不同油脂体结构及性质的差异

以大豆、花生和葵花籽源油脂体为研究对象,分析比较油脂体结构、组成、蛋白质分子质量大小、Zeta电位、粒径分布和乳化性质差异,并对油脂体蛋白质进行圆二色性光谱分析。结果表明,不同源油脂体具有相似的组成和结构;大豆油脂体中蛋白质与脂肪比例（0.086∶1）显著高于花生油脂体（0.018∶1）和葵花籽油脂体（0.028∶1）（P＜0.05）,而大豆油脂体的平均粒径（（0.93±0.07）μm）却显著低于花生油脂体（（2.58±0.06）μm）和葵花籽油脂体（（1.64±0.03）μm）（P＜0.05）;大豆油脂体疏水氨基酸总量最高,而花生油脂体疏水氨基酸总量最低;大豆油脂体Zeta电位、乳化活性和乳化稳定性均显著高于花生油脂体和葵花籽油脂体（P＜0.05）;大豆油脂体蛋白质的α-螺旋结构含量（（43.58±0.12）%）显著高于花生油脂体（（35.43±0.06）%）和葵花籽油脂体蛋白质（（37.00±0.09）%）（P＜0.05）;而花生油脂体蛋白质的β-折叠和无规则卷曲含量最高。不同源油脂体虽然具有相似的组成和结构,但性质存在差异,这为未来油脂体更好地应用于食品工业生产提供理论支持。     

大豆种子萌发后油脂体乳液稳定性的研究

以大豆为原料,大豆种子经萌发处理后的油脂体乳液为研究对象,通过测量乳化稳定性、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS值）及酸价等指标,比较了大豆种子不同萌发时间油脂体乳液的稳定性,研究了不同处理条件（NaCl浓度、pH、贮藏温度）对大豆种子萌发后油脂体乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明,大豆种子萌发后油脂体提取率逐渐降低,20 h（12.36%±0.21%）至27 h（10.89%±0.28%）油脂体提取率呈逐渐下降趋势,且27 h后提取率下降显著（P<0.05）。室温下贮藏14 d样品出现不同程度的絮凝。不同萌发时间油脂体乳液稳定性也不同,27 h表面疏水性（99.78±0.88）最大,且乳化稳定性（23.49±0.39）最好。经不同NaCl浓度、pH、贮藏温度处理后,随NaCl浓度的增加,萌发后的大豆油脂体乳液乳化活性无显著变化（P>0.05）,乳化稳定性在NaCl浓度为0~150 mmol/L时呈下降趋势,大于150 mmol/L时无显著变化,150与200 mmol/L时分别为（4.75±0.12）和（4.74±0.14）min,但过氧化值在贮藏0~6 d时显著增加（P<0.05）;pH越高,萌发大豆油脂体乳液的ζ-电势及乳化活性越小,pH为4时乳化活性为（19.13±0.23）m2/g,过氧化值和TBARS值变化显著（P<0.05）;贮藏温度上升,萌发大豆油脂体乳液过氧化值升高,酸价无显著性变化（P>0.05）。不同萌发时间大豆种子油脂体乳液稳定性均存在差异,且萌发27 h后的大豆油脂体较其他萌发时间更稳定。NaCl浓度和pH都对萌发大豆油脂体乳液稳定性有较大影响,且贮藏温度对其影响相对较小。可为今后萌发大豆油脂体的应用提供理论基础。     

热处理对大豆油脂体乳液特性的影响

以大豆油脂体乳液为研究对象,利用动态表面张力测量、动态激光散射、圆二色光谱、共聚焦等技术研究大豆油脂体在不同温度（30、50、70 、90 ℃）条件下乳液的物理稳定性、氧化稳定性及油脂体表面蛋白二级结构的变化,考察了温度对乳液界面张力、界面特性的影响。结果表明：热处理降低了大豆油脂体乳液表面电荷和界面张力,改变了界面强度;油脂体表面蛋白的二级结构α-螺旋含量从（17.71±0.01）%下降到（15.3±0.03）%,无规卷曲含量从（29.96±0.01）%下降到（27.3±0.06）%,β-转角含量从（22.34±0.05）%下降到（21.2±0.03）%,β-折叠含量从（29.89±0.06）%增加到（36.1±0.02）%,热处理改变了维持油脂体表面蛋白二级结构的作用力,影响二级结构含量变化,表现出不同的界面特性;4 个温度热处理没有明显促进油体的絮凝;30 ℃和50 ℃热处理的乳液,油脂氧化的氢过氧化物相对较少,表明热处理改变了大豆油脂体乳液的界面特性,进而影响油脂体乳液的物理稳定性和氧化稳定性。     

