水动力作用下太湖底泥的再悬浮通量

对太湖梅梁湾水体开展了两次野外实验，利用沉积物捕获器收集沉积物，研究了太湖悬浮物的沉降特征，计算了悬浮物的沉降通量和再悬浮通量，并建立了其与风速的关系。结果表明：太湖无机颗粒沉降是悬浮物沉降的主要形式。太湖平均风速在8m/s以内时，总悬浮物、有机物颗粒和无机物颗粒的沉降通量和再悬浮通量均呈现随风速增大而增大的特性，风速大小直接影响悬浮物在垂向的分布及垂向的沉降通量分布，并且相关性较好。该结论说明Gansith公式法适合于计算太湖再悬浮通量。     

苏南运河对太湖主要入湖河流污染物通量的贡献率

为了解苏南运河对太湖主要入湖河流污染物通量的贡献,基于一维平原河网水量、水质数学模型,模拟计算了2011年受苏南运河影响的主要入湖河流的入湖污染物通量(COD、氨氮、TN、TP),量化分析了苏南运河对主要入湖河流入湖污染物通量的贡献率。研究结果表明:苏南运河主要影响湖西区的太湖主要入湖河流,对湖西区主要入湖河流入湖通量的总体贡献率约为23%,其中对太滆运河的贡献率最大,约42%,漕桥河次之,约23%,对太滆南运河、社渎港、陈东港污染物通量的贡献率由北向南依次减小。     

基于总磷通量的清水江流域内源污染研究

清水江流域上游总磷浓度超标已严重影响相关水域水生态安全。为探讨总磷的来源、迁移和转化,计算了2013～2016年清水江部分断面和相关水域的总磷年通量、外源入河量和内源释放(或沉降)量,分析了它们之间的相互关系以及清水江总磷内源释放(或沉降)的时空特征。结果表明:清水江上游兴仁桥附近水域总磷浓度较低而且稳定;中游旁海至锦屏江段总磷偏高,是由于支流重安江高磷水体的汇入;总磷内源释放量较为突出的水域为中游的革东至锦屏江段,其次为白市江段;总磷外源入河量最大的区域为支流重安江,从兴仁桥至革东断面总磷外源入河量呈逐年递减趋势,但革东至白市断面外源入河量有所增加。     

太湖入湖污染物通量监测与计算方法研究

入湖河道带入的污染是造成湖泊水质污染的主要原因之一。入湖污染物通量估算涉及监测点位、监测频次、控制河道数等多方面。文章选择太湖典型入湖河道,利用三种估算方法分析太湖入湖污染物通量计算精度,认为每月两次的水量水质巡测分析计算精度达到80%左右,能基本满足入湖污染物量估算要求,为太湖水环境治理提供支撑。     

苕溪入湖污染物通量计算及区域污染物影响权重分析

为研究苕溪流域入太湖污染物通量的时空变化特征规律,在苕溪流域水文水质同步监测基础上建立一维水动力水质数学模型。利用经率定验证的苕溪流域模型,结合枯水年P=90%(2003年型)、平水年P=50%(1995年型)、丰水年P=20%(1981年型)的水文资料以及2011年流域主要污染物排放资料,计算各典型年的入太湖污染物通量。通过出入区县交界断面河流通量的计算,进一步分析跨区域污染物影响的权重,为污染物溯源做铺垫。结果表明:1污染物因子COD、NH3-N、TP、TN的入湖通量丰水年依次为29111、1828、347、6712 t/a;平水年依次为21297、1248、272、6087 t/a;枯水年依次为14 243、898、187、407 8 t/a,各污染物因子丰水年和平水年的入湖通量较大,枯水年较小;2不同典型年各区县污染物因子对入湖通量影响权重由大到小排序依次为吴兴区(部分)、德清县(部分)、安吉县、临安市、余杭区(部分),对吴兴区的污染治理是苕溪流域入湖污染治理的关键所在。     

太湖长兜港固体悬浮物再悬浮的室内模拟

定量研究浅水湖泊动力扰动与沉积物再悬浮的关系,目前仍是湖泊研究中的难点之一。实验利用再悬浮发生装置,对太湖长兜港沉积物风浪扰动进行室内模拟,建立扰动强度与有效波高之间的关系,定量分析风浪对太湖水体中悬浮物的影响及固体悬浮物在水体中的垂向分布,初步得出风浪对太湖沉积物扰动深度一般在毫米级的结论。     

