单轴压力下岩爆倾向岩石的声发射特征

在电液伺服刚性试验机上,对某矿一种具有岩爆倾向的岩石进行声发射研究,得出了声发射参数与岩石应力－应变曲线对应关系,声发射数统计和声发射波形频谱分析结果表明：在加载过程中,应力达到一定水平时声发射数发生突跳,声发射频谱由低频向高频发展,到一定应力水平后基本保持稳定,能量由低频向高频集中,声发射突跳点与高频转换点应力水平基本一致,这对硬岩矿山岩爆预报有一定的指导意义。     

花岗岩卸荷破坏全过程声发射特征试验

利用MTS815混凝土与岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2三维定位实时监测系统对花岗岩卸荷破坏进行了声发射试验,得到了其卸荷破坏全过程变形特性和声发射特征,探讨了应力与应变、声发射数与应力、声发射率与应力、声发射数与时间以及声发射率与时间之间的关系.研究表明,岩石在卸荷方式下的破坏大多表现为脆性破坏,而且围压越大,脆性破坏特征越明显;对于1-1试件,破坏前在应力大于310MPa左右或在时间大于300s左右的范围内声发射数、声发射率开始出现激增现象,表明进入该阶段岩石内部破裂开始加速发育、扩展,最终导致岩石的破坏.研究成果对具有同类岩体的工程具有重要的参考价值.     

不同掺量玻璃纤维增强水泥细观数值研究

围绕玻璃纤维增强水泥(glass fiber reinforced cement,GRC)非均匀的材料特性,建立不同掺量GRC在三点弯曲条件下的数值分析模型,实现了材料试件由微裂纹萌生、扩展和贯通的全过程数值模拟.对比分析不同掺量GRC试件的最终破坏形态、荷载-位移全过程曲线、声发射时空分布和声发射应变能,研究了各试件的峰值强度、弯曲韧性和应变能的相对比值,结果表明,随着玻璃纤维掺量的增加,GRC的抗弯强度逐渐提高,韧性也不断增强.     

单轴压缩下岩石声发射特性试验研究

声发射技术是分析岩石在发生峰值到软化失稳演化过程的直接工具手段,在国内外理论研究的基础上,对灰岩岩样进行单轴压缩条件下破坏全过程的声发射试验,得出相应的应力、时间与声发射振铃数曲线图,进而分析岩石变形破坏全过程及声发射试验参数的规律。在试验的基础上,利用相关参数确定Kaiser效应点。     

声发射法测试岩石先期应力值的可行性

本文根据岩石声发射类型和一个试验实例，讨论了应用声发射法测量岩石先期地应力的可行性和精度。     

岩石声发射特征的分形分析

通过岩石单轴压缩声发射实验，利用G-P算法计算了不同应力水平下的声发射时间序列的关联维数。研究发现关联维数值随相空间维数m的增大而增大，当m较大时趋于稳定。实验发现多数岩样在应力水平为极限应力的60％以前，分维值呈增大趋势。当达到破坏应力时，分形维数降低到一个最小值。这表明岩石声发射关联维数的变化反映了岩石内部损伤演化情况，分形维数的降低意味着主断裂或破坏的发生。     

不同速率下单双钎头破岩声发射数值分析

选用脆性花岗岩为研究对象,利用岩石破裂过程分析软件RFPA2D,分别对其进行单、双钎头在不同加载速率下的数值模拟试验,得到RFPA2D应力图及相对应同一加载步下的声发射图。结果表明:较单钎头相比,岩石在双钎头协同作用下将会形成应力叠加,且钎头下面的裂纹会对相邻裂纹产生影响,裂纹尖端会产生应力集中,试件破坏释放出的声发射能量和声发射计数更大;随着加载速率的增大,试件释放的声发射总能量增大,且所得竖向载荷增大。     

尺寸效应和应变速率对岩石力学特性影响的试验研究

采用MTS 815.02型电液伺服岩石力学试验系统,对6种规格岩样应变速率在1×10~(-5)~5×10~(-3) s~(-1)范围内进行了6级应变速率下的单轴压缩试验,分析了岩样尺寸、应变速率对岩样峰值强度、弹性模量、峰值应变、声发射特性及破坏形态等力学性质的影响.结果表明,岩样的峰值强度与岩样尺寸呈负相关,与应变速率呈正相关,两者均可采用二次多项式进行描述.当岩样尺寸较小(L/D2.0)时,岩样声发射振铃数在峰值应力前后呈先逐渐增多后减少的渐变规律,声发射模式属于渐进发射型;当岩样尺寸较大(L/D≥2.0)时,在达到峰值应力之前声发射数量较少,在应力峰值处突然爆发显著的声发射事件,声发射模式属于突跃发射型.当岩样高径比较小(L/D2.0)时,随着应变速率的增加,岩样的声发射振铃数与振铃次数增多,声发射活动越强烈,岩样破坏形式较为复杂,沿轴向出现较多的劈裂面或岩样产生圆锥形破坏;当岩样高径比较大(L/D≥2.0)时,岩样基本为单一剪切破坏.当应变速率较小(ε′5×10~(-4) s~(-1))时,岩样破坏形式为剪切破坏或拉剪混合破坏;当应变速率较大(ε′≥5×10~(-4) s~(-1))时,随着应变速率的增加,岩样易产生圆锥形破坏.     

