热处理对非晶Ni-P电镀层结构与性能的影响

为进一步了解Ni-P合金电镀层的结构与性能的关系,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和显微硬度仪等,研究了P含量12.3%(质量分数)的Ni-P合金电镀层热处理前后结构的变化对性能的影响.结果表明:镀态镍磷镀层呈非晶态结构,270℃恒温10 min镀层开始晶化,析出亚稳相Ni12P5和Ni5P2,360℃亚稳相向Ni3P和Ni稳定相转变,且晶粒长大,420℃时只有Ni3P和Ni相;热处理后镀层的硬度大于非晶态镀层,300℃部分晶化析出的纳米晶弥散分布于非晶相中,镀层的硬度达到极大值,Ni3P硬质相的析出大大提高了镀层的耐磨性能.     

Ni-P和Ni-Cu-P化学镀层对比研究

利用SEM、DSC、XRD、中性盐雾试验和显微硬度分析等手段,对Ni-10.54%P及Ni-9.25%Cu-10.23%P化学镀层的组织特征、相结构转变、热稳定性、耐蚀性和硬度进行了比较.结果表明:(1)两种镀层均匀致密,均为胞状结构和非晶态组织;(2)Ni-P镀层仅发生从非晶相向稳定的Ni3P相转变,而Ni-Cu-P镀层则先生成Ni-Cu固溶体和亚稳中间相Ni5P2,再向稳定相Ni3P转变;(3)Ni-Cu-P镀层的热稳定性高于Ni-P镀层;(4)镀态和低温热处理条件下两种镀层的硬度相差不大,Ni-P镀层经400 ℃、60 min热处理时硬度达到最高值981.1 HV,但Ni-Cu-P镀层经500 ℃、60 min热处理时硬度达到最高值1 144.8 HV;(5)镀态时Ni-Cu-P镀层的腐蚀速率只有Ni-P镀层腐蚀速率的2.85%;经过400 ℃、120 min相同条件的热处理,Ni-Cu-P镀层的腐蚀速率仅为Ni-P镀层腐蚀速率的0.351%.     

脉冲电沉积Ni-P/BN(h)复合镀层的组织结构与性能

目前,鲜见对Ni-P/Bn(h)复合电沉积层的制备及其性能的研究报道。在Q235钢表面脉冲电沉积了Ni-P/BN(h)复合镀层,并于400℃热处理80 min,对热处理镀层的组织结构、显微硬度、耐蚀性能和摩擦学性能进行了分析测试。结果表明:镀态复合镀层为非晶态结构,400℃热处理后发生晶化,显微硬度显著提高,达到907.5 HV2 N;在3.5%NaCl和10%H2SO4腐蚀介质中,镀层几乎未发生全面腐蚀;镀层在干摩擦条件下表现出良好的减摩耐磨性能,低载时为轻微磨粒磨损,随载荷增大表现为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损的混合磨损机制。     

镍钨磷合金电镀层的性能研究

通过对Ni-W-P合金电镀层在200 ℃、0.5 h热处理后的XRD和SEM分析发现,不论镀态还是热处理态,镀层结构均为非晶态,且晶粒均匀,晶界清楚,热处理后晶粒略长大.在盐酸和硫酸介质中的耐蚀性测试结果表明,热处理后镀层的耐蚀性略高于镀态的耐蚀性;通过析氢性能测得镍基合金的电催化活性依次为:Ni-W-P＞Ni-P＞Ni-W＞Ni.     

热处理对化学沉积Ni-Fe-P合金磁性能的影响

采用差示扫描量热、X射线衍射和扫描电镜研究了化学沉积Ni-Fe-P合金的晶化行为和表面形貌.结果表明,镀态合金呈非晶结构,367.6℃下热处理出现亚稳态Ni5P2(P3)和Fe-Ni(Im3m),499.2℃下热处理进一步晶化为稳定的Ni3P(I-4)和FeNi3(Pm3m).镀层经过500℃热处理生成许多粒径为30～50nm的纳米颗粒,而经过600℃热处理后颗粒变大.研究了热处理对镀层显微硬度和磁性能的影响.发现该镀层在镀态时和经过200℃热处理后几乎没有磁性,随着退火处理温度的升高,镀层的显微硬度和磁性能不断提高;500℃达到最高,随后这些性能随着退火温度的升高而降低.     

