热处理对钛合金激光熔覆自润滑耐磨复合涂层组织和摩擦学性能的影响

为了进一步提高钛合金激光熔覆层的质量,以Ni Cr/Cr_3C_2-WS2复合粉末为原料,采用激光熔覆技术在Ti6Al4V(TC4)钛合金表面制备了自润滑耐磨复合涂层,并将复合涂层在600℃下保温1 h,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、摩擦磨损试验系统地分析了涂层热处理前后的组织、显微硬度和摩擦学性能的变化及其机理,研究了热处理对自润滑耐磨复合涂层性能的影响。结果表明:自润滑耐磨复合涂层的主要物相为韧性相Ni Ti2,增强相Cr_3C_2、Cr7C_3、Ti C以及润滑相Ti_2SC、Cr S;热处理1 h后涂层的显微硬度(928.8 HV5 N)相对于未热处理涂层(1 076.1HV5 N)略有下降;相对于未热处理涂层,热处理1 h后的涂层表现出良好的耐磨减摩性能,其磨损机理为磨粒磨损。     

激光熔覆原位自生碳化物增强自润滑耐磨复合涂层的高温摩擦学性能

利用激光熔覆技术在TC11合金表面成功制备NiCrBSi-Ti_3SiC_2-CaF_2-WC耐磨自润滑涂层。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)分析熔覆层的物相及微观组织;利用显微硬度仪对其硬度进行了测量。分别在室温(25℃),300℃和600℃条件下对涂层进行干滑动摩擦磨损实验,并分析其磨损机理。结果表明:涂层主要由γ-Ni共晶相,M_(23)C_6,TiC,(Ti,W)C,Ti_5Si_3硬质相以及少量的Ti_3SiC_2,CaF_2,TiF_3润滑相组成。激光熔覆层的显微硬度大幅度提高,显微硬度平均值为863.63HV_(0.2),约为基体的2.46倍,熔覆层总体摩擦因数和磨损率明显低于基体,在300℃条件下,涂层具有最低的摩擦因数(0.275)和磨损率(4.8×10~(-5)mm~3·N~(-1)·m~(-1))。     

TC4钛合金表面激光熔覆NiCrCoAlY-Cr3C2复合涂层的摩擦和高温抗氧化性能

为了提高TC4 钛合金表面摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能,以 NiCrCoAlY+20%(质量分数)Cr3 C2 混合粉末作为熔覆粉末,采用激光熔覆技术在TC4 钛合金表面制备NiCrCoAlY-Cr3 C2 复合涂层,利用OM,SEM,XRD,EDS等分析涂层的显微组织和物相组成;采用 HXD-1 000TB 显微硬度计测量涂层显微硬度;采用 MMG-500 三体磨损试验机与 WS-G1 50 智能马弗炉对涂层和基体进行摩擦磨损及高温抗氧化实验.结果表明:利用激光熔覆技术在 TC4 钛合金表面可以制备形貌良好、无裂纹和气孔等缺陷的复合涂层.熔覆区显微组织结构致密,多为针状晶和树枝晶;结合区的显微组织主要由平面晶、胞状晶和树枝晶组成,生成了多种可提高耐磨性和高温抗氧化性的碳化物、氧化物和金属间化合物.复合涂层的最高显微硬度为 1344HV,约为钛合金基体 350HV的 3.8 倍;复合涂层的摩擦因数为0.2～0.3,较钛合金基体的摩擦因数0.6～0.7 明显下降;相同条件下复合涂层的磨损失重为0.00060 g,是钛合金基体磨损失重 0.06508 g 的0.9%;恒温 850 ℃氧化 100 h后复合涂层氧化增重为 6.01 mg·cm－2 ,约为钛合金基体氧化增重 25.10 mg·cm－2的24%.激光熔覆技术有效改善了TC4 钛合金表面的摩擦磨损和高温抗氧化性能.     

超声滚压对高速激光熔覆GH5188高温合金涂层组织和力学性能的影响

目的 为了提高GH5188高速激光熔覆涂层的摩擦磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能,采用超声滚压(UR)技术在GH5188涂层表面制备纳米晶层。方法 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱分析仪(EDS)、维氏硬度计、高温摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站研究超声滚压作用下GH5188涂层的微观形貌、相组成、显微硬度、高温摩擦磨损性能和耐腐蚀性能。结果 超声滚压后,GH5188涂层表面达到镜面效果,与未滚压相比,粗糙度下降58%;制备出厚度为18 μm的纳米晶层;与H13基体相比,未滚压的涂层表面显微硬度提高21%,超声滚压后的涂层表面显微硬度提高70%;与H13基体相比,未滚压的涂层耐磨性提高69%,超声滚压后的涂层耐磨性提高81%;电化学测试结果表明,与H13基体相比,未滚压的涂层耐腐蚀性提高12%,超声滚压后的涂层耐腐蚀性提高17%。结论 超声滚压后的涂层表层组织位错密度和晶界增加,获得了纳米晶层,有效改善了GH5188涂层的显微硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性等力学性能。     

铸铁表面电刷镀/激光熔覆复合涂层制备与性能评价

为了解决铸铁零件激光熔覆易出现裂纹的问题,采用电刷镀与激光熔覆技术复合方法对铸铁零件进行再制造.采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计和往复摩擦磨损试验机分析了涂层的显微组织、测试了涂层的硬度和摩擦磨损性能.实验结果表明:电刷镀/激光熔覆复合处理所制备的涂层组织致密、无裂纹、气孔等缺...     