单轴压缩试验下包裹及未包裹岩石声发射特性研究

单轴压缩试验条件下,通过对能率及比值(事件率/能率)这两个声发射特征参数的研究,发现包裹与未包裹岩石声发射特性存在明显差异.其差异主要表现在:1包裹岩石在整个加载过程中存在两个声发射能率突增点,分别代表外部包裹体部分破裂及内部岩石破坏;而未包裹岩石仅出现一个声发射能率突增点,代表内部岩石破坏;2在声发射事件率与能率的比值方面,包裹岩石在整个加载过程中出现了两次"峰值",而未包裹岩石仅出现了一次"峰值".     

逐级加卸载扰动下脆性岩石加卸载响应比试验研究

以某金属矿山隔离矿柱回采为工程背景,取该矿典型矿岩进行单轴和三轴逐级加卸载扰动试验,研究逐级加卸载扰动模式下,利用加卸载响应比预测岩石变形破坏方法。研制了可实现声发射便捷定位的加载转换装置,解决了三轴腔表面定位存在的干扰和信号削弱等问题。试验结果表明:以轴向应变、声发射能量作为响应参数,可反映岩石变形破坏过程;单次效应和扰动平均效应2种计算方法下加卸载响应比(LURR)均存在随荷载增加而增大的趋势,但后者不如前者明显。     

Space–time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system, a series of acoustic emission (AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure, increasing the axial stress. The AE space–time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared, the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied, combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens, and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher, the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier. The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate, and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities. When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity, the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious “step”, which can be defined as the first failure precursor point. Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92–98%, which can be defined as the other failure precursor point. As the loading rate is smaller, the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one, so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.     

Theoretical and experimental analysis on the mechanism of the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission in brittle rocks

The Kaiser effect is formally described as the absence of detectable acoustic emission （AE） events until the load imposed on the material exceeds the previous applied level and is usually used to estimate geostress. By focusing on the heterogeneity of rock material, the mechanism of the Kaiser effect under cyclic loading is analyzed based on statistic damage mechanics. Two groups of granite specimens have been cyclically loaded with two different loading paths to verify the theoretical results. The heterogeneity of rock is the real reason that causes irrecoverable damage on the Kaiser effect of acoustic emission in cyclic loading. The Kaiser effect reflects the damaged state in rocks rather than the previous stress imposed on it. Applications for using the Kaiser effect to estimate geostress were discussed here. It is shown that the commonly used uniaxial loading method for estimating geostress is not in accor- dance with the theoretical and experimental results. The analysis is of importance to use the Kaiser effect correctly for estimating geostress or in other fields. 2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.     

单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究

基于声发射事件空间分布的柱覆盖分形模型,利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2声发射（AE）三维定位实时监测系统,对瀑布沟水电站地下厂房花岗岩单轴压缩损伤破坏过程中声发射事件空间分布的分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,声发射事件随应力增加逐渐活跃,加载初期声发射数量较少,应力接近峰值强度时,声发射事件累计数曲线呈指数上升。声发射事件的空间分布随应力增加是一个降维过程,其空间分维D在3~2内变化,峰值强度时,其值最小。弹性阶段后期,岩石内部微破裂开始向破坏面集聚,声发射空间分维D下降幅度明显增大。声发射空间分维恰当地表征了声发射事件空间分布的复杂程度。研究结论揭示了岩石声发射事件空间分布的分形特征,室内试验结果与文献对岩爆研究结果相吻合,可为现场监测应用提供理论指导。     

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading

Dynamic response and failure behavior of rock under static-dynamic loading were studied. The effects of initial static load on the total energy dissipated during the failure process of specimen were analyzed. To simulate the engineering situation that in-situ rock experienced and obtain the dynamic loading with an intermediate strain rate, a low cycle fatigue load with the frequency from 0.5 to 5 Hz was adopted by servo-controlled Instron material testing system. The results show that the obtained strain rate increase with the increase of load frequency. The initial static load has great influence on both the energy and dynamic response of rock. Both the energy and the maximum failure load Pf decreases with the increase of initial static load. Pf under the static-dynamic loading is larger than that under only the static loading but less than that under only the dynamic loading. The load-displacement curves become nonlinear as the pre-added static load reaches the transition point which is about one third of static strength. With the increase of initial static load, Young‘s modulus decreases and poisson ratio increases. It shows that rock has a lower strength and a tendency to soften under a higher initial static load. Rock may be broken more easily static-dynamic loading than under only the dynamic loading. The proposed method is useful in the investigation of constitutive relationship and failure behavior of rock under quasi-dynamic loading.     

