电导探针法测量高固含体系循环液速和气含率

基于电导探针和示踪法,开发了一种利用电导探针同时测量环流反应器中高固含体系下循环液速和局部气含率的方法. 利用2个单针电导探头测量脉冲注入KCl饱和溶液后两路电导信号的先后响应,测得两路液体的停留时间分布曲线. 通过对单路信号进行幅值分析可以得到气含率,与压差法相比测量值误差小于5%;通过对过滤气泡信号后的液体的停留时间分布曲线进行相关处理可得到循环液速,测量值与超声多普勒(UDV)的测量结果一致. 实验研究了外环流反应器中操作条件对气含率和循环液速的影响. 结果表明,低表观气速下气含率沿径向分布较均匀,高于0.1 m/s后逐渐呈抛物线型分布,整体随表观气速增加而增大;循环液速随表观气速增加近似线性增大,随固含率增加而减小.     

AC5／CP5—2交流阻抗测试系统

一、技术简介： 电化学交流阻抗技术是交流信号对电化学体系进行激励观察电化学体系对激励信号的响应。响应信号中包含了电化学体系的极化电阻（Rp、Ra）、双电层电容（Cd）、溶液电阻（Rs）等电化学信息。电化学交流阻抗技术是对同一电极进行阳极和阴极交替微小极化．即使测量信号作用于电解池时间较长,对电极的影响也比较小。     

气-液-固三相流化床中气泡大小分布的随机模型

本文利用马尔柯夫过程理论,建立了一个包括气泡上升速率、气泡大小以及气泡在床内出现位置的随机模型.利用热力学理论分析了模型参数.同时,本文利用四组元组合电导探针测定了气泡大小及其分布密度,验证了随机模型.结果表明,模型值与实验拟合很好.     

高性能交流恒流电路模拟与实测

采用信号发生器、集成运算放大器及仪表放大器等多个模块设计高性能交流恒流源电路,用于工业在线电极电导仪对溶液电导率的准确测量。采用4个挡位电阻控制电流输出,提供40μA~40m A的输出电流。分析负载电阻与挡位电阻和测量电压的关系,为电导率仪的进一步设计提供了高效的电路基础。模拟与实例测试结果表明:该恒流电路有较好的恒流输出稳定性,精度高、数字调整功能可靠。     

AC5/CP5-2交流阻抗测试系统

一、技术简介:电化学交流阻抗技术是交流信号对电化学体系进行激励观察电化学体系对激励信号的响应。响应信号中包含了电化学体系的极化电阻(Rp、Ra)、双电层电容(Cd)、溶液电阻(Rs)等电化学信息。电化学交流阻抗技术是对同一电极进行阳极和阴极交替微小极化,即使测量信号作用于电解池时间较长,对电极的影响也比较小。     

应用电导探针法测定气泡参数

采用照相法对研制的双电导探针测定气泡参数的测量系统■进行标定,并将其用于测定槽径为(?)0.287m 的搅拌槽内的气泡运动速度、气泡大小分布。     

极化机内装电阻对压电陶瓷性能的影响

生产压电陶瓷的关键工序是极化工序,陶瓷体经过极化后,才有压电效应。本次试验是为了深入了解极化机电阻阻值大小对压电陶瓷体参数的影响。我们通过多次的试验,掌握了当电阻阻值大时,极化后陶瓷体参数就降低;当电阻阻值小时,极化后陶瓷体参数反而升高;电阻阻值过大,会烧坏电阻;电阻阻值过小,陶瓷体又会被击穿。     

交流电力测试系统中关键采样点的估计方法研究

以交流电压为例,分析了交流电力测试系统信号处理中关键采样点对特征参数的影响,提出了关键采样点基于误差最小均方法和拉格朗日插值法的估计方法,指出这些方法能提高测试的抗干扰能力,在不增加额外硬件开销的情况下有效提高测试系统的精确性和可靠性。实验结果表明,采用这些估计方法可减少2倍左右用于分析的采样点数,初始相位角的测试误差减小到原来的25%左右,干扰幅值的要求从小于信号幅值的5%可放宽到信号幅值的15%。     

气液两相泡状流界面浓度的研究

用双头电导探针对水平管泡状流局部界面参数进行了测量。用概率统计方法对测量结果进行了处理 ,计算了气泡速度、气泡直径、气泡频率、界面浓度等局部参数。结果表明 ,界面浓度沿径向的分布与气泡频率沿径向的分布类似 ,都是靠管上壁较大、靠管下壁较小。其峰值都在距上壁r/R =0 .75— 0 .95之间。与直接用探针测得的速度计算结果比较 ,速度要高 0— 8.7% ,界面浓度要大 0— 35 .2 %。     

FF H1现场总线通信研究

为了研究基金会现场总线(FF H1)的底层通信,分析了理论编码波形和编码规则;基于Delta V系统构建FF H1网段,研究网段的实际通信情况,给出并评价网段的不平衡度、噪声、畸变和信号幅值;比较了不同电缆长度下网段的通信情况。实验表明:FF H1总线在长距离传输的抗干扰能力较强,信号幅值随电缆长度增加而衰减;关于终端电阻对H1总线的影响,在拔出终端电阻后,信号幅值和波形畸变明显增大,信号幅值超出了允许的调制范围。     

Local Measurement of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow with a Double-Sensor Probe

A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local varameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.     