非晶态Ni-Cu-P合金镀层的结构及性能研究

研究了化学镀Ni-Cu-P非晶态合金镀层的成分，结构、硬度及形貌等性能．研究结果表明：镀层中铜含量随着镀液中硫酸铜浓度的增加而提高，镍、磷含量随着镀液中硫酸铜浓度的增加而降低。由于铜具有优先析出的特征，导致合金镀层中Cu／Ni质量比远高于镀液中Cu^2＋／Ni^2＋质量比．在镀态下，Ni-Cu-P合金镀层为含铜、磷原子的镍基饱合固溶体．X-ray衍射表明：在镀态下及300℃以下热处理时，Ni-7．929％Cu-8．227％P（质量分数）合金镀层为非晶态结构，经400℃热处理后，开始有热力学平衡相Ni3P和Cu3P析出，合金镀层已转为晶态结构．Ni-7．929％Cu-8．227％P合金镀层的硬度随热处理温度的升高而增加，在400℃时，硬度达到最大值（845HV），热处理温度继续升高，合金镀层的硬度反而下降．     

热处理对化学沉积Ni-Zn(Fe)-P合金结构和性质的影响

通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电化学买验和失重买验研究了热处理对化学沉积Ni-Zn(Fe)-P合金结构、显微硬度、表面形貌和耐蚀性的影响。镀态镀层由非晶相和立方镍相组成(多晶态结构),在384．8℃晶化为四方Ni3P和Ni5Zn12相。镀层显微硬度随热处理温度升高而升高,相反地,500℃后随热处理温度升高而下降。在3．5％(质量分数)NaCl溶液中(pH7．0)镀态镀层的耐蚀性比经热处理过的镀层好。     

镍-磷-氧化铝复合化学镀层的耐磨性研究

将微粒三氧化二铝与镍-磷化学镀液复合,使三氧化二铝微粒均匀地弥散分布于镍-磷基体中,以提高镀层的耐磨性.着重研究了复合化学镀工艺条件和镀后热处理温度对Ni-P-Al2O3复合镀层耐磨性的影响.试验结果表明:施镀工艺对镀速、三氧化二铝在镀层中的分布有影响,镀后热处理可提高镀层硬度.在pH=5.4、施镀温度为90±2℃、α-Al2O3微粒加入量为5g/L、搅拌速度为400r/min的条件下所得复合镀层加热到400℃、保温1 h后,镀层耐磨性最佳.在相同的磨损条件下,复合镀层的耐磨性比Ni-P镀层提高6～7倍,比45钢淬火态提高30多倍.     

化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的微观结构

用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜研究了化学镀Ni-P合金镀层的微观结构,提出了镀层结构模型,分析了镀层生成的结晶机理,比较了低磷与高磷Ni-P合金的晶体结构区别;前者为致密的镍基相中弥散分布粒状Ni3P相的晶体结构,后者为几何形状不规则的非晶态结构。对非晶态组织在300℃和400℃进行热处理,合金镀层发生晶化转变,且生成的Ni3P微晶显示出调幅结构。     

电镀条件对非晶态Pd-Ni-P镀层组成和形貌的影响

采用电沉积法制备了Pd-Ni-P合金,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对镀层的形貌、成分和结构进行了分析,研究了PdCl2、NiSO4·6H2O主盐浓度、电流密度等电镀条件对其形貌、组成及性能的影响.结果表明,通过控制主盐浓度和电流密度,可以获得不同成分的Pd-Ni-P合金镀层.Pd-Ni-P合金镀层的结构为非晶态结构或微晶结构,在300 ℃下热处理1 h后,非晶态镀层有少量Ni3P相析出,但仍基本保持非晶态.350 ℃下热处理1 h后,镀层发生晶化,主要析出Ni3P、Ni2Pd2P相.在3%NaCl溶液中,Pd-Ni-P合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能优于Ni-P镀层,耐腐蚀性能随Pd含量增加而增强.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.