温度对不同油料作物油脂体理化稳定性的影响

以大豆、花生和葵花籽油脂体为研究对象,分析不同油料作物种子和油脂体组成之间的差异,通过考 察不同温度处理后油脂体ζ-电位和平均粒径、乳化特性以及氧化稳定性的变化,研究温度对不同油料作物油脂 体理化稳定性的影响。结果表明：从不同油料作物中提取的油脂体基本组成成分及提取率之间均存在较大差 异;大豆油脂体的ζ-电位显著高于葵花籽和花生油脂体（P＜0.05）,平均粒径显著低于葵花籽和花生油脂体 （P＜0.05）;随着温度的升高,大豆和花生油脂体平均粒径变化趋势平稳;温度由30 ℃升至80 ℃过程中,大豆和 花生油脂体乳化活性分别由（61.32±1.19）、（57.50±0.30）m2/g降低至（51.99±0.90）、（40.13±1.51）m2/g, 而葵花籽油脂体乳化活性在50～70 ℃时显著高于30～40 ℃和80～90 ℃（P＜0.05）;大豆、花生和葵花籽油脂 体在4 ℃和25 ℃贮存条件下具有良好的氧化稳定性,但花生油脂体氧化程度显著高于大豆油脂体和葵花籽油脂体 （P＜0.05）。研究表明,油脂体具有良好的热稳定性,不同油料作物来源的油脂体在不同温度条件下的理化性质 存在差异。     

碱性pH值提取对大豆油脂体稳定性及消化特性的影响

为了解碱性pH值（8.0～11.0）条件下从大豆中提取油脂体（soybean oil body,SOB）所形成天然乳液的稳定性及其在胃肠道中的消化特性,通过SOB的基本组成、粒径、Zeta电位和流变学等研究其稳定性,并利用脂肪酸释放量和微观结构探究其消化特性。结果表明,随着提取pH值的升高,SOB水分和蛋白质含量降低,脂质含量不同程度增加,SOB粒径由（471.57±8.53）nm下降至（424.77±12.21）nm;此外,SOB氧化稳定性表现出相似的趋势,氢过氧化值随着pH值的升高而降低,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值随着时间的延长而增大;表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而降低,SOB乳液呈剪切稀化,所有样品的G’都大于G”,随着提取pH值的升高,可以显著提高SOB游离脂肪酸释放率（P<0.05）。本研究为高稳定性天然SOB的广泛应用提供一定理论支撑。     

巴氏灭菌对不同油脂体乳液氧化稳定性的影响

为探究巴氏灭菌对大豆、葵花、花生、芝麻和核桃油脂体乳液氧化稳定性的影响,本研究测定不同油脂体的基本组成、相关蛋白组成、脂肪酸组成和相对含量,然后利用动态光散射、激光共聚焦显微镜等研究巴氏灭菌（85 ℃加热10 min）对油脂体乳液物理稳定性和氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明：不同油脂体的基本组成、相关蛋白组成和脂肪酸组成存在明显差异,油脂体相关蛋白由内源膜蛋白和外源蛋白组成,油脂体脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主,其中油酸、亚油酸和α-亚麻酸是主要的不饱和脂肪酸。5 种不同原料油脂体中,大豆油脂体蛋白质量分数和水分质量分数最高,而油脂质量分数最低;花生油脂体总饱和脂肪酸相对含量（21.27%）最高,核桃油脂体总不饱和脂肪酸相对含量（90.10%）最高。巴氏灭菌可显著改善大豆和花生油脂体乳液氧化稳定性,而对葵花、芝麻和核桃油脂体乳液起促进氧化作用。本研究可为油脂体在沙拉酱、植物奶等产品应用提供参考。     

大豆酱油渣及低温豆粕中可溶性膳食纤维对油脂体稳定性及消化特性的影响

从大豆酱油渣及低温豆粕中提取了可溶性膳食纤维（Soybean soluble dietary fiber,SSDF）,并以Zeta电位绝对值、平均粒径、过氧化值（POV值）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS值）以及游离脂肪酸（FFA）释放率等为特征参数探究了SSDF对大豆油脂体（soybean oil body,SOB）乳液的理化稳定性和消化特性的影响规律。结果表明：一定浓度的SSDF可有效降低SOB乳液体系的Zeta电位、平均粒径、POV值、TBARS值,显著改善SOB乳液的理化稳定性;此外体外模拟消化试验表明,SSDF可显著降降低SOB乳液的FFA释放率,有效延缓SOB中的脂质在胃肠道内的消化进程。本研究可为酱油渣、豆粕等加工副产物的高值化利用,为提高SOB的加工适性以及开发新型含SOB及SSDF的低脂保健食品提供理论依据及参考。     

