原位反应制备颗粒增强钛基复合材料的研究进展

原位反应制备的颗粒增强钛基复合材料中增强颗粒与基体的相容性好,复合材料高温性能稳定,成为制备高性能颗粒增强钛基复合材料的首选途径.目前,粉末冶金法、熔铸法、放热弥散法、燃烧合成法和机械合金化法都已用于原位反应制备颗粒增强钛基复合材料.综述了这些制备方法的原理、特点以及制备出的复合材料的组织和性能,指出了原位反应制备颗粒增强钛基复合材料今后的发展方向.     

铸态(TiB+TiC)/Ti复合材料组织和性能的研究

利用钛与碳化硼及石墨之间的自蔓燃高温合成反应,经非自耗电弧熔炼工艺制备了TiB晶须和TiC粒子混杂增强的钛基复合材料。借助扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了复合材料的微观结构,结果表明:原位合成增强体均匀地分布在基体合金中,TiB增强体以晶须状生长,而TiC增强体以树枝状、等轴状生长。原位合成增强体与基体合金的界面非常干净,不存在界面反应产物,但TiC粒子周围的基体合金中存在高密度的位错。原位合成增强体的加入提高了复合材料的力学性能,合金化元素铝的加入不仅固溶强化了钛基体合金,同时使增强体长得更为细小,也有利于改善复合材料的性能。      

原位合成TiC和TiB增强钛基复合材料

分析了增强体ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ在钛中的原位生成机理,利用普通的熔铸设备,原位合成制备了ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ颗粒增强的钛基复合材料,ＳＥＭ和Ｘ射线衍射的研究结果表明,ＴｉＣ和ＴｉＢ以不同形状在钛基体中生长,较为细小,且分布均匀,钛基复合材料的室温和高温性能了较大的提高。     

石墨添加对原位合成钛基复合材料高温力学性能的影响

利用钛与碳化硼及石墨之间的自蔓延高温合成反应经普通的熔铸工艺原位合成制备了不同摩尔比值TiB和TiC增强的钛基复合材料。测定了原位合成钛基复合材料的高温力学性能。结果表明:由于增强体的原位合成,复合材料的高温拉伸性能与基体合金比较有了明显的提高。高温拉伸断裂与温度有关,温度较低时,增强体断裂是材料失效的主要原因;而随着温度的提高,增强体与基体合金界面脱粘成为材料失效的主要原因。高温拉伸时裂纹容易在短纤维状增强体TiB的端面处形核与长大从而使增强体与基体合金脱粘导致材料失效,因此加入石墨形成更多的TiC粒子有利于提高复合材料的高温力学性能。     

原位生成TiBw/Ti复合材料的微观组织及高温压缩变形过程的演化规律

用粉末冶金原位合成法制备了TiB晶须增强钛基复台材料。利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射方法对经挤压变形后复合材料的微观结构进行了分析。在复合材料中观察到反应生成的TiB晶须。复合材料经过热挤压变形后,TiB晶须沿挤压方向定向排列。对挤压态TiBw／Ti复合材料进行高温压缩变形,TiB晶须在热压缩变形过程中发生转动或折断现象，变形温度越低，晶须折断现象越严重。     

原位生成(TiBw+TiCp)/Ti复合材料的高应变速率超塑性

将纯钛粉和B4C粉按一定比例混合均匀后,通过反应热压方法原位合成制备了TiB晶须和TiC颗粒增强体积分数为3%的钛基复合材料,并在950℃以16∶1的挤压比对复合材料进行了高温热挤压变形.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分别研究了原位生成复合材料的相结构和微观组织,并在700℃以不同应变速率对钛基复合材料进行了高温拉伸变形.研究表明:纯钛和B4C在1200℃真空热压原位合成产生两种不同形状的增强体,即短纤维状TiB晶须和等轴状的TiC颗粒;应变速率为5.95×10-4、1.19×10-3s-1和0.89×10-2s-1时,(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料都表现出超塑性,延伸率分别为205.43%、148.3%和112.85%;700℃变形时(TiBw TiCp)/Ti复合材料的应变速率敏感指数为0.45.     

石墨烯调控3D打印功能钛的组织和性能

用选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备多孔石墨烯/钛复合材料，研究了石墨烯(Gr)作为增强相对其微观结构、力学性能以及抗腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：用SLM制备的多孔钛由较小的等轴晶组成，石墨烯加入使其晶粒尺寸进一步减小，石墨烯没有在Ti基体中团聚，部分石墨烯与Ti原位生成的TiC产生了弥散强化。多孔Gr/Ti复合材料的压缩曲线由弹性变形阶段、应力平台阶段和致密化阶段组成，其硬度、抗压强度和压缩率分别为503HV、317.38 MPa和42%；其抗腐蚀性能高于纯钛，腐蚀电位为-0.325 V，腐蚀电流密度为3.28×10^-7 A·cm^-2。     

原位合成钛基复合材料的研究现状与展望

原位合成钛基复合材料以其高比强度、高比模量引起了人们的广泛关注,尤其是如何提高其高温性能更成为近年研究的热点.综述了原位合成钛基复合材料的主要制备方法、增强体与钛基体的选择、反应体系以及复合材料的显微组织与力学性能,提出了当前存在的主要问题和今后的发展方向.     

原位自生钛基复合材料研究综述

近年来,由于原位自生钛基复合材料相对钛合金更为优异的综合性能,引起人们广泛关注。从制备方法、基体和增强体选择、微观结构、力学性能、抗氧化性能、超塑性变形与加工等方面,综述了目前原位自生钛基复合材料的研究进展。提出了目前研究中存在的问题和今后可能的发展方向。     

熔炼法原位合成TiB-Nd2O3-Ti复合材料的组织与力学性能

用熔炼法原位合成了TiB-Nd2O3-Ti复合材料。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜等对其组织及性能进行了观察和分析。结果显示,原位合成的复合材料中,增强体为TiB与Nd2O3,它们均匀分布在Ti基体中,与基体之间没有发生显著的界面反应。原位合成复合材料的压缩屈服强度及其在500℃和600℃时的高温拉伸强度与基体Ti相比均有大幅度提高,其断裂机理与组织结构及变形温度有关。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.