号处理技术在科氏质量流量计中的应用

科氏质量流量计是目前应用范围最广、发展速度最快的流量计之一。数字信号处理技术是科氏质量流量计的核心技术,直接决定其测量精度、测量稳定性等性能指标;而流量传感器输出信号的数学模型是信号处理的依据和基础。国内外学者提出了多种信号处理方法,但是,没有根据不同的信号模型和不同的应用场合对各种信号处理方法进行比较和评价。为此,根据不同数字信号处理方法的特征量提取原理,分析了其具有的优缺点。针对科氏质量流量计单相流、批料流与气液两相流测量这3种典型应用场合中存在的关键技术问题,依据随机游动信号模型、突变信号模型和自回归滑动平均(ARMA)信号模型,分别从计算精度、响应速度、收敛性、抗干扰能力和对参数变化的敏感度等方面,对不同信号处理方法进行考核和对比,确定了3种典型应用场合下,解决关键技术问题,性能最佳的数字信号处理方法。     

新型近红外矩形差压流量计的测量模型研究

针对目前气液两相流不分离测量的难点,设计了一种基于近红外光谱技术与矩形差压流量计相结合的新型气液两相流检测装置。利用CFD流体仿真软件对影响流量计性能的结构参数进行了仿真及优化,在单相流动和气液两相动态实验的基础上,建立了相含率测量模型,修正后液相含率测量误差低于3.5%。在液相流量大于2m~3/h时,对分相流模型进行修正,得到的总流量测量误差低于4.5%。建立了两相差压与Fr_g、Frl的关系,结合相含率测量模型得到总流量测量模型,其中弹状流总流量误差低于6.5%,泡状流总流量误差低于1.5%。实验结果表明该装置用于气液两相流不分离测量的可行性,对工业领域的生产具有重要参考意义。     

基于EEMD-Hilbert谱的气液两相流钝体绕流流型识别

为了有效识别气液两相流的流型,以水和空气为实验介质,以涡街流量计为元件诱发钝体绕流,通过管壁差压法获取气液两相流钝体绕流的尾迹波动信号,采用集总经验模态分解对信号进行分解,通过Hilbert变换得到Hilbert边际谱,利用最大互相关系数法对固有模态函数进行筛选,选取特征固有模态函数能量比分别与体积含气率、两相雷诺数构建流型图。结果表明,构建的两类新流型图对单相水、泡状流、塞状流、弹状流等典型流型的识别率分别可达91.67%和88.89%,能较好地满足工程实际应用的需求。     

采用科里奥利质量流量计的流体粘度测量方法及影响因素研究

对流体在科里奥利质量流量计(以下简称科氏流量计)内的扭转运动状况进行了分析,得到运动速度与粘度的关系.通过对弯曲振动运动进行分析,结合流体运动及内摩擦力耗能情况,提出了一种新的粘度检测方法,导出了流体动力粘度与科氏流量计振动参数的关系,通过实验验证了方法的正确性.分析了影响粘度测量精度的部分因素.该方法简单、实用,拓展了科氏流量计的应用领域.     

流体脉动对直管科氏流量计测量性能的影响分析

以直管科里奥利质量流量计为研究对象,给出被测流体脉动时测量管的振动微分方程,讨论了方程的求解过程.解的结果显示在脉动流作用下,科氏质量流量计测量管振动位移中叠加了脉动频率成分.并分析了流体脉动频率为一些特定值时,对科氏流量计的测量性能的影响,得出了与实验结果基本上一致的结论.     

基于密度变化的科氏流量计测量管磨损在线检测方法

科氏流量计测量管的冲刷磨损是一种非常普遍的现象,可影响流量计精度和使用寿命。为保证科氏流量计的正常工作,必须定期或在线检测测量管内是否存在磨损。目前科氏流量计测量管的磨损检测均采用离线方式,无法实时监测科氏流量计的工作状态。该文分析了磨损对科氏流量计密度测量的影响,提出了一种基于密度变化的科氏流量计测量管磨损在线检测方法,并利用ANSYS进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效地实现对单直管科氏流量计测量管磨损的在线检测。     

High-precision Coriolis mass flowmeter for bulk material two-phase flows

For measuring or dosing purposes in gas/solid two-phase flows (non-pressurized and pressurized systems) a mass flux measurement device based on the Coriolis principle has been developed. The Coriolis flowmeter developed is applicable for on-line measurements of the mass flux, showing a fast response time to load variations and measuring accuracies of ±1% of the actual measured value. The Coriolis flowmeter was successfully tested in pilot and industrial plants. Different granular materials, such as coal dust, quartz sand, feldspar, plastic granulates and foodstuffs have been measured already. In practice, the Coriolis flowmeter has shown reliable operation in various applications in process engineering. The integration of the Coriolis flowmeter into advanced control systems for feeding or dosing purposes opens new possibilities for on-line control and exact dosing of gas/solid two-phase flows.     