激光熔覆镍包石墨和石墨烯复合涂层组织和性能分析

采用激光熔覆技术在40CrNi2Si2MoV钢基体表面分别制备镍包石墨和石墨烯复合涂层,测试分析了涂层的物相、微观组织、显微硬度以及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:激光熔覆涂层主要由γ-Ni、Ni_3B、M_(23)C_6和M_7C_3相组成,均为树枝晶和共晶组织;从熔覆层表面到基体的显微硬度呈现出四个台阶,硬度最高值出现在亚表层;两种涂层均具有较好的减摩性能和耐磨性能。     

激光熔覆TiC/FeAl原位复合涂层

用激光熔覆法制备了TiC/FeAl原位复合涂层,使用光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)观察了熔覆层的微观结构,使用能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了涂层的化学成分和物相,研究了熔覆层的显微硬度和耐磨性。结果表明:沿着熔池深度的方向从熔池底部到熔池顶部,FeAl基体从粗大的树枝晶渐渐转变为细小的等轴晶。原位TiC越过熔池界面进入基板表层,大部分TiC颗粒存在FeAl晶粒内部,熔池顶部的TiC颗粒含量较多。沿着熔池深度的方向从涂层顶部到基板,涂层的硬度呈阶梯形分布,熔池顶部涂层的硬度最高,涂层的硬度和耐磨性分别比基板高6倍和52倍。涂层的磨损机理为典型的磨粒磨损。     

激光熔敷Ti5Si3/(NiTi2+β+Ti5Si3) 复合涂层组织与耐磨性

为了提高钛合金的干滑动磨损耐磨性能，以Ti-Si-Ni混合合金粉末为原料对BT9钛合金进行激光熔敷处理，制备出以金属间化合物Ti5si3为耐磨增强相的快速大“原位”耐磨复合涂层，利用金相、SEM、XRD等技术分析了涂层的成分及显微组织结构，在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下测试了涂层的耐磨性。结果表明：涂层中Ti5Si3初生相均匀分布于NiTi2-β－Ti5Si3共晶基体上，整个涂层组织均匀、致密、无气孔、无裂纹；涂层与钛合金基材形成了良好的冶金结合，涂层具有很高的硬度，在室温干滑动磨损试验条件下具有优异的耐磨性能。     

活塞环用Mo-(NiCr-Cr_3C_2)复合涂层的优化研究EI北大核心CSCD

采用机械混合方法配制喷涂用粉末Mo-(NiCr-Cr3C2),并利用大气等离子喷涂方法制备活塞环耐磨涂层,对涂层进行力学性能以及摩擦学性能测试。结果表明,Mo的添加有助于减小涂层的孔隙率,涂层显微硬度随Mo含量的增加而降低,添加20%(质量分数)Mo的复合涂层具有较好的摩擦磨损性能。复合涂层的磨损主要表现为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损,NiCr-Cr3C2含量高的涂层存在较多的剥落现象。涂层的耐磨性与涂层的硬度模量比(H/E)有较好的对应关系。     

激光熔覆制备Ni60−WC−Co复合涂层工艺与性能研究

目的 提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的性能,采用激光熔覆制备Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层。方法 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、显微维氏硬度计和摩擦磨损试验仪,研究了不同激光功率对复合涂层的微观形貌、硬度和耐磨性的影响。结果 随着激光功率增大,复合涂层与基体之间紧密结合,致密均匀,球形WC颗粒均匀分布于复合涂层中,硬度、磨损量均先增大后减小;当激光功率过大时,复合涂层中WC颗粒增多,且部分WC颗粒发生热分解,生成的气体产生气孔。复合涂层物相主要由WC、W2C、γ?Ni、FeNi3、FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06、CoCx、Co3B2等相组成,复合涂层由顶部的树枝晶、中部的等轴晶和底部的柱状晶组成;当激光功率为1.5 kW时,硬度最高,磨损量最小,耐磨性最佳,磨损表面无明显磨损沟槽,主要呈磨粒磨损。结论 最优激光功率为1.5 kW,在此工艺下制备的Ni60?WC?Co复合涂层,可以提高机械设备用06Cr19Ni10钢的硬度和耐磨性。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.