毫米波通信低复杂度波束选择和用户调度算法

针对毫米波混合波束成形系统中用户调度方案复杂度过高的问题,提出两种低复杂度的波束选择和用户调度联合优化算法。混合波束成形架构使得用户调度问题面临着新的挑战,变成了模拟波束选择和用户调度的联合优化问题。考虑发送端无法获得完美信道状态信息的实用场景,采用基于固定码本的波束训练方案获取等效信道状态信息,引入调用指示函数将联合优化问题建模成非凸组合优化规划,分别以粒子群优化和贪婪算法为核心,提出两种低复杂度的次优解决方法。仿真结果表明,相较穷举搜索,所提算法能在性能和复杂度之间取得很好的折中。      

多用户MISO干扰信道中的安全协同波束成形

针对多用户多输入单输出(MISO, multiple-input single-output)干扰信道中保密信息泄露问题,提出了理想信道状态信息(CSI, channel state information)下的安全协同波束成形(SCB, secure coordinated beamforming)方案和非理想CSI下的顽健安全协同波束成形(RSCB, robust secure coordinated beamforming)方案。对于理想CSI情况,联合设计最优的协同波束成形向量,最大化最小安全速率。采用半定松弛(SDR, semidefinite relaxation)技术和连续的凸估计(SCA, successive convex approximation)算法得到原始非凸问题的局部最优解。进一步,将该框架扩展到信道向量和信道协方差矩阵存在确定误差的情况,提出的RSCB方案能够最大化最差情况的安全速率。仿真结果验证了所提方案的有效性和顽健性。     

用于MIMO广播信道的带多波束选择的正交随机波束成形算法

本文提出一种基于有限反馈的波束和用户选择方案,在这种方案中,用户端利用一个随机正交码本对其信道方向信息(CDI)进行量化,计算其最大信号与干扰加噪声功率比(SINR),并把这些信息反馈给基站;基站根据接收到的这些反馈信息,按照和容量最大的准则选择出多个正交波束以及相应的多个用户.和sharif等人最近提出的方案相比,我们提出的方案能根据系统参数,如用户数和信噪比(SNR),对选择的波束成形矢量及其对应的用户的数量和集合进行调整,当用户数量较小时,和容量性能得到了很大的提升,同时避免了选择波束成形矢量时的用户冲突,另外,基站也不需要广播波束成形矢量给各个用户.     

Joint beam selection and user association strategy for beam space millimetre wave downlink systems

Beam space multiple‐input multiple‐output (B‐MIMO) systems operating at mmWave frequency in downlink uses different beam selection techniques for reducing the required number of radio frequency chains without apparent performance loss. In this paper, a joint beam selection and user association scheme with the objective of sum rate maximization is proposed. The proposed work on beam selection is based on a norm and uncorrrelation based approach, which considers channel correlation among the users so as to avoid inter‐user interference. Two different methods for beam user association with one modelled as a balanced assignment problem based on average sum assignment method and the other method that associates an optimal beam to every user by considering their channel gain values are also proposed along with beam selection. The proposed beam assignment methods are less complex and efficient in finding a suitable beam to every user within the cell. Simulation results show that the proposed method accomplish comparable performance in terms of sum rate and energy efficiency with appreciably low computational complexity relative to the existing methods in a correlated environment.     

On the secrecy performance of integrated satellite‐aerial‐terrestrial networks

This paper investigates secure transmission of an integrated satellite‐aerial‐terrestrial network (ISATN), where multiple eavesdroppers (Eves) attempt to overhear the satellite signals cooperatively. The ISATN adopts an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with multiple antennas as a relay with threshold‐based decode‐and‐forward (DF) protocol. By assuming that perfect instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of the satellite‐UAV link and the statistical CSI of the UAV‐user link are available, we first propose a beamforming (BF) scheme for maximizing the achievable secrecy rate (ASR) of the considered network. Then, we derive the analytical expressions of the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and ergodic secrecy rate (ESR) of the considered system with the BF strategy under an assumption that the satellite‐UAV link undergoes the shadowed‐Rician fading, while the UAV‐user link experiences the correlated Rayleigh fading. Finally, numerical results are given to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed BF scheme against zero forcing (ZF) and maximal ratio transmission (MRT) schemes and the validity of the secrecy performance analysis.     