Theoretical study of vertical slug flow measurement by data fusion from electromagnetic flowmeter and electrical resistance tomography

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) can be used to obtain the conductivity distribution or the phase distribution of gas/liquid flows (e.g. slug flow). Using proper parameter models and flow regime identification models, the measurement of phase size, void fraction, and pattern recognition can be realized. Electromagnetic flowmeters have been used to measure conductive single-phase liquid flows. However, neither ERT nor electromagnetic flowmeters (EMF) can provide accurate measurement of gas/liquid two-phase flows. This paper presents an approach to fuse the information from ERT and an electromagnetic flowmeter. A model for the measurement signal from the electromagnetic flowmeter has been developed based on the flow pattern and the phase distributions, which are obtained from the reconstructed images of ERT, aiming to reduce the measurement error of the electromagnetic flowmeter and enhance the measurement accuracy. Through the simulation research of virtual current density distribution, the feasibility of fusion of electromagnetic flowmeter and ERT to measure gas/liquid two-phase vertical slug flow is verified. By theoretical analysis, the relationship between the output of electromagnetic flowmeter and flow parameters is established. The electrical potential difference of the electromagnetic flowmeter, average velocity, volume flow rate and gas void fraction between the bubble size and location are also investigated. The fusion approach can be used to measure vertical slug flows.     

Two-phase flow metering of heavy oil using a Coriolis mass flow meter: A case study

The use of Coriolis mass flow metering for two-phase (gas/liquid) flow is an emerging theme of both academic research and industrial application. The key issues are maintaining flow-tube operation, and modelling and correcting for the errors induced in the mass flow and density measurements. Experimentally-derived data is used to illustrate that these errors vary most notably with gas void fraction (GVF) and liquid flow rate, but other factors such as flow-tube geometry and orientation, and fluid properties such as viscosity are also influential. While undoubtedly a universal two-phase flow correction model is the ultimate research goal, there is currently no obvious candidate to explain the range of behaviours observed. This paper describes and demonstrates an empirical methodology that has proven effective in developing good correction models for a given choice of Coriolis flow-tube and flow mixture.

A growing proportion of the world’s oil reserves may be described as “heavy”, implying high density and high viscosity. Of the various metering challenges heavy oil poses, one of the most significant is its ready entrainment of gas, and the difficulties entailed in separating gas from the oil. Accurate two-phase measurement of heavy oil is therefore an especially desirable technical goal.

Trials were carried out at the National Engineering Laboratory (NEL), Scotland on a 75 mm flowmeter using a high viscosity oil. Flowrates from 1 kg/s to 10 kg/s were examined, with gas void fraction (GVF) up to 80%. The resulting models were tested online in a commercial Coriolis mass flow meter and demonstrated good performance for both steady and slugging two-phase flows, with the corrected measurements typically within 1%–5% of the nominal mass flow and density.

Field trials in Venezuela have confirmed the performance of this two-phase solution.

While research continues into the development of a generic two-phase correction, this case study demonstrates that the current state of the art can provide, for economically important fluids, tailored models with good two-phase flow performance.     

水平放置的Coriolis流量计中油水两相流滑脱特性研究

本文通过流型观察与用Coriolis质量流量计测量油水混合物真实密度相结合的的方法对水平放置的Coriolis质量流量计中油水两相流中的持水率及相间的滑脱特性进行了实验研究,结果发现在含水率0.1～0.9、流速1.2～4 2m/s范围内,滑脱特性与管线中油水两相流的流型有很大的关系,油水相间既有正的滑脱,也存在负的滑脱。随着混合流量的增大,Coriolis质量流量计内,油水正负滑脱的转变点向持水率变小的方向移动。     

A study on gas-liquid two-phase flow metering: Identification of flow dynamics that influence the performance of CMFs

Metering on gas-liquid two-phase flow is challenging even though the Coriolis Mass Flowmeters (CMFs) outperform most of other flow measurement technologies owing to their ability to directly measure the fluid mass flowrates. This is due to complexity of the dynamics of the gas-liquid two-phase flow. Thus, Coriolis Mass Flowmeters have been undergoing modifications to improve their accuracy on measuring complex flows but still the variation of error due to bubble entrainment and the mechanisms responsible of these errors remain less understood. Hence there is a strong need to conduct further characterization on the performance of CMFs on measurement on gas-liquid two-phase flow.This study aims to analyse the performance of a U-shape CMF on metering gas-liquid two-phase flow via both CFD simulation and experimental measurements. For simulation, a two-way coupling of Fluid-Structure Interaction was used to minimize the inaccuracy in simulation results. It has the ability to count on influences of fluid forces on the tube deformation and the reaction of the oscillating-fluid conveying tube to the overall dynamics of the system.The results show that at low nominal flowrates (NFRs), the flow/phases separation occurs and dominates the previously identified factors of errors such as bubble theory effect/friction damping effect and cause positive errors. The error associated with bubble theory effect or friction damping is negative i.e. the CMFs under-estimate the mass flowrates of the mixture. Our study, however, found negative errors only at high nominal mass flowrates. In addition, it is to be noted also that even though the theoretically predicted error due to mixture compressibility in some literatures could be positive, it is important to carry out further experimental and computational studies for analysis. In this study, it is observed that the oscillations of separated fluid phases amplify the amplitude of tube oscillation and hence leading to distortion of the displacements of the CMF tube. This could lead to up to 14.9% of positive error in CMFs’ measurements at the low nominal mass flowrates.It is believed that these results can serve as baselines for future studies on corrections and compensations of CMFs’ errors on measurement on gas entraining fluid flow encountered in fuel bunkering and LNG metering processes.     