太湖重污染底泥的生态疏浚

太湖湖盆沉积物(底泥)是湖体营养盐的储积库，是重要的污染源。在湖泊外源污染治理得到一定成效后，以减少内源污染负荷为目的疏浚是控制湖体内源污染效果较为明显的工程技术措施之一。太湖底泥疏浚有别于港口、河流疏浚，属生态工程范畴。其基本核心要解决；疏浚必要性，疏浚区域范围、疏浚适宜深度、疏浚技术工艺、二次污染防治，环境风险评估，底泥合理处置和基底修复等生态技术问题。     

太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

鄱阳湖综合水环境特征研究

以鄱阳湖1998～2012年水质资料及2008～2012年五河七口水文数据,对鄱阳湖污染负荷的特点进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)平水年COD、氨氮、TP入湖量分别为278 563.7 t、47 218.06 t、10 931.3 t.丰水年COD、氨氮、TP入湖量分别513 296.5 t、80 452.18 t、14095.05 t.枯水年COD、氨氮、TP入湖量分别为219 094.8 t、46051.37 t、6448.57 t;(2)污染物通过五河七口进入鄱阳湖的量占进入鄱阳湖总污染物的绝大部分;(3)干湿沉降量较五河入湖所占的比例要小得多,但大于长江倒灌入湖污染物的量;(4)不同污染物之间相比也呈现不同的规律,COD经五河入湖的比例最高的是丰水年,经长江倒灌比例最高的是枯水年;氨氮经五河入湖比例为96％,经干湿沉降的约在4％左右;TP枯水年经长江倒灌的比例为3％,其余水文典型年均只占1％.     

江苏省入太湖河道污染物分析

为了对太湖的水资源开发利用和水污染治理提供参考数据,对1998—2009年江苏省环太湖河道的入湖水量、入湖污染物量和入湖水质进行计算与分析。结果表明,江苏省环太湖河道多年平均入湖水量为70.6亿m3,主要入湖河道的NH3-N、TP、TN、CODMn平均入湖量分别为1.37万t、1360t、2.63万t和3.77万t,环太湖河道超Ⅲ类水标准的断面占断面总数的71.5%～95.3%,其中1998—2004年超Ⅲ类水质的断面呈上升趋势,水质逐渐恶化,而2005—2009年超Ⅲ类水质的断面渐趋下降,水质有所改善。     

湖泊底泥絮凝沉降试验研究

湖泊底泥的运动过程产生了内源污染,加剧了湖泊生态环境的恶化。研究湖泊底泥在风浪作用下悬浮后再沉降的运移规律,可为了解湖泊水质变化成因以及开展生态环境治理提供技术支持。本课题采用有机玻璃制作的沉降桶,在静水条件下对太湖、龙感湖、巢湖的底泥进行了沉降试验,研究3个湖泊的水体在不同初始含沙浓度和不同水深条件下含沙浓度的变化,分析了3个湖泊淤泥的沉降规律,近似代表天然湖泊的底泥运动状态。试验研究表明3个湖泊水体中悬浮泥沙的沉降均为絮凝沉降,其沉降过程和沉速与单颗粒泥沙相比均发生了量和质的变化,悬浮泥沙絮凝平均沉速随沉距、含沙浓度的增大而增大。最后得出3个湖泊底泥的沉降速度,其研究结果可为采用絮凝沉降法改善水质环境提供参考依据。     

Diffusive fluxes and equilibrium processes in relation to phosphorus dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River

We examined total suspended solids (TSS) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) above naturally impounded Lake Pepin between 1994 and 1996, with attention to P loadings which may be contributing to impaired water quality conditions. The Minnesota River, located 97 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for most of the annual and summer TSS and total P load while the Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant, located 80 km upstream of Lake Pepin, accounted for much of the annual soluble reactive P (SRP) loading to the UMR. Lake Pepin retained 80% and 13% of the TSS and total P load, respectively, during the summer period. However, the lake was a source of SRP during the same period, exporting up to 130% of the summer SRP load it received. Diffusive P flux from profundal sediments averaged 7.5 mg m^?2 d^?1 during the summer, accounting for 41% of the net SRP export from the lake. Recently deposited sediments in Lake Pepin (originating primarily from the Minnesota River) also exhibited a high equilibrium P concentration (EPC=0.155 mg l^?1) and linear adsorption coefficient (K_d=1043 l kg^?1). Application of these P equilibrium characteristics to TSS loads entering the system resulted in a calculated potential P desorption flux from TSS of 2.0 mg m^?2 d^?1 during the summer. Potential P desorption flux to the system was driven by dilution of SRP concentrations in the Mississippi River below the EPC by SRP‐deficient inflows of the St Croix River, located 16 km upstream of the lake. P desorption was, thus, an important additional internal P flux that is not commonly included in P budgets of riverine systems. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风浪对浅水湖泊水质的影响机制

