Blockchain Energy: Blockchain in Future Energy Systems

The ongoing, in-depth transformation of the electricity sector towards increased use of alternative, renewable energy sources extends beyond a simple decentralisation drive in the electricity market. The transformation process is characterised by the interplay of old and new technologies from the energy sector as well as structural coupling with other sectors, such as the information and communications technology (ICT), enabling the technology transfer as well as market entry by information technology (IT) actors. Blockchain-based technologies have the potential to play a key role in this transition by offering decentralised interfaces and systems as well as an alternative approach to the current organisation form of the energy market. This paper discusses the applicability and prospects for blockchain-based technologies in the energy sector, which are described using the term “blockchain energy”. For the purposes of this study, blockchain energy encompasses all socio-technical and organisational configurations in the energy sector based on the utilisation of the blockchain principle for energy trading, information storage, and/or increased transparency of energy flows and energy services. In the following chapters, the authors present and discuss the current transformation in the electricity market, followed by a review of the different utilisation possibilities for blockchain technologies in the energy sector and a discussion of the barriers and potential for blockchain energy using a transition studies perspective. Finally, the opportunities and risks of blockchain energy are discussed.     

A survey on blockchain cybersecurity vulnerabilities and possible countermeasures

Blockchain technology has attracted considerable attention owing to its wide range of potential applications. It first appeared as a cryptocurrency, called Bitcoin, but has since been used in many other business and nonbusiness applications. Unlike most existing systems that are based on centralized frameworks, this new technology utilizes peer‐to‐peer networks and distributed systems which includes blockchain registers to store transactions. Its structure is designed as a digital log file and stored as a series of linked groups, called blocks. Each individual block is locked cryptographically with the previous block. Once a block has been added, it cannot be altered. Many security experts speculate that the inherent cryptographic nature of the blockchain system is sufficient to withstand constant hacking and security threats. However, previous studies on the security and privacy of blockchain technology have shown that many applications have fallen victim to successful cyberattacks. Owing to the increasing demand for cryptocurrency and its current security challenges, previous studies have not focused on blockchain technology cybersecurity vulnerabilities extensively. Here, our study extends upon the previous studies on vulnerabilities and investigates the types of potential attacks. Our study then provides further direction to highlight possible countermeasures against blockchain technology vulnerability to cybersecurity.     

Opening up energy trading

In October 2001, Enron Corporation was doing well in the stock market. The future looked bright for Enron and its rivals in the intensely competitive business of selling electricity, natural gas, and financial products based on energy prices. A year later Enron had become a dirty word, embodying the corporate malfeasance that allowed executives to walk off with millions, while investors and employees saw their life savings go down the tubes. What happened? And what needs to be done to make electricity trading the transparent and honest business it must be if energy is to be produced and distributed to best economic effect? This paper outlines the fall of Enron, the complex California connection, credit risk and price transparency, and standardising power market structures. The paper also discusses whether energy trading has a future.     

Energy Exchange Alpen Adria: Marktmodell und Implementierung

The deregulation and opening of energy markets give consumers the possibility to select their supplier. This liberalization process can be seen as requirement for more open and frequent energy trading transactions which should lead to more transparent and decreasing electricity prices for the consumers. Hence, up-coming power exchanges enable participants to benefit from possible price margins at transparent energy trading places. This paper describes the market model and the software system for the auction algorithm of the EXAA — Energy Exchange Alpen Adria. As a first step a spot market will be implemented only. The system is fully web based and very user friendly in order to attract many market participants.     

Energy optimization in a smart community grid system using genetic algorithm

A smart community grid is an electrical network, which connects several producers, consumers, and prosumers to share energy in an intelligent and secure way. The main challenges of smart community grid are demand response, demand bidding, dynamic electricity tariffs, demand-side management, and prosumers handling. The current state-of-the-art smart grid decision making is focused on consumers and producers behavior while the aim of this research is to achieve prosumer's different goals in an optimized and intelligent way. A genetic algorithm (GA)-based solution is proposed to share energy in an optimized way without affecting the prosumers' preferences. Six prosumers smart community grids data sets are used to validate the performance of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed method significantly improves the loss of energy sharing without compromising the user's preferences.     