一种基于分布式功率控制的侧行链路高谱效传输机制

第五代(5th Generation, 5G)无线通信系统除了支持蜂窝通信,还支持侧行链路(Sidelink, SL)通信,即两个用户设备(User Equipment, UE)之间可以直接通信,而不需要经过基站中转,有利于降低传输时延、提升资源利用率。在现有的SL分布式系统中,主要通过简单的能量测量进行干扰规避,资源复用准则欠佳,导致中高用户密度场景下吞吐受限。为此,提出了一种基于分布式功率控制的SL高谱效传输机制。各发送UE基于目标链路的信道状态信息(Channel State Information, CSI)和其他干扰链路的CSI进行功率优化,以实现局部范围内多个通信链路的和吞吐最大化;进一步,设计了广播式的CSI测量上报机制能实现多链路的分布式功率控制和资源选择。仿真结果表明,所提方案相比于现有的SL分布式资源分配机制,在中高用户密度下可获得30%～100%的吞吐增益;此外,所提方案相比于现有WiFi的载波侦听多址(Carrier Sense Multiple Access, CSMA)分布式信道接入机制,在中高用户密度下可获得50%～200%的吞吐增益。     

Adaptive Beamforming in CR-MIMO System Exploiting Multi-Channel and Eigenmode Diversity

In this paper, a space division multiplexing (SDM) based joint adaptive beamforming downlink transmission scheme for infrastructured cognitive radio multi-input multi-output system is proposed. When spectrum holes exist traditional opportunistic spectrum access is employed. While there is no idle spectrum available, cognitive base station and cognitive user firstly evaluate spatial correlation between cognitive transmission and inter-system interference based on the preprocessed channel information. Incorporated with transmission gain, authorized frequency channel and eigenmode are jointly selected. Then on the premise that no interference is imposed on the primary, cognitive transmission is carried out adopting SDM. The proposed scheme exploits selection diversity of both authorized channel and cognitive eigenmode, thus achieves better spatio-frequency resource management and near-optimal cognitive throughput performance.     

多波束移动卫星系统的自适应开环预编码方法

对于卫星移动通信系统,由于卫星与地面终端之间的相对运动以及星地间传输延迟,传统的基于理想信道信息的预编码方法是不适用的。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于开环信道估计的预编码方法。卫星端利用开环获取的部分信道信息实现多波束联合预编码,并导出了系统传输速率的闭合解析表达式。此外,为了克服强干扰环境下多波束预编码系统性能恶化问题,提出了一种自适应预编码传输方法。卫星发射机依据开环获得的慢时变用户位置信道信息和信道统计量信息,自适应地选择预编码方法或传统频率复用方法,实现最优的系统性能。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与传统的干扰抑制方法相比,所提方法能实现更优的系统性能,同时也克服了传统预编码方法的局限性。     

Robust hybrid beamforming design for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems

Hybrid analog-digital beamforming is recognized as a promising solution for a practical implementation of massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) systems based on millimeter-wave(mmWave) technology. In view of the overwhelming hardware cost and excessive power consumption and the imperfection of the channel state information(CSI), a robust hybrid beamforming design is proposed for the mmWave massive MIMO systems, where the robustness is defined with respect to imperfect knowledge or error of the CSI at the transmitter due to limited feedback and/or imperfect channel estimation. Assuming the errors of the CSI are bounded, the optimal hybrid beamforming design with robustness is formulated to a mean squared error(MSE) minimization problem. An iterative semidefinite programming(SDP) based algorithm is proposed to obtain the beamforming matrices. Simulation results show that the proposed robust design can provide more than 4 dB performance gain compared to that of non-robust design.     

Inter‐cell interference mitigation based on joint beamforming

In cellular networks, global channel state information (CSI) shall be shared among neighboring cells to mitigate various inter‐cell interference (ICI). In this paper, we propose that comparable ICI is mitigated while weak ICI is treated as noise. The amount of shared CSI is highly reduced, because of that only the CSI corresponding to comparable ICI is shared among neighboring cells. In the case of single user equipment in each cell, a joint singular value decomposition and interference alignment method is proposed along with the analysis of its approximate sum rate. Some nodes select singular value decomposition method, while others choose interference alignment method. The method at each node is determined by global selection principle or user classification principle. In the case of multiple UEs in each cell, all nodes utilize minimum mean square error method, but ICI is neglected at cell center users. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Opportunistic Beamforming over Rayleigh Channels with Partial Side Information

In recent years, diversity techniques have evolved into highly attractive technology for wireless communications in different forms. For instance, the channel fluctuations of the users in a network are exploited as multiuser diversity by scheduling the user with the best signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When fading is slow, beamforming at a multiple antenna transmitter is used to induce artificial channel fluctuations to ensure multiuser diversity in the network. Such a beamforming scheme is called opportunistic beamforming since the transmitter uses random beamforming to artificially induce opportunism in the network [1]. Opportunism requires a large number of users in the system in order to reach the performance of the true beamforming that uses perfect channel state information (CSI). In this paper we investigate the benefit of having partial CSI at an opportunistic transmitter. In the investigation, we focus on the maximum normalized SNR scheduling where user?s feedback consists of SNR relative to its channel gain. We show that opportunism can be beneficially used to increase the average throughput of the system. Simulations support the analytical average throughput results obtained as the amount of CSI and the number of users vary.     