以太湖重要的浅水湖湾——东太湖为例,应用经典风浪经验公式,将风速转化为浪高,以直接体现风浪强度,在分析其与污染底泥卷起、水质指标相关关系的基础上,对风浪影响湖区水质的机制进行进一步探究。结果表明:随着风速、浪高的增加,水体浑浊度增加,偏北风作用下湖区浑浊度更高;DO的质量浓度呈降低趋势,全年浓度呈现冬季偏高而夏季偏低的规律;COD的质量浓度呈增加趋势,全年浓度呈现冬季偏高而夏季偏低的规律;TN的质量浓度与风速相关关系不明显,全年浓度呈现夏季偏高而冬季偏低的规律;浑浊度与COD存在较好的相关性。确定风浪对湖区水质的影响机制,旨在为针对性地制定湖泊水质改善措施提供技术支撑。     

洪泽湖换水能力的时空分布特征EI北大核心CSCD

为研究洪泽湖换水能力的时空分布特征,基于MIKE21建立洪泽湖二维水动力模型,模拟分析了洪泽湖不同湖区的换水周期;考虑洪泽湖的流场呈现风生流和吞吐流双重特点,分析了不同季节和不同风场条件下换水周期的空间变化特征。结果表明:洪泽湖换水周期空间异质性明显,从南到北梯度递增,冬季和春季全湖平均换水周期较长,分别为75 d和60 d,秋季和夏季的全湖平均换水周期较短,分别为49 d和31 d;实际风场对洪泽湖的换水能力起到正向作用,东南风对洪泽湖的换水能力起正向作用,东北风对洪泽湖的换水能力起到抑制作用。     

The use of a mass balance phosphorus budget for informing nutrient management in shallow coastal lakes

Eutrophication has degraded ecosystem, cultural and recreational values in Lake Forsyth, a small, shallow, coastal lake in New Zealand. To inform catchment management decisions designed to prevent algal blooms and improve water quality, a sub-catchment scale, mass-balance approach to understanding the behaviour of the critical nutrient, phosphorous (P), has been taken. To determine a P budget for the lake, and identify key P reservoirs, hydrological inflows and outflows were measured over a 15 month period. These were combined with total (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations in these flows, to determine the external load of P transported to the lake. Lake water was also analysed for TP and DRP concentrations, and chemical extractions were used to determine the mass and mobility of P in the lake sediments. Biomass surveys and chemical digestions were used to quantify the mass of P contained in lake macrophytes. Changes in the lake water P reservoirs were then used to assess the contribution of external P loading relative to fluxes of P from the sediment to the lake water column (internal P loading). More than 7000 kg P per year was delivered to the lake, 68% of which came from a single sub-catchment. P associated with suspended particulate material accounted for 80% of the external P load transported into the lake and 61% of the load delivered over the study period was transported during a single flood event. A reduction of 53% in the external P load is necessary to achieve a recommended areal loading guideline. As the lake has no permanent outflow, this external load and the low flushing rates have created a large legacy reservoir of P in the lake sediments with 70% of external P loads retained in the lake. It is the release of P from these lake sediments rather than fluctuations in external loading that control P concentrations in the lake water column during the blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The results indicate the importance of targeting both external and internal loading processes in the catchment. The sub-catchment scale, mass-balance approach to determining a P budget and quantifying P reservoirs enable critical source areas for external P loads to be identified, and the potential efficacy of targeted interventions to reduce P sources and minimise P transport, such as wetlands and sediment retention basins, to be assessed.     

Impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in a large,shallow lake

Lake Okeechobee is a large, shallow subtropical lake, located in south Florida. Over the last several decades, Lake Okeechobee has experienced accelerated eutrophication due to excessive phosphorus loads from agricultural run‐off. Recycling of phosphorus from bottom sediments through resuspension is critical to addressing eutrophication of the lake and for water quality management. The present study investigates the impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in Lake Okeechobee, using measured data and the Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model (LOEM). The LOEM was fully calibrated and verified with more than 10 years of measured data in previous studies. Analysis of the measured data indicates significant wave height (SWH) and suspended sediment concentration are closely correlated to the wind speed in the lake. The nonlinear interaction of high‐frequency wind waves with relatively low‐frequency currents in the boundary layer plays a key role in sediment deposition/resuspension. Without considering the effects of wind waves, the bottom shear stress can be greatly underestimated. The spatial variations of key variables for sediment modelling, including SWH, water depth, orbital velocity, current velocity, bottom shear stress and sediment concentration, are discussed. In general, the near‐bottom wave velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) is greater than or the same order of magnitude as the near‐bed current velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) in this shallow water system. Although the sediment zones of Lake Okeechobee were described in previous studies, few published papers discussed its formation mechanisms. The findings of the present study include that the multiyear averaged bottom shear stress with wind‐wave effect plays a key role in forming the spatial patterns of the sediment zones. The study results are currently being used in lake management and in developing strategies for reducing phosphorus in the lake.     

悬浮物输运的数学模型

为了研究镇江内湖悬浮物的输移运动规律，建立了二维悬浮物输运数学模型。模型考虑了风场及潮流作用下悬浮物的输运，同时还考虑了悬浮物的沉降和再悬浮机制，采用切应力概念确定悬浮物的起悬量和沉降量。在无结构网格上对水流和悬浮物输运方程进行有限体积的积分离散，应用高性能的Osher格式计算水量、动量及悬浮物输运等通量，提高了数值模拟的精度。应用2次大规模水文和悬浮物含量的野外同步监测资料对模型进行了验证。模拟值与实测值吻合较好，表明模型能合理地反映内湖水流及悬浮物的运动规律。     

基于GIS平台的鄱阳湖采砂区域规划研究

为了分析鄱阳湖区砂源分布情况,为鄱阳湖采砂规划提供资料,对鄱阳湖区悬浮物含量进行了测量。根据泥沙沉速和含量的关系,利用GIS技术,对整个鄱阳湖区的含沙量进行了模拟分析。结果显示：鄱阳湖的悬浮物含量范围为1.553 4 ~ 94.071 6 mg/L,沉速为0.002 7~0.488 3 cm/s;以永修松门山为界,以北地区含沙量较大,以南地区含沙量较小。在含沙量较大的星子县沙岭、永修县松门山和都昌老爷庙地区所围成的三角区域不适宜采砂。通过对生态、航运、采砂经济效益的综合分析,对鄱阳湖区采砂区域进行了初步规划,鄱阳湖的年采砂量不应超过1 100万t。     

Burrowing mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae: Hexagenia spp.) bioturbation and bioirrigation: A source of internal phosphorus loading in Lake Erie

Traditional lake eutrophication models predict lower phosphorus concentrations with decreased external loads. However, in lakes where decreased external phosphorus loads are accompanied by increasing phosphorus concentrations, a seeming “trophic paradox” exists. Western Lake Erie is an example of such a paradox. Internal phosphorus loads may help explain this paradox. We examined bioturbation and bioirrigation created from burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia spp., as a possible source of internal phosphorus loading. Phosphorus concentrations of experimental microcosms containing lake sediments, filtered lake water, and nymphs (417/m²) collected from western Lake Erie were compared to control microcosms containing sediments and lake water over a 7-day period. Phosphorus concentrations in microcosms containing Hexagenia were significantly greater than microcosms without nymphs. Further, we estimate the soluble reactive phosphorus flux from the sediments due to Hexagenia is 1.03 mg/m²/day. Thus, Hexagenia are a source of internal phosphorus loading. High densities of Hexagenia nymphs in western Lake Erie may help explain the “trophic paradox.” Furthermore, Hexagenia may be a neglected source of internal phosphorus loading in any lake in which they are abundant. Future studies of phosphorus dynamics in lakes with Hexagenia must account for the ability of these organisms to increase lake internal phosphorus loading.