一种金融级安全的区块链资产交易系统

提出了一种基于同态加密和环签名的区块链资产交易系统,通过同态加密技术可以对用户交易信息进行加密,使其对其他用户不可见,而环签名可以对同态加密后的密文进行业务合法性校验,保证交易合法性。该方法可以使区块链上原本公开透明的用户资产交易信息得到保护,具有去中心化、安全可靠和易用性高的特点,可以有效地起到保护用户隐私的作用,有利于促进增强区块链在金融资产交易场景中的用户交易信息隐私保护功能,有利于促进区块链隐私保护技术在金融场景中的落地和发展。     

An Ethereum-based solution for energy trading in smart grids

The need for a flexible, dynamic, and decentralized energy market has rapidly grown in recent years. As a matter of fact, Industry 4.0 and Smart Grids are pursuing a path of automation of operations to insure all the steps among consumers and producers are getting closer. This leads towards solutions that exploit the paradigm of public blockchain, which represents the best platform to design flat and liquid markets for which providing trust and accountability to mutual interactions becomes crucial. On the other hand, one of the risks arising in this situation is that personal information is exposed to the network, with intolerable threats to privacy. In this paper, we propose a solution for energy trading, based on the blockchain Ethereum and Smart Contracts.The solution aims to be a concrete proposal to satisfy the needs of energy trading in smart grids, including the important feature that no information about the identity of the peers of the network is disclosed in advance.     

Mobile Technology: Opportunity for Entrepreneurship

The recent extraordinary growth of smart phones and tablets gives rise to the mobile application market. It opens up opportunity for new type of entrepreneurs to tap into the fast-growing mobile application market, bypassing the incumbent operators and requiring minimal capitals. Therefore, focus should be given to promoting these mobile entrepreneurs in order to change Thailand from a ‘consumer’ to a ‘producer’ of ICT technologies. This paper reviews recent trends on mobile technology in the mobile ecosystem and mobile application market. It then identifies emerging opportunity for business entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the measures being implemented by Mobile Technology for Thailand ( $\text{ MT}^{2})$ , an alliance from government, business and education sectors for promotion of mobile application industry, are explained. Specifically, it consists of human resource development, entrepreneur incubation and marketing support. It is expected that by focusing on inspiring a new generation of mobile application developers into entrepreneurship, incubating them into successful business and promoting their mobile app to the world market, Thailand could become a regional hub for mobile application industry in the near future.     

Consortium blockchains-based deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm for optimal electricity trading among households

To achieve higher energy utilization and lower generation cost for renewable sources ( e. g. , wind and solar energy), much work hasbeen focusedon demand response in smart grid (SG). Nonetheless, most existing studies consider energy trading with utility company which results in high energy loss from high voltage to low voltage and privacy leakage. Besides, there are relatively few researches devoted to electricity scheduling and price optimum among households without a third party. To cope with these issues, a novel deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based energy trading method with consortium blockchain (DETCB) is introduced. Firstly, in order to enhance system security, executing energy transaction among households is on the basis of consortium blockchain, which leads to not only anonymous trade but also public account. Moreover, the primary target from the aspect of the system is apparently the maximal social welfare, thus exploiting an iterative decision-making method combined with DDPG algorithm by non-profit controllers to obtain optimal trading prices and carry out optimal electricity allocation. To this end, security analysis demonstrates that DETCB contributes to creating a secure, stable and trustful environment. Furthermore, the excellent performance concerning social welfare, algorithm efficiency, and transaction energy sum is shown by numerical results.     