Robust Cognitive Beamforming With Bounded Channel Uncertainties

This paper studies the robust beamforming design for a multi-antenna cognitive radio (CR) network, which transmits to multiple secondary users (SUs) and coexists with a primary network of multiple users. We aim to maximize the minimum of the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios (SINRs) of the SUs, subject to the constraints of the total SU transmit power and the received interference power at the primary users (PUs) by optimizing the beamforming vectors at the SU transmitter based on imperfect channel state information (CSI). To model the uncertainty in CSI, we consider a bounded region for both cases of channel matrices and channel covariance matrices. As such, the optimization is done while satisfying the interference constraints for all possible CSI error realizations. We shall first derive equivalent conditions for the interference constraints and then convert the problems into the form of semi-definite programming (SDP) with the aid of rank relaxation, which leads to iterative algorithms for obtaining the robust optimal beamforming solution. Results demonstrate the achieved robustness and the performance gain over conventional approaches and that the proposed algorithms can obtain the exact robust optimal solution with high probability.      

Spatial Reuse Algorithm Using Interference Graph in Millimeter Wave Beamforming Systems

This paper proposes a graph‐theatrical approach to optimize spatial reuse by adopting a technique that quantizes the channel information into single bit sub‐messages. First, we introduce an interference graph to model the network topology. Based on the interference graph, the computational requirements of the algorithm that computes the optimal spatial reuse factor of each user are reduced to quasilinear time complexity, ideal for practical implementation. We perform a resource allocation procedure that can maximize the efficiency of spatial reuse. The proposed spatial reuse scheme provides advantages in beamforming systems, where in the interference with neighbor nodes can be mitigated by using directional beams. Based on results of system level measurements performed to illustrate the physical interference from practical millimeter wave wireless links, we conclude that the potential of the proposed algorithm is both feasible and promising.     

Transmission Scheme for 2D Antenna Array MIMO Systems with Limited Feedback

Three-dimensional (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems exploit spatial richness and provide another degree of freedom to transmit signals and eliminate spatial interference. Currently, however, there is no 3D codebook for two-dimensional (2D) antenna array MIMO systems with limited feedback. In this paper, based on the existing 2D codebook, we present a limited feedback and transmission scheme for 2D antenna array MIMO systems. In this scheme, the mobile station (MS) has imperfect channel knowledge, and the base station (BS) only acquires partial information relating the channel instantiation. MS must feed back two channel state information (CSI) instances, i.e., the horizontal and vertical CSIs. After receiving the two CSI instances, the BS interpolates a new vertical precoding vector using the vertical CSI. Then, the BS re-constructs a 3D beamforming vector using horizontal and vertical precoding vectors and compensates the reported horizontal channel quality indicator. System level simulation is employed, and the simulation results show that the proposed method improves the system spectral efficiency and the cell-edge SE significantly.     

Cooperative power allocation with partial channel information in multi‐cell multi‐user dual‐hop MIMO relay systems

This paper considers cooperative power allocation with the use of partial channel state information (CSI) in a multi‐user dual‐hop relay system with multiple antennas. The end‐to‐end capacity can be improved by dynamically allocating the transmit power of the base station and relay according to co‐channel interference caused by the adjacent relays. The proposed scheme allocates the transmit power in association with the eigenvalues and angle difference between the eigenvectors of transmit correlation matrices of the desired and interference channel. It is shown by means of upper‐bound analysis that the end‐to‐end capacity of the proposed scheme can be maximized in highly correlated channel environments when the principal eigenvectors of transmit correlation matrices of the desired and interference channel are orthogonal to each other. It is also shown that the proposed scheme is robust to the channel estimation error. Finally, the performance of the proposed scheme is verified by the computer simulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beam Selection Strategies for Orthogonal Random Beamforming in Sparse Networks