高油大豆与低油大豆油脂体组成及其稳定性的研究

为研究高油大豆和低油大豆油脂体组成及乳化稳定性和氧化稳定性差异,本试验分析了高油大豆和低油大豆油脂体基本组成、脂肪酸组成、磷脂组成、生育酚组成,同时比较了高油大豆油脂体与低油大豆油脂体乳化性及乳化稳定性、过氧化值及TBARS值。研究表明,高油大豆油脂体蛋白质含量显著低于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05),而高油大豆油脂体的脂肪含量显著高于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05);高油大豆油脂体的棕榈酸和亚油酸含量显著低于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05),而十七碳酸、油酸、二十碳一烯酸和α-亚麻酸含量显著高于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05),高油大豆油脂体的总不饱和脂肪酸质量分数(83.08±0.05)%显著高于低油大豆油脂体(81.86±0.12)%(P0.05);高油和低油大豆油脂体中脑磷脂、卵磷脂和溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量无显著差异(P0.05);高油大豆油脂体中DL-α-生育酚和γ-生育酚含量显著高于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05);高油大豆油脂体和低油大豆油脂体的乳化性无显著差异(P0.05),而高油大豆油脂体的乳化稳定性显著高于低油大豆油脂体(P0.05);14 d热处理条件下,高油大豆油脂体的过氧化值和TBARS值均高于低油大豆油脂体。上述研究表明,高油大豆和低油大豆的油脂体之间的组成和稳定性都存在差异。     

单孔孔板水力空化对大豆球蛋白理化性质的影响

本研究利用单孔孔板水力空化处理大豆球蛋白,通过比较处理前后大豆球蛋白的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）图、粒径分布、Zeta电位、内源荧光光谱、表面疏水性及巯基含量等的变化,研究单孔孔板水力空化对大豆球蛋白理化性质的影响。结果表明：经单孔孔板水力空化处理30 min后,大豆球蛋白的分子质量分布未发生改变,平均粒径从（335.67±3.43）nm减小至（234.73±4.32）nm,Zeta电位绝对值从（24.47±0.51）mV增加至（31.30±2.74）mV,内源荧光光谱最大吸收峰红移,表面疏水性从1 970.67±35.00增加至2 373.67±75.57,暴露巯基含量从（5.11±0.35）μmol/g降低至（3.76±0.16）μmol/g,总巯基含量从（7.31±0.27）μmol/g降低至（5.35±0.28）μmol/g。由此可见,单孔孔板水力空化可改变大豆球蛋白的高级结构,从而使其理化性质发生变化。该研究可为水力空化技术应用于蛋白质的改性提供一定的理论依据。     

油脂体稳定性影响因素及机理的研究进展

油脂体是植物储藏脂质的重要细胞器。近年来,随着对于油脂体研究的不断深入,人们发现由于油脂体具有天然的蛋白-磷脂界面层,使得油脂体能够分散在水相中形成水包油（O/W）乳化体系且具有很好的理化稳定性。人们开始尝试将油脂体应用于食品、饲料及个人护理产品等领域中。探究油脂体稳定性的影响因素及机理对油脂体的实际生产应用具有现实意义。油脂体结构的完整性及油脂体膜表面镶嵌的蛋白质是维持油脂体稳定性的决定因素。油脂体乳液的稳定性与油脂体的组成、提取方法、外源性蛋白质、温度、pH和盐浓度等条件有关。本文论述了油脂体的结构与组成、乳液稳定性和应用,为油脂体的研究及应用提供参考。     

The properties and the related protein behaviors of oil bodies in soymilk preparation