A blockchain-based trustworthy collaborative power trading scheme for 5G-enabled social internet of vehicles

Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) falls under the umbrella of social Internet of Things (IoT), where vehicles are socially connected to other vehicles and roadside units that can reliably share information and services with other social entities by leveraging the capabilities of 5G technology, which brings new opportunities and challenges, e.g., collaborative power trading can address the mileage anxiety of electric vehicles. However, it relies on a trusted central party for scheduling, which introduces performance bottlenecks and cannot be set up in a distributed network, in addition, the lack of transparency in state-of-the-art Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) power trading schemes can introduce further trust issues. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based trustworthy collaborative power trading scheme for 5G-enabled social vehicular networks that uses a distributed market mechanism to introduce trusted power trading and avoids the dependence on a centralized dispatch center. Based on the game theory, we design the pricing and trading matching mechanism for V2V power trading to obtain maximum social welfare. We use blockchain to record power trading data for trusted pricing and use smart contracts for transaction matching. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in improving social welfare and reducing the load on the grid.     

政务数据资源共享是区块链技术自主创新的主战场

数字政府建设的重点和难点在于推进跨层级、跨地域、跨系统、跨部门、跨业务的政务数据有序共享和协同服务。区块链是一种分布式数据存储及处理技术,是密码技术与分布式技术的创新融合,以去中心化方式形成一种新的“信任”机制,基于密码技术解决身份和数据可信,基于分布式技术解决多方协同,从而打破数据流通和业务协作壁垒。以数字政府建设为契机,推动政务服务领域区块链应用,有效解决数据有序共享、安全交互、可信协同、依法监管等问题;同时,政务服务领域可为区块链技术自主创新提供初始市场和先验机会,通过政务领域区块链规模应用,加速区块链技术迭代创新,助力推动信息领域关键核心技术突破。密码技术是区块链技术的核心基础支撑,要加强政务服务领域区块链密码应用与安全性评估,确保密码应用合规正确有效。政务服务领域不能一个应用建一条链,防止形成新的“区块链信息孤岛”。     

On the detection of selfish mining and stalker attacks in blockchain networks

Annals of Telecommunications - The blockchain technology emerged in 2008 as a distributed peer to peer network structure, capable of ensuring security for transactions made using the Bitcoin...     

基于区块链的智能电网监控

随着智能电网系统的广泛应用,电力公司可以通过网络获取实时用电数据以满足负荷预测以及电力营销等业务需求,电力用户也可及时得知当月电费,甚至了解何时用电量较大以及哪个电器耗电量最大等具体细节,但这也导致了数据泄露的风险。为此文中利用主权区块链技术和智能合约的实施,为电力公司和电力用户之间提供一个可信任系统,使得电力供需双方都能安全、透明地获取用电数据。     

Network implications of multicast in electronic commerce

Electronic commerce (EC) systems have been in existence for many years. In the financial industry, for example, electronic trading has been in place for well over a decade. Momentum has gathered pace to the point where EC is considered at least an essential adjunct to a company's business or, in some cases, the primary means of connecting vendors to their customers. This momentum has been at least, partly inspired by the convergence of content, commerce, communication, and the Internet. In many EC systems, the state of the market (current value and availability of goods and services) or another event needs to be disseminated to consumers so that they can take actions based on the information. IP multicasting is an emerging network technology that can greatly improve the efficiency of providing such information     

BT PropNet — a commercial property trading service for the Internet

The UK commercial property market has a large number of stakeholders which can hinder identification and analysis of key information. By using the latest Internet technology, this information can be made available to the desktop to significantly enhance the property trading business. This paper provides an overview of the recently launched BT PropNet, a trial property trading service for the UK commercial market, and describes its system infrastructure.     

基于区块链的内河执法管理系统的研究和设计

文章提出一种基于区块链的内河执法管理系统的设计方法,实现了区块链技术在内河航运执法过程中的应用。系统以Hyperledger Fabric为区块链框架,使用微服务技术进行封装,保证与原业务系统的交互性。该设计方法结合了传统中心化存储技术和区块链去中心化存储技术,利用区块链技术防篡改和价值自动传递的特性,可以提高内河执法的安全性和公平性。     

基于属性密码体制的区块链安全技术研究进展

区块链是一种集合了分布式存储、点对点传输、共识机制、密码学算法和智能合约等关键技术的分布式账本,具有去中心化、不可篡改、透明化等特性.近年来区块链技术的安全性问题逐渐显露,阻碍了区块链应用的发展.本文介绍了区块链的基本概念与安全模型,分析了区块链的安全性问题;然后,基于属性密码体制,从访问控制、密钥管理、数据隐私保护这三个方面分析了区块链安全技术的各类研究,论述了主要的解决方案的特点;最后,总结了基于属性密码体制的区块链安全技术研究进展,并对未来的研究工作进行了讨论.     

