卷首语

正颠覆性技术通常指一种另辟蹊径的、对已有传统或主流技术途径产生颠覆性效果的技术,可能是基于新概念、新原理的创新技术,也可能是现有技术的重大创新应用。颠覆性技术往往具有强大的破坏性和革命性,会重构应用领域的体系和秩序。近年来,新一轮科技革命和产业变革不断酝酿发酵,颠覆性技术如雨后春笋般不断涌现,     

卷首语

<正>加快推进制造强国建设是党中央、国务院立足全局、着眼长远作出的重大战略部署。当前,信息技术、新能源、新材料、生物技术等重要领域和前沿方向的革命性突破和交叉融合,正在引发新一轮产业变革,将对全球制造业产生颠覆性的影响。特别是新一代信息技术与制造业的融合,为我国并行跟进这一轮科技革命和产业变革、实现制造业的转型升级和创新发展提供了历史机逼。《中国制造2025》实施两年来取得了积极成效,已成为结构优化、创新发展的重要抓手。还要深入分析当前世界产业发展新态势、竞争新特点,充分认识我国制造业发展的潜力与机     

掌握量子科技,为下一场航空技术变革做好准备

正量子技术,是近几年科技领域的大热门,已广泛应用于生产生活的各个领域,并正在引发深刻的乃至颠覆性的变革。11月30日,航空工业党组书记、董事长谭瑞松到航空工业计量所就量子技术对航空产业发展的作用和影响进行专题调研,参观了冷原子干涉重力测量、超快量子计量实验室,观看了计量所宣传片,听取了计量测试前沿技术研究及量子测量技术发展情况的汇报,并与相     

世界纳米科技企业现状与我国纳米企业发展需求分析

<正>从全球范围看,无论是各主要经济体还是科技界甚至产业界均已形成共识——纳米技术将引领科学技术的划时代飞跃,并带来巨大的产业变革。纳米技术是基础性和先导性强、应用前景广阔、具有重大战略意义的新一代共性技术,正在迅速向各个科技和产业领域渗透,已经逐步成为技术变革和产业升级的重要源头。可以说,纳米技术的进一步发展将引发全球科技与经济竞争格局的重大变革,并将带     

工程科技颠覆性技术战略研究项目综述

颠覆性技术已成为经济社会发展和军事变革的重要推动力量,加强颠覆性技术创新对我国实现转型发展,掌握未来战略主动尤为重要。"工程科技颠覆性技术战略研究"是中国工程院设立的重大咨询项目,旨在谋划我国工程科技颠覆性技术的发展。本文系统介绍了项目研究的目标、内容和思路方法,梳理了项目在颠覆性技术概念研究、预测识别方法研究、世界颠覆性技术发展态势跟踪预警、重大颠覆性技术方向识别评价等方面取得的进展,总结了项目研究中的经验与不足,为国家开展颠覆性技术相关的战略研究提供了有益参考。     

专题《复杂系统的认知科学与创新设计》

专题序言全球新一轮科技革命、产业变革和军事变革加速演进,颠覆性技术不断涌现,创新驱动成为许多国家谋求竞争优势的核心战略。我国既面临赶超跨越的难得历史机遇,也面临差距拉大的严峻挑战。创新设计作为“中国制造2025”中提高我国创新能力的重要举措。     

专题序言

正全球新一轮科技革命、产业变革和军事变革加速演进,颠覆性技术不断涌现,创新驱动成为许多国家谋求竞争优势的核心战略。我国既面临赶超跨越的难得历史机遇,也面临差距拉大的严峻挑战。创新设计作为"中国制造2025"中提高我国创新能力的重要举措,其思维、价值与其在创新生态系统中的角色值得深入研究。     

国内外颠覆性技术研究进展跟踪与研究方法总结

当前,全球科技创新进入空前密集活跃的时期,一些重大颠覆性技术不断涌现,推动新产业与新业态的迭代加速,深刻影响和改变国家力量对比,重塑世界经济结构和国际竞争格局,各国纷纷瞄准这一时代契机,积极对颠覆性技术进行早期识别与培育。本文对国内外各类颠覆性技术研究报告进行了广泛跟踪,对国内外颠覆性技术研究进展及主要采用的颠覆性技术评估与预测方法进行了归纳、分析和评价,并就促进我国颠覆性技术研究科学发展与快速成型提出集中优势资源设立专业智库群、建立科学的技术评估体系等相关建议。     

卷首语

<正>本期《中国工程科学》以"中国铁路'走出去'发展战略"和"引发产业变革的重大颠覆性技术预测研究"的阶段性成果为主要内容,概要介绍了这两大专题的研究成果。实施"走出去"战略是我国面向21世纪全面建设小康社会、保持经济可持续发展的重要国家战略,是统筹国际、国内两个大局,综合运用国际、国内两种资源的重大举措。中国铁路"走出去"作为国家战略的重要组成部分,近年来在工程建设、装备制造、运营管理等方面取得了显著成就,综合实力和国际影响力不断增强,已成为我国对外合作交流的重要领域。     

《中国制造2025》深度解读

<正>当前,世界经济和产业格局正处于大调整、大变革和大发展的新的历史时期。一方面国际金融危机的影响仍在持续,经济复苏缓慢,发展的不确定因素增多;另一方面,全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革酝酿新突破,特别是新一代信息技术与制造业深度融合,加上新能源、新材料、生物技术等方面的突破,正在引发影响深远的产业变革。发达国家纷纷实施“再工业化”战略,强化制造业创新,重塑制造业竞争新优势;一些发展中国家也在加快谋划和     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.