Orthogonal random beamforming (ORB) constitutes a mean to exploit spatial multiplexing and multi-user diversity (MUD) gains in multi-antenna broadcast channels. To do so, as many random beamformers as transmit antennas (M) are generated and on each beam the user experiencing the most favorable channel conditions is scheduled. Whereas for a large number of users the sum-rate of ORB exhibits an identical growth rate as that of dirty paper coding, performance in sparse networks (or in networks with an uneven spatial distribution of users) is known to be severely impaired. To circumvent that, in this paper we modify the scheduling process in ORB in order to select a subset out of the M available beams. We propose several beam selection algorithms and assess their performance in terms of sum-rate and aggregated throughput (i.e., rate achieved with practical modulation and coding schemes), along with an analysis of their computational complexity. Since ORB schemes require partial channel state information (CSI) to be fed back to the transmitter, we finally investigate the impact of CSI quantization on system performance. More specifically, we prove that most of the MUD can be still exploited with very few quantization bits and we derive a beam selection approach trading-off system performance vs. feedback channel requirements.     

User-relay Assignment based Antenna Selection Scheme in Multi-user Multi-relay AF Cooperative Communication Network

In this paper, the user-relay assignment based antenna selection scheme for multi-user cooperative network is proposed to improve the transmission bit rate and system performance. The low complexity suboptimal user-relay assignment algorithm is first proposed to simultaneously improve both the system performance and individual user’ performance in the multi-user amplify-and-forward (AF) cooperative user-relay network, where each user can fairly select its best relay according to the instantaneous channel state information (CSI). Based on the user-relay assignment scheme and space shift keying (SSK), we further present the antenna selection scheme to further enhance the system performance for the multi-user AF cooperative user-relay network. In order to minimize the system bit error rate (BER), three antenna selection criteria based on the maximum likelihood (ML) detection have been proposed. Numerical results and theoretical analysis show that the proposed schemes can effectively improve the average system sum rate, the outage probability of the worst user, and the system BER performance, compared with the other schemes.     

Throughput-Optimal Precoding and Rate Allocation for MISO Systems With Noisy Feedback Channels

A throughput metric is considered for a multiple-input single-output (MISO) system with noisy feedback of channel state information (CSI). The goal is to optimize a precoding matrix with a medium-access control layer metric. The problem is a nonlinear multidimensional optimization. Results show that the optimal precoding turns into beamforming when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of CSI feedback is sufficiently large. A necessary condition for the optimality of beamforming under the throughput metric is determined, and the necessary and sufficient condition is numerically found based on the Gauss-Chebyshev Quadrature method. Next, the rate allocation for beamforming and spatial diversity is analyzed. Then, a two-mode transmission scheme is proposed such that the transmitter is engaged in either the beamforming mode or the spatial diversity mode depending on the SNR of the CSI feedback. It is shown that at a fairly high SNR of CSI feedback, the rate allocation needs to be reduced, while at a low SNR of CSI feedback, the allocated rate should be increased. It is shown that when the SNR of CSI feedback is lower than a threshold, there always exists an SNR of the transmitted signal such that the CSI feedback can be viewed as the real CSI solely for the purpose of rate allocation. The result also shows that the throughput of two-mode transmission is almost the same as the throughput of the optimal precoding scheme, even with a low SNR and large feedback delay.     

A Simple and Efficient User-Scheduling Strategy for RUB-Based Multiuser MIMO Systems and Its Sum-Rate Analysis

We present a user-scheduling scheme for multiuser multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems with random unitary beamforming (RUB) in this paper. The new scheme, which is termed as adaptive beam activation based on the conditional best beam index feedback (ABA-CBBI), requires low average feedback load by imposing a feedback threshold on the users' signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and suffers less multiuser interference by only activating those beams requested by at least one user. We derive the exact analytical expression for the sum-rate capacity of the resulting multiuser MIMO systems, based on which we examine the optimal selection of the feedback threshold in terms of sum-rate maximization. We demonstrate through selected numerical examples that the proposed ABA-CBBI scheme with optimal thresholds can achieve better sum-rate performance than existing schemes over high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) regions.      

User Selection Algorithms for MU‐MIMO Systems with Coordinated Beamforming

In this paper, we propose two novel user selection algorithms for multiuser multiple‐input and multiple‐output downlink wireless systems, in which both a base station (BS) and mobile stations (MSs) are equipped with multiple antennas. Linear transmit beamforming at the BS and receive combining at the MSs are used to avoid interference between users and find a better sum‐rate capacity performance. An optimal technique for selecting users would entail an exhaustive search, which in practice becomes computationally complex for a realistic number of users. Suboptimal algorithms with low complexity are proposed for a coordinated beamforming scheme. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed algorithms is better than that provided by previous algorithms and is very close to an optimal approach with reduced complexity.