Integration of Internet of Things and blockchain technology in healthcare domain: A systematic literature review

Healthcare is a vitally important field in the industry and evolving day by day in the aspect of technology, services, computing, and management. Its potential significance can be increased by incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology to make it smart in the aspect of automating activities, which is then further reformed in the healthcare domain with the help of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides many features to IoT-based healthcare domain applications such as restructuring by securing traditional practices, data management, data sharing, patient remote monitoring, and drug analysis. In this study, a systematic literature review has been carried out in which a total of 52 studies were selected to conduct systematic literature review from databases PubMed, IEEE Access, and Scopus; the study includes IoT technology and blockchain integration in healthcare domain-related application areas. This study also includes taxonomy that mentions the aspects and areas in healthcare domain incorporating the traditional system with the integration of IoT and blockchain to provide transparency, security, privacy, and immutability. This study also includes the incorporation of related sensors, platforms of blockchain, the objective focus of selected studies, and future directions by incorporating IoT and blockchain in healthcare domain. This study will help researchers who want to work with IoT and blockchain technology integration in healthcare domain.     

A network strategy for survival

The telecom business is due for fundamental changes, concerning both technology and enterprise-but also concerning attitudes. This article discusses the merger between telecom and datacom, the business and technological trends-in order to outline future architecture for service and infrastructure. Our approach is that the causes of change are more fundamental than is normally conceived. Today the telecom community focuses on deregulation and competition, rather than observing that there will be different types of traffic dominating our networks -and businesses. We also tend to focus on broadband technology, rather than observing that the emerging services require online properties and a connectionless network. Our own attitude, to interpret new phenomena in telecommunications concepts, disables us from using new technology and understanding new business. An overall conclusion is, in sweeping terms, that our operations in the future will be dominated by datacom networks rather than telecom networks. This, in turn, requires a new scenario for interoperability and regulations-and calls for new business models. It is argued that the focus for regulations should be interoperability rather than infrastructure. Furthermore, a generic “hour-glass” architecture is sketched-assuming, for example, IP as the interoperability level separating the megabits per second market from the service market. The discussion in this article reflects one strand of strategic discourse on future networks within Telia and other European operators     

The associate impact of individual internal experiences and reference groups on buying behavior: A case study of animations,comics, and games consumers

Among the entertainment and media market, it can be observed that animations, comics, and video games (hereinafter abbreviated as ACG) have the highest output value and most market influence. Moreover, ACG also incorporates various industries and creates many derivative products. As the ACG industry emphasizes acousto-optics, imagery, and storylines, personal impressions derived from consumer experiences will influence consumer decisions. In addition, the ACG industry is mainly marketed towards younger age groups, with younger people being the main consumers; as such, these consumers’ decisions are more easily affected by peer behavior.This study aims to analyze the effects of internal cognitions and external influences on buying behavior of ACG consumers by applying the uncomplicated decision tree data mining algorithm. We analyze and develop the target attributes on measures of customer loyalty for ACG industry to set up the decision trees from the collected questionnaire data. The decision tree data mining method is applied to analyze the hidden association rules between the target attributes (i.e., consumer loyalty) and the critical influencing factors of consumer’s internal impressions and external influences for ACG consumers. The results and suggestions of this paper can be used as a reference for enterprises in the ACG industry to help with business policies concerning products’ extensional design, marketing, and CRM, and to further strengthen customer satisfaction and loyalty, thus increasing company profits.