矩形截面螺旋通道内气液两相流局部含气率分布实验研究

应用电导探针测量技术,对矩形截面螺旋通道内气液两相流局部含气率进行实验研究。在不同的气相折算速度下,应用电导探针测量了弹状流弹单元的长度,并与可视化方法进行对比,验证了电导探针的可靠性,并为信号处理选择合适的阈值。分别在泡状流、弹状流及环状流三种流型的条件下,分析了气相与液相折算速度对局部含气率分布的影响。实验结果发现,螺旋通道气液两相局部含气率呈非对称的抛物线形分布,这种非对称性受流型和液相折算速度的影响。     

低压沸腾管内汽泡尺寸的测量与研究

沸腾工况汽液两相流汽泡尺寸的研究对于深入理解两相流动特性以及相关模型的发展具有重要意义。文中采用双探头光学探针对受热上升管内汽液两相流汽泡尺寸的径向分布特性进行了测量与研究。此外,通过对汽泡尺寸概率密度数的分析,得出了对应工况的两相流流型,根据理论分析及实验结果,总结了汽泡尺寸径向分布与流型的关系。     

电涡流传感器前置放大器的设计

电涡流传感器检测导电材料时会产生微弱的电流信号,要实现测量的高灵敏度和稳定性,前置放大器抑制噪声、漂移是设计的关键。首先,建立放大器噪声模型找出主要噪声源,用带通滤波网络抑制宽带噪声;其次,选用直流负反馈放大器抑制增益漂移,超级伺服电路抑制直流电平漂移;最后,通过PCB板插孔铜镀层测厚仪的前置放大器进行电路理论分析、仿真和试验验证。试验结果表明:前置放大器能将微弱信号从噪声中分离出来,放大后信号电平足以进行后续的信号处理和显示,并满足信号电平分辨率在1μm以下的要求。     

Testing of a spherical dual-tipped optical fiber probe for local measurements of void fraction and gas velocity in two-phase flows

An alternate and easy method of constructing an optical liber probe tip is presented for the study of different two-phase flow variables such as local time-averaged void fraction, gas velocity and interfacial bubble passage frequency. The proposed probe tip has similar response characteristics to the “U-bend” single fiber probe and is easier to construct than the 90° wedge tipped probe. The signal from the spherical tip seems to be insensitive to changes in bubble velocity as opposed to the 90° wedge and is more advantageous at higher velocities. The signal from the spherical tip has the same time duration as the signal changes from liquid to gas and vice versa for the same bubble velocity. A simplified model is presented to describe the balance of forces around the spherical tip when a bubble is penetrated. The model offers a qualitative explanation of why the non-dimensional response intensity decreases as the bubble velocity increases.     

侵入式光纤照相法测量气泡尺寸分布

基于光纤内窥镜技术构建了以光纤内窥镜、图像采集系统和照明系统组成的侵入式照相装置,测量了由微气泡发生器和两种不同孔径的膜管产生的气泡的尺寸分布,并与取样照相法进行了比较. 结果表明,3种气泡生成装置产生的气泡直径在50~2000 mm;对50~200 mm气泡两种方法的测量结果相差不大,200~2000 mm的微气泡取样照相法测量值比侵入式照相法高,可能是因为取样时大气泡易发生聚并和破碎. 侵入式照相法能较准确测量较宽的气泡尺寸,适用于在线测量气液体系中分布较宽的气泡尺寸动态分布,也可用于其他测量方法及数值模拟方法的验证.     

The measurement of bubble parameters in two-phase dispersions—I: The development of an improved probe technique

An improved probe technique for the measurement of bubble size and velocity in turbulent bubble dispersion has been developed. The technique makes use of fast real-time data processing methods to identify the bubble orientation during measurement and to accept readily interpretable data for only those bubbles whose central axes are coincident with the probe axis. The method is evaluated experimentally using well defined single bubbles and shown to be accurate as well as rapid.     

COMPARISON OF PROBE METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF BUBBLE PROPERTIES

Direct quantitative comparisons of four different probe methods were performed for determination of local gas holdup, vertical bubble length, bubble rising velocity, and bubble frequency. The methods include vertically projecting electroresistivity, horizontally projecting electroresistivity, U-shape light reflection, and light transmission. The measured bubble properties strongly depended on the size and configuration of the probe tips. The light transmission probe developed in this work can be used to determine the bubble properties effectively. In order to minimize interferences with bubble flow, the size of probe tip should be small as possible and its configuration must be vertically projecting.     

静止液相中气泡上升过程的分布特性

引　言两相流动现象在石油、化工、冶金、动力以及原子能等工业中普遍存在 .然而两相流动体系极为复杂 ,要认清其现象规律 ,建立合理的模型对其流动特性进行准确的预测分析 ,首先要解决的便是两相流测量技术问题 .早期人们对两相流的测量与研究主要针对总体参数 ,如截面平均空泡率 .实际上 ,对于流道内相同截面平均参数的两相流动 ,可能其气泡的径向分布不同 ,这将产生不同的两相流动形态 ,进而对传热以及摩擦压降等产生不同的影响 .近年来 ,随着计算机功能的日渐强大 ,已可以提供对两相流更加精细的计算 ,两相流模型也由最初的均相流模型发…     

Behavior of gas bubbles in a concentric cylindrical airlift column

Using a light transmission optical probe, the effect of superficial gas velocity on bubble properties(bubble size, bubble rising velocity, bubble frequency and local gas holdup) at axial and radial positions was determined in the riser and the downcomer of a concentric cylindrical airlift reactor. The vertical bubble length, the bubble rising velocity and the bubble frequency at axis in the riser increased with increasing superficial gas velocity and the bed height. The radial distribution of the local gas holdup, vertical bubble length and bubble frequency in the riser and the downcomer were found to be non-uniform. The profiles of the local gas holdup, vertical bubble length and bubble rising velocity in the riser were shown as parabolic shapes. The local gas holdup, the vertical bubble length and the bubble frequency in the downcomer changed with superficial gas velocity and the distance from the top of the draft tube.