新型熔炼工艺下GH4169合金的凝固组织控制研究

为探求新型熔炼工艺(三联)下GH4169合金大型重熔锭组织调控、元素偏析改善的方法,研究了熔速对氩气保护电渣重熔GH4169合金重熔锭枝晶间距、Laves相的尺寸及分布和显微疏松的影响,定量分析了熔速对组织与成分偏析的影响规律.研究发现:随着熔速的增加,GH4169合金重熔锭边缘处的枝晶间距基本保持不变;中心处二次枝晶间距呈增大趋势.边缘和中心处的疏松尺寸随熔速增加变化平缓,R/2处先增大后减小.心部的Laves相比例较高且随着熔速增加呈上升趋势,而R/2处趋势相反;重熔锭不同部位的偏析区比例随熔速无明显变化.枝晶间距越小,越有利于减轻偏析.     

铸锭BFe30-1-1锻造性能的研究

研究了氧含量、夹杂物、宏观组织、拉制速度和电渣重熔等因素对BFe10 1 1合金铸锭锻造性能的影响,结果表明:氧含量、夹杂物对锻造性能影响不大,铸锭中的粗大晶粒及存在的缺陷将会降低锻造性能,而斜向生长的柱状晶区有利于锻造的质量控制,慢速停拉式铸造和合理的电渣重熔工艺对发挥合金的可锻性有利。     

铸锭GH 3625合金微观偏析及均匀化热处理

为消除铸态GH 3625合金的显微偏析,改善其热加工性能,建立其均匀化动力学并制订均匀化处理制度,采用ImagePro Plus软件、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS),对通过真空感应熔炼和电渣重熔双联工艺制备的GH 3625合金电渣锭的显微组织及元素偏析情况进行分析和研究.同时,对铸态GH 3625合金在不同温度下同一时间及同一温度下不同时间进行了均匀化处理.结果表明:GH 3625合金电渣锭存在明显的枝晶间微观偏析,主要偏析元素为Nb、Mo等,形成富Nb的Laves相、MC碳化物;不同元素的偏析程度为NbMoTiAlCr;Nb、Mo、Ti、Al在枝晶间大量富集,使得Laves等多种非平衡相在枝晶间析出;在均匀化过程中,随着均匀化温度的升高和时间的延长,偏析元素逐渐扩散均匀;当热处理制度为1 130℃×32 h时,元素偏析基本消除;Laves相体积分数随均匀化处理时间呈明显指数函数特征,V1 130℃=0.033 5exp(-0.163 1t).     

Incoloy800H合金大型电渣扁锭的铸态组织研究

对耐蚀合金Incoloy800H大型电渣扁锭进行了低倍组织、高倍组织和元素偏析等分析,掌握了其铸态组织形貌及成分偏析的特点,为今后耐蚀合金大型电渣扁锭开发作参考和指导。     

电渣重熔工艺对GCr15轴承钢凝固组织的影响

基于CAFE法(元胞自动机-有限元模型),采用ProCAST对电渣重熔方法生产的GCr15轴承钢钢锭的微观组织进行数值模拟,得到了电渣钢锭的晶粒生长过程、熔池形状变化和晶区分布情况,并分析了不同的工艺参数对熔池形状以及凝固组织的影响.熔池深度随着钢锭固相区的扩展而变得越来越深,当钢锭长到一定高度,熔池深度和晶粒生长方向均不再变化.研究结果表明:结晶器冷却强度越大,熔池温度越低,熔池深度与钢锭半径之比h/R越小,而晶粒平均尺寸增大且柱状晶越多;渣池温度越高,h/R越大,晶粒平均尺寸增大;重熔速度是最显著的影响因素,熔速增大,h/R显著增大,柱状晶尺寸增大且数量增多.经过对电渣锭的凝固组织观察试验发现,模拟结果与试验结果有较好的一致性.     

电渣重熔工艺参数变化对钢材性能的影响

电渣重熔为特殊冶炼工序,把用一般方法冶炼的合金钢及超级合金,利用电渣渣洗进行二次精炼的电渣冶金过程,其目的是提高金属纯度,改善铸锭结晶。电渣重熔工艺参数变化会对其钢材内部成份和产品力学性能产生的影响。     

关于几种合金的铸造缺陷

在我所目前研制过的仪表合金中,除了少数的品种采用大气下感应熔炼、电渣重熔之外,大多数品种是采用真空熔炼,或再经过真空自耗重熔。合金的铸锭也多为真空下浇铸的和充氩气下浇铸的。在这些合金的研制中,铸造缺陷往往会造成很大的危害,威胁热加工和冷加工的继续进行。它会造成合金的不必要的浪费和成     

一种新型Ni-Cr-Fe基合金的成分设计、冶金及强韧化热处理工艺研究

利用增Ni、Al降Cr、Ti含量及CALPHAD方法对Ni-Cr-Fe合金进行了低成本设计;采用发射光谱仪、红外碳硫分析仪、差热扫描量热法、真空感应熔炼和电渣重熔双联冶金、扫描电镜等方法,对合金成分、冶金工艺、热加工工艺、热处理制度进行了系统研究。研究发现:双联冶金工艺成功实现了对设计成分的有效控制,经锻造和轧制热加工,获得均匀洁净的轧制组织;再经900～980℃保温30min固溶,继以720℃保温8h后炉冷至620℃保温8h空冷时效强化热处理,合金力学性能达到Incoloy 925水平。其中轧态组织经直接时效可以获得最佳的综合力学性能。合金轧制时效组织为单一奥氏体细晶组织;固溶时效态组织以奥氏体γ相为主,沿晶或晶内弥散析出MC型一次碳化物。研究结果对于我国新型高强韧Ni-Cr-Fe合金开发具有参考价值。     

电渣重熔连续定向凝固FGH96合金非金属夹杂物研究

本文通过真空感应熔炼+惰性气氛保护电渣重熔连续定向凝固制备FGH96合金,对FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物进行对比研究。结果表明,活泼元素Al、Ti、Zr、Ce、B等有轻微的烧损,主要元素含量都在合金要求的范围之内,氧含量略有降低,达到了真空熔炼的水平,氮含量有较大幅度的降低,主要存在两种类型的夹杂物,呈球形的夹杂物是Al、Ti、Mg的复合氧化物和TiN。图像统计分析结果表明,和传统电渣重熔相比,电渣重熔连续定向凝固工艺重熔后FGH96合金中的非金属夹杂物面积百分比、100个视场中的夹杂物个数降低了50%以上,夹杂物的最大尺寸由16μm降低到5.5μm,这主要是与熔池的形状、深度和结晶方式有较大关系,传统电渣重熔过程中金属熔池的形状是V字形,深度约占铸锭直径的50%左右,而电渣重熔连续定向凝固过程中形成的熔池呈扁平状,深度占直径10-20%。     

电渣重熔中不同工艺对炼钢的影响

钢铁是国家经济发展的重要工业基础,在钢铁的冶炼过程中所使用的电渣重熔技术主要是通过在电渣熔炼的过程中通过对其通入较大的电流,通过电流的电阻热来将电渣融化的热源,采用此种冶炼技术的主要目的是将电渣中的金属进行提纯,从而冶炼出钢铁组织较为紧密均匀的钢锭。在钢铁的冶炼过程中,对于不同的生产环境下的电渣重熔生产钢铁时所采用的生产工艺进行分析阐述。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.