医用织物洗涤消毒产品浅析

针对国内外医用织物的洗涤和消毒情况,综述了医用织物的分类、洗涤和消毒流程,对医用织物洗涤剂的去污原理、分类、使用方法及清洗标准进行梳理,并概述了医用织物消毒剂的使用方法、工作原理、消毒要求与评估方法以及常见的洗涤、消毒产品对医用织物的影响。     

第四代消毒剂──二氧化氯

稳定性二氧化氯是一种新型多功能的消毒剂，被世界卫生组织列为IA级高效安全消毒剂。试验研究和检测表明：稳定性二氧化氯具有广谱的杀菌能力，还有除臭和保鲜功效。稳定性二氧化氮的杀菌消毒作用不会使蛋白质变性，对动物的细胞也无影响．杀菌效果比一般含氯消毒剂高2．5倍，又无氯的刺激性，在消毒过程中也不产生致癌物质——氯代有机物。具有很好的安全性。世界发达国家如美国、加拿大、日本等都在积极研究开发新配方、新工艺，使二氧化氯产量逐年增加，应用范围迅速扩大。美国环境保护局、美国食品药物管理局、美国农业部都批准稳定二…     

生活饮用水中余氯检测技术研究与应用

二氧化氯消毒具有无致癌、致畸和致突变性,被联合国卫生组织列为A1级安全消毒剂。因此,在下属水务工区试用二氧化氯消毒,并取得了成功。针对二氧化氯化学性质的特殊性,在饮用水消毒现场CIO2余氯的快速控制性检测问题,对邻联甲苯胺目视比色测定饮用水中余氯的方法进行了改进,确定了水中剩余总有效氯的控制标准,使之能直接用于稳定性二氧化氯消毒处理的饮用水中余氯的分析测定和消毒剂投加量的控制。研究表明,该检测技术具有简便、快速、灵敏、准确高、可操作性强的特点。     

新型果蔬类消毒洗涤剂的研究和应用

通过系统的药剂学和药理学的研究和筛选,开发出更安全环保的蔬菜水果和食品类消毒洗涤剂。采用以聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐为主要杀菌因子的新一代果蔬类消毒洗涤剂与现有产品相比具有明显的优势,试验结果证明,爱特福家家果蔬消毒剂在100倍稀释液情况下作用5min,对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538、大肠杆菌8099杀灭率对数值均大于5;20℃±1℃环境条件下,爱特福家家果蔬消毒剂100倍稀释液浸泡消毒5min,对黄瓜表面人工污染的大肠杆菌杀灭对数值均大于3。样品经37℃下存放90天,有效成分聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐下降率均小于2%。稳定性符合卫生部《消毒技术规范》2002年版的要求。经检验,样品对雌雄小鼠急性经口LD50值均大于5000mg/kg,该样品认定属实际无毒级。聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐为主成分的果蔬类消毒洗涤剂具有杀菌效果可靠、环保、稳定性好和使用方便等优点,可以高倍数稀释使用,经济合算,利于大量推广使用。产品被推荐用在水果蔬菜和食品加工过程的消毒洗涤。     

表面活性剂在消毒领域中的应用

介绍了表面活性剂在消毒领域中应用的现状、主要形式以及具有杀菌作用的季铵盐类和汰垢(Tego)类表面活性剂的结构与性能。同时介绍了传统消毒药物中加入各类表面活性剂提高消毒效果、在各种洗涤剂中加入抗菌剂达到洗涤与杀菌和提高抗菌效果的作用，并对利用表面活性剂的负载体、增溶和乳化作用，克服原有剂型的缺点和改变消毒剂剂型，提高其综合性能进行了概述。     

TCCA控释片剂的制备及其水消毒作用研究

采用三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)和微晶蜡为原料制备了新型的水处理消毒剂——TCCA控释片剂,并考察了它在水中的释放特性和消毒效果,结果表明：TCCA控释片剂作为水处理消毒剂在水中具有药剂释放速度缓慢、长效消毒的特点,是一类具有良好应用前景的水处理消毒剂。     

粉粒状DDP食具清洗消毒剂的制备及其稳定性试验

食具清洗消毒,使用食具清洗消毒剂优于蒸煮法,国外已广泛使用,我国也已开始。以往使用的食具清洗消毒剂,大都稳定性差,成本较高。本剂是以无水碳酸钠为助洗盐制成,在一般环境条件下,贮存560天,平均有效氯月损失率不到1％,在48℃贮存一个月,有效氯损失率小于2％,是一种制造简单,成本低,稳定性好,去污、去味力强,对常见致病菌和乙型肝炎病毒具有强大灭活力的食具清洗消毒剂。     

稳定型含氯消毒剂对饮用水消毒的实验研究

研究了一种稳定型含氯消毒剂的消毒特性及其在水中的稳定性。发现所用稳定型含氯消毒剂的消毒能力比次氯酸钠弱,但消毒作用持续时间长,在水中的半衰期长达9d,而次氯酸钠只有2h,经有效氯为2mg/L的稳定型含氯消毒剂消毒后的水,可在开放条件下抑菌时间长达12d,而次氯酸钠不到2d。稳定型含氯消毒剂可广泛应用于饮用水的消毒。     

控制饮水中THM的有效消毒剂—二氧化氯

氯消毒饮水导致三卤甲烷类(THM)致癌物的产生。各国正开展代用技术的研究,本文介绍一种控制THM的有效消毒剂—二氧化氯。介绍了它的物理性质,在水中的反应,与无机离子间的反应,详细分析了它与腐殖质间的反应。指出用二氧化氯消毒饮水,可大幅度减少总有机卤(TOX),且不与THM的前驱物反应,具有强的杀菌能力,较高的稳定性,是一种理想的饮水消毒剂。     

新型高效化学消毒剂LM—L

论述新型消毒剂ＬＭ－Ｌ特性，贮存稳定性，毒性和灭菌消毒效果以及应用试验。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。