Oil bodies (OBs), one of the major components of soymilk, are very important for the properties of soymilk and its related products. In this study, the properties and the related protein behaviors of OBs in the soymilk preparation were systematically examined. Raw soymilk OBs could keep their natural integrities after grinding, and they were bound by many soybean proteins (mainly β-conglycinin, glycinin, and Gly m Bd 30K) that could be removed by pH 11.0 washing. Heated soymilk OBs, including heat-induced coalesced OBs (>1 μm) and modified OBs (around 400 nm), were strongly bound by β-conglycinin and glycinin that even could not be removed by pH 11.0 washing. The oleosins (24 kDa, P29530 and P29531; 18 kDa, C3VHQ8) of raw soymilk OBs were hydrolyzed to 16 kDa polypeptides (on SDS–PAGE gel) when exposed to room temperature, while immediately heating, the raw soymilk could prevent the oleosin hydrolysis. Then, the isolated raw and heated soymilk OBs revealed different dispersion stabilities as a function of pH. At last, tofu curds were made from two reconstituted soymilks containing non-lipid soymilk and raw or heated soymilk OBs (pH 11.0 isolation), and one trend was found that tofu curds containing heated soymilk OBs had lower breaking stress and Young’s modulus than those containing raw soymilk OBs. It is considered that this study is meaningful for designing new strategies to improve the qualities of soymilk and its related products.     

Peanut Oil Body Composition and Stability

This study was aimed to assess the effect of membrane structure on the stability of peanut oil bodies extracted by enzyme‐assisted extraction. The influence of pH, NaCl concentration, and temperature on the physicochemical properties of peanut oil bodies was characterized using ζ‐potential and particle size. The results indicated that the peanut oil bodies had strong stability (ζ‐potential, >20 mV) at pH values away from the isoelectric point (pH 4.8), at a low salt concentration (NaCl concentration, <10 mM), and in a certain temperature range (35 to 55 °C). The stable structure of the oil body was closely related to its structure. Phospholipids, along with membrane proteins, were major components of the oil body membrane. Therefore, the phospholipid composition and content were measured and the types of membrane proteins of the oil bodies were identified. The results showed that phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine were major components of the oil body phospholipids. Two‐dimensional electrophoresis showed that the oil bodies contained both intrinsic proteins and extrinsic proteins, which might play an important role in the stability of oil bodies during enzyme‐assisted extraction processing.     

The effects of freezing on soybean microstructure and qualities of soymilk

This study was to investigate the effects of freezing on soybean microstructure and the qualities of soymilk made from the soybean by direct grinding in water without soaking. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM), particle size distribution determination and SDS–PAGE were used for the examination. TEM images showed that freezing treatment could induce the coalescence of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) and oil bodies. Particle size distribution showed a trend that prolonging of freezing could decrease the average particle size of soymilk and increase the extraction efficiency of soybean. SDS–PAGE showed that extractable proteins were mainly composed of glycinin and β-conglycinin even after freezing. After freezing, soybean could be easily stored and could be used to make soymilk without soaking. The soymilk had a higher solid content and better stability than the soymilk from soybean without treatment. Thus, this study provided a convenient and short-time way to process soymilk at home.     

Influence of NaCl concentration and high pressure treatment on thermal denaturation of soybean proteins

In the present work the effect of high pressure (HP) treatment in the presence of NaCl on the thermal behavior of soybean proteins was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermograms obtained have shown that NaCl addition increased the thermal stability – increase in temperatures of denaturation (Td) – of both glycinin and β-conglycinin. HP treatments increased thermal stability of glycinin, but decreased that of β-conglycinin. High NaCl concentrations decreased (in glycinin) or inverted (in β-conglycinin) the effects of HP on thermal stability. Cooperativity of denaturation of glycinin was enhanced by NaCl and HP. Cooperativity of denaturation of β-conglycinin was enhanced by HP and also by NaCl at 0.2 mol/L but decreased with the combination of treatments. Salt addition increased the enthalpy, ΔH, of denaturation of glycinin and β-conglycinin, being this effect stronger on glycinin. HP treatment provoked the denaturation of both protein fractions. The presence of NaCl protected glycinin against HP-denaturation at any assayed salt concentration and pressure level, while β-conglycinin was only protected at 200 and 400 MPa, but was more denaturated at 600 MPa in the presence of 0.6 mol/L of NaCl.

Industrial relevance

The knowledge provided by this work may be useful in the handling of high pressure-treated food with high NaCl content (e.g. meat emulsions, smallgoods) where soybean proteins are used as additives, in order to choose high pressure values to achieve their denaturation or predict the effects of ulterior thermal treatments. Thus, this knowledge may be useful to increase the use of high pressure in food industry.     