Coriolis flowmeter damping for two-phase flow due to decoupling

Coriolis flowmeters experience measurement errors due to both single- and two-phase flow. For two-phase flow, severe damping may occur, which leads to a (temporary) inability of the flowmeter to operate. The dominating part of the damping is caused by decoupling of the continuous and the dispersed phase. This paper presents the theory of damping due to decoupling in two-phase flow. Using a simple structural model, we provide examples of mixtures with water as the continuous phase. The dispersed phase is either air, or oil or sand.     

基于激光诱导荧光成像技术的截面含气率检测研究

截面含气率作为气液两相流动过程中的基本参数之一,对石油管道的开采、输运,核反应堆冷却塔的设计等过程具有重要意义。本文提出了基于激光诱导成像技术和高速摄录系统的截面含气率直接检测方法,有效的避免管道曲率和介质折射率导致的光学畸变。在河北大学多相流循环装置进行实验,测量了18个流量点,液相流量测量范围10～35 L/min,气相流量测量范围2.0～3.0 L/min。运用计量比对的思想,对两种检测技术获得的截面含气率值求取偏差并进行修正,最大偏差仅为0.014 59。结果表明两种方法得到的截面含气率值具有较好的一致性,证明本文提出的荧光成像技术对气液两相分层流截面含气率的检测是有效的。     

High GVF and low pressure gas–liquid two-phase flow measurement based on dual-cone flowmeter

Parameter measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flows with a high gas volume fraction (GVF) has received great attention in the research field of multiphase flow. The cone meter, as a new proposed differential pressure (DP) meter, is increasingly being applied in flowrate measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flow. A dual-parameter measurement method of gas–liquid two-phase flow based on a dual-cone meter is proposed. The two-phase flow is investigated in a horizontal pipeline with high GVF and low pressure, and exists in the form of annular flow. By adding a second cone meter, both gas mass fraction (GMF) and mass flowrate are measured. The pressure drop performances of five different sized cones have been discussed to make a cooperating cone selection and efficiently position the dual-cone in the pipe. Dual-cone flowmeter experiments of 0.45 and 0.65 equivalent diameter ratio combination, and 0.65 and 0.85 equivalent diameter ratio combination are respectively carried out to analyze the linearity of two-phase flow multiplier with Lockhart–Martinelli parameter and obtain the dual-parameter measurement results. The relative experiment error of GMF, gas mass flowrate and total mass flowrate are respectively within ±7%, ±5% and ±10%. The relative error of the liquid phase is within ±10% when the liquid mass fraction is beyond 40%. The experimental results show that it is efficient to utilize this dual-cone method for high GVF and low pressure gas–liquid two-phase flow measurement.     

Flow measurement with an electromagnetic flowmeter in two-phase bubbly and slug flow regimes

In order to investigate the characteristics of an electromagnetic flowmeter in two-phase flow, an alternating-current electromagnetic flowmeter was designed and manufactured. The signals and noise from the flowmeter under various flow conditions were obtained, and analyzed in comparison with the flow patterns observed with a high-speed charge-coupled device camera.

An experiment with void simulators, in which a rod-shaped non-conducting material was used, was carried out to investigate the effect of bubble position and void fraction on the flowmeter. Two-phase flow experiments, encompassing bubbly to slug flow regimes, were conducted with a water–air mixture.

The simple relation ΔU_TP=ΔU_SP/(1−), relating the flowmeter signal between single-phase flow and two-phase flow, was verified with measurements of the potential difference and the void fraction for a bubbly flow regime. Due to the lack of homogeneity in a real two-phase flow, the discrepancy between the relation and the present measurement increased slightly with increasing void fraction and superficial liquid velocity j_f.

Whereas there is no difference in the shape of the raw signal between single-phase flow and bubbly flow, the signal amplitude for bubbly flow is higher than that for single-phase flow at the same water flow rate, since the passage area of the water flow is reduced. In the case of slug flow, the phase and the amplitude of the flowmeter output show dramatically the flow characteristics around each slug bubble and the position of the slug bubble itself. Therefore, the electromagnetic flowmeter shows a good possibility of being useful for identifying the flow regimes.