弯曲加卸载下杂质盐岩断裂力学行为特征研究

为研究弯曲荷载下杂质盐岩断裂力学行为及损伤演化规律,利用四川大学MTS815岩石力学测试设备及三维声发射监测系统,展开了纯盐岩、含杂卤石盐岩及杂质盐岩三点弯曲加卸载试验。试验结果表明：(1)杂卤石及泥质胶结提升了盐岩的韧性,纯盐岩的断裂韧度均值KIC=6.36MPa.mm^-0.5,杂卤石盐岩的断裂韧度较纯盐岩高43.08%,杂质盐岩的断裂韧度为纯盐岩的3.18倍;(2)杂质导致盐岩脆性提高,纯盐岩声发射事件覆盖区域大于杂卤石盐岩及杂质盐岩;三点弯曲加卸载下岩石内部声发射事件由切槽尖端逐渐向荷载点扩散,直至岩石完全断裂;(3)盐岩损伤程度随循环次数增长逐渐提高,但增长速度逐渐降低,损伤变量与切槽张开度符合指数函数关系,损伤变量-张开度曲线拐点对于研究岩石失稳倾向性具有一定的预测效果;(4)声发射参数rc值能够反映盐岩弯曲加卸载破坏全过程中主裂纹与微裂纹的发展趋势,峰后残余阶段纯盐岩及杂卤石盐岩rc曲线持续上升,微裂隙稳定发展;杂质盐岩表现出更强的脆性,其在峰后残余阶段rc曲线表现出与纯盐岩及杂卤石盐岩相反的变化趋势。     

Simulation experiment of AE-based localization damage and deformation characteristic on covering rock in mined-out area

The localization damage and deformation characteristics of multiple rock in mined-out area under thick soil layer were investigated by acoustic emission (AE)-based physical similar simulation experiment and damage test combined with the AE theory on rock damage. During different mining courses, the degree of wall rock suffered from mining disturbed process in mined-out area was different, so did the AE density of initial damage and fracture. Some characteristic parameters, including large events, total events, and energy rate, presented fluctuations with temporal and spatial change and take on a certain extent statistic relation. Subse-quently, the percent of damage degree was defined and divided into 4 stages, and the localization damage and deformation character-istics of surrounding rock in mined-out area and coal pillars were analyzed quantitatively.     

超高应变率下岩石的破坏机理

通过对大理石的轻气炮试验进行三维数值仿真重现,探索了岩石在超高应变率下的破坏机理.大理石试样中两个高速应力计的实测应力信号被用作数值模拟的匹配目标,结果表明,在高速冲击压缩载荷下,细观静水压破坏是大理石的主要破坏机制,而不是通常认为的细观剪切或拉伸破坏.此外,为再现不同冲击速度下大理石的物理实验观测数据,提出了新的考虑...     

Experimental Study on AE Characteristics of Granite under Uniaxial Tension at Different Strain Rates

To investigate the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of quasi-brittle materials like rock and concrete,and to further analyze their damage and failure mechanism under seismic and other dynamic loads,the uniaxial tension test of granite cylinder specimens within the strain rate range of 10~(-7)-10~(-4) s~(-1) was monitored by AE technology,and the typical AE characteristic parameters were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak of AE hit rate appears earlier and increases;the proportion of AE hits with higher duration or amplitude increases significantly,the b-value shows a decreasing trend,and the distribution of AE frequency-amplitude is increasingly discrete.In addition,the obvious characteristic of double dominant frequency bands was observed in AE waveforms by using spectrum analysis,with the increase of strain rate,the percentage of A-type waveforms corresponding to low dominant frequency band increases,while that of D-type waveforms corresponding to high ones decreases accordingly,which is significance for the further study of the damage and failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials.     

冲击矿压危险性评价的地音法

岩石的声发射与岩石在载茶作用下的破坏程度有关,声发射的较在张持续时间长说明同岩体平衡状态的变化和危险性的变化－－危险性增加或降低。根据此原理可对冲击矿压危险性进行评价和预报,冲击矿压危险性评价及预报指标可选用８个与开采有关的参数,根据这些参数的偏差值,来预报冲击矿压的危险,进而提出了冲击矿压危险性评价及预报的地音法,实践证明,这种方法可靠、有效。     

Macro and meso characteristics evolution on shear behavior of rock joints

Direct shear tests were conducted on the rock joints under constant normal load(CNL), while the acoustic emission(AE) signals generated during shear tests were monitored with PAC Micro-II system. Before and after shearing, the surfaces of rock joints were measured by the Talysurf CLI 2000. By correlating the AE events with the shear stress-shear displacement curve, one can observe four periods of the whole course of shearing of rock joints. By the contrast of AE location and actual damage zone, it is elucidated that the AE event is related to the morphology of the joint. With the increase of shearing times, the shear behavior of rock joints gradually presents from the response of brittle behavior to that of ductile behavior. By combining the results of topography measurement, four morphological parameters of joint surface, S p(the maximum height of joint surface), N(number of islands), A(projection area) and V(volume of joint) were introduced, which decrease with shearing. Both the joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and joint matching coefficient(JMC) drop with shearing, and the shear strength of rock joints can be predicted by the JRC-JMC model. It establishes the relationship between micro-topography and macroscopic strength, which have the same change rule with shearing.