Stabilization of soybean oil body emulsions using κ, ι, λ-carrageenan at different pH values

Oil bodies, with their unique structural proteins, oleosins, are known to be useful in foods and other emulsion systems. The influence of ??, ??, and ??-carrageenans on the stability of soybean oil body emulsions at different pH values (pH 3, 4, 5 and 7) was investigated by particle electrical charge, particle size distribution, creaming stability and confocal laser scanning microscopy measurements. In acidic environment (pH 3, 4 and 5), the droplet charge of soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with carrageenan decreased with increasing carrageenan concentration for all types of carrageenan investigated, suggesting their adsorption to the oil body droplet surfaces. Extensive droplet aggregation and creaming were observed in the emulsions stabilized with ??-carrageenan at pH 3 and 5, indicating that soybean oil body droplets were bridged by carrageenan. At pH 7, there was no significant change in the droplet charge of soybean oil body emulsions stabilized with three types of carrageenan, but the emulsions stabilized with ??-carrageenan were more stable to creaming due to depletion flocculation than the emulsions stabilized with ?? or ??-carrageenan after seven days storage. The probable reason was that ??-carrageenan, which had the most densely charged helical structure, was most effective at creating highly charged interfacial membranes, thus reducing the depletion flocculation to occur.     

Effects of calcium and high pressure on soybean proteins: A calorimetric study

The effects of calcium and high pressure (HP) treatment on the thermal properties of soybean proteins were analyzed in soybean protein isolate (SPI), a β-conglycinin-enriched fraction (7SEF), a glycinin-enriched fraction (11SEF), and whey protein concentrate (WPC). For β-conglycinin, the temperature of denaturation (Td) decreased with up to 12.5 mM or 6.2 mM calcium in SPI and 7SEF, respectively. This parameter increased when calcium was more concentrated. The Td of glycinin increased for every assayed calcium concentration. The values of changes in Td (ΔTd) depended on calcium concentration and the proportion of β-conglycinin and glycinin in the samples. Activation energy decreased for glycinin in the presence of calcium. HP treatment promoted denaturation of β-conglycinin and glycinin. Calcium protected both proteins in SPI, 7SEF and 11SEF at 200 MPa, and protected glycinin in SPI and 7SEF at 400 and 600 MPa. Nevertheless, calcium increased the degree of denaturation of β-conglycinin in 7SEF at 600 MPa. In the absence of calcium, partially-HP-denatured polypeptides exhibited the same or lower Td than controls, whereas in its presence, they exhibited higher Tds than their respective controls.     

3种天然酚类物质对大豆油脂体稳定性及体外消化性的影响

本研究旨在探讨儿茶素、白藜芦醇和没食子酸3种天然酚类物质对大豆油脂体理化稳定性及其消化特性的影响.结果表明,儿茶素和白藜芦醇可显著降低油脂体平均粒径(P＜0.05),而没食子酸对油脂体平均粒径影响较小;浓度为30 μmol/L的儿茶素和白藜芦醇可以使油脂体的平均粒径由未添加时的(15.29±0.28)μm分别下降至(0...     

Functional Properties of Improved Glycinin and β-nglycinin Fractions

ABSTRACT: Glycinin and β-conglycinin have unique functionality characteristics that contribute important properties in soy foods and soy ingredients. Limited functionality data have been published for glycinin and β-conglycinin fractions produced in pilot-scale quantities. Protein extraction conditions were previously optimized for our pilotscale fractionation process to maximize protein solubilization and subsequent product recovery. Glycinin, β-conglycinin, and intermediate (mixture of glycinin and β-conglycinin) fractions were prepared using optimized-process (OP) extraction conditions (10:1 water-to-flake ratio, 45°C) and previous conditions termed Wu process (WP) (15:1, 20°C). Viscosity, solubility, gelling, foaming, emulsification capacity, and emulsification activity and stability of the fractionated proteins, and soy protein isolate (SPI) produced from the same defatted soy white flakes were compared to evaluate functional properties of these different protein fractions. Differential scanning calorimetry, sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and surface hydrophobicity data were used to interpret functionality differences. OP β-conglycinin had more glycinin contamination than did the WP β-conglycinin. OP and WP solubility profiles were each similar for respective glycinin and β-conglycinin fractions. Emulsification activities and stabilities were higher for OP β-conglycinin and OP intermediate fractions compared with respective WP fractions. β-Conglycinin and SPI emulsification capacities (ECs) mirrored solubility profile, whereas glycinin ECs did not. OP glycinin had a higher foaming capacity than WP glycinin. OP and WP intermediate fraction apparent viscosities trended higher than those of other protein fractions. β-Conglycinin dispersions at pH 3 and 7 produced firm gels at 80°C, whereas glycinin dispersions formed weaker gels at 99°C and did not gel at 80°C.