Mechanical behavior of alloys with equiaxed microstructure in the semisolid state at high solid content

The mechanical response in compression of A2014 and Al–4 wt% Cu alloys with equiaxed microstructure in the semisolid state at high volume fraction of solid (>0.6) is studied. When the amount of liquid is low, deformation in compression is highly non-uniform due to strain localization. In the range of conditions examined no phase segregation was detected. The stress–strain curve exhibits a peak at low strain, around 5–10%, and then decreases to a plateau value. Secondary phase particles in A2014 that remain solid in the semisolid range of the alloy are responsible for the lower peak and higher plateau stress compared to Al–4 wt% Cu alloy. The effect of the grain size for the alloys tested was small. Strain rate jump experiments show that the instantaneous strain rate sensitivity in the semisolid state is similar to that of the solid phase. As the volume fraction of solid decreases, the plateau stress becomes rate insensitive to the strain rate jump. The results allow the relative importance to be assessed of various mechanisms responsible for resistance to flow of semisolid alloys with equiaxed microstructure in compression.     

应变率和相对密度对泡沫SiCp/ZL104压缩性能的影响

对采用熔体发泡法制备的泡沫5%(体积分数,下同)SiCp/ZL104复合材料进行了准静态和动态压缩性能的测试和分析.结果表明:无论是动态下压缩还是准静态下压缩,泡沫5%SiCp/ZL104复合材料的应力-应变曲线都呈现出典型的3个阶段:线弹性段、平台段和致密段;屈服应力对应变率很敏感,使得应变率增加时,屈服应力增加,且有应变硬化现象发生;随着相对密度的增大,泡沫5%SiCp/ZL104复合材料的动态屈服应力和流动应力与准静态载荷相比显著增加.     

Cu-Cr-Zr合金高温热变形行为

为研究Cu-Cr-Zr合金的高温热变形行为,建立Cu-Cr-Zr合金的高温本构模型,采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机对该合金进行不同变形条件下的热压缩实验。实验参数为:变形量60%、应变速率0. 1~5 s-1、变形温度650~900℃。实验结果表明:变形初始阶段加工硬化大于动态软化作用,使得应力值迅速增大至峰值,之后动态软化大于加工硬化作用,使得应力值降低至一定程度再趋于平稳。通过对Cu-Cr-Zr合金应力-应变曲线的变化规律进行分析可得,低应变速率和高变形温度都会促进合金动态再结晶的程度。利用计算软件对实验数据进行计算和整理,将由线性拟合所得数值代入Arrhenius本构模型,可得Cu-Cr-Zr合金的本构模型。     

7150铝合金高温热压缩变形流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对7150铝合金进行高温热压缩实验,研究该合金在变形温度为300~450 ℃和应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1) 条件下的流变应力行为.结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随着应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随着温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系来描述合金的热流变行为,其变形激活能为226.698 8 kJ/mol;随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,合金中拉长的晶粒发生粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒在晶界交叉处出现并且晶粒数量逐渐增加;合金热压缩变形的主要软化机制由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶.     

Compression behaviour of semisolid YL112 die casting aluminium alloy following isothermal heat treatment

Abstract

The semisolid compression deformation behaviour of YL112 die casting aluminium alloy with the non-dendritic and dendritic structures has been compared in tests using a Gleeble-1500 thermomechanical simulator. The non-dendritic structure was obtained by isothermal treatment at 570°C for 120 min. In tests up to compressive strains of 0·8, the semisolid compression stress of the alloy with non-dendritic structure initially increases rapidly with increasing strain, then decreases, before reaching a plateau value. Under different deformation temperatures and deformation rates, the maximum compressive stresses are obtained in all cases at strain values of ～0·07. The semisolid deformation stress decreases with increasing deformation temperature and increases with increasing deformation rate. The compression behaviour of the two types of alloy differs. The semisolid compression stress of the alloy with dendritic structure is higher than that of the alloy with non-dendritic structure; and for strains >0·07, the semisolid compression stress increases and decreases with increasing strain for alloys with dendritic and non-dendritic structures respectively.     

一种新型水平连铸Al-Mn-Si-X合金热压缩变形流变应力

采用圆柱体在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上进行热压缩实验,对一种新型水平连铸Al-Mn-Si-X合金热变形流变应力行为进行研究,变形温度为350℃~500℃,应变速率为0.01s-1~10s-1。结果表明,流变应力先随应变的增大而增大,达到峰值后则逐渐减小并趋于平稳,表现出流变软化特征;而应力峰值是随着温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大。应用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的Arrhenius双曲正弦关系描述合金热压缩变形流变应力,其变形激活能Q=159.2kJ/mol。     

Effect of particle cracking on the strength and ductility of Al-SiCp powder metallurgy metal matrix composites

The effects of particle cracking on the strength and ductility of Al-SiCp metal matrix composite material (MMC) was investigated. The composite was manufactured using a simple powder metallurgy (PM) technique of hot pressing followed by hot extrusion. Also, the effects of reinforcement weight fraction and strain rate variations on the strength and ductility of the same composite were examined. It was found that particle cracking plays a significant role in controlling the mechanical properties of the composite. It was shown that particle cracking is possible in an MMC material made with a low strength matrix (commercially pure aluminum), and increases with the increase of reinforcement weight fraction, applied strain rate, and amount of plastic deformation. The yield strength increases as a function of reinforcement weight fraction and to a lesser extent as the strain rate increases. The tensile strength increases at low SiCp weight fractions, then remains constant or decreases as more particles are added to the matrix.     

30CrNi3MoV钢的热变形行为及热加工图

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对30CrNi3MoV钢进行单向热压缩试验,研究了其在变形温度950~1150 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s^-1的热变形行为,构建了应变补偿型流变应力本构方程,并绘制出该钢的热加工图。结果表明,30CrNi3MoV钢真应力-真应变曲线有3种不同特征:高温小应变速率时,表现为典型的动态再结晶过程;低温小应变速率时,曲线为动态回复特征;应变速率较大时,应力随应变的增大而增大,无明显的峰值应力。采用5次多项式拟合构建的应变耦合流变应力本构方程具有高的精确度,采用该方程获得的预测值与试验值的平均相对误差为3.2%,相关性系数R值为0.993。从热加工图中得到试验钢最佳的热加工工艺参数范围是:变形温度为1020~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.03~0.35 s^-1。     

7056铝合金高温热压缩流变应力行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对7056铝合金进行热压缩实验,变形温度为300～450℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s~(-1),研究其热压缩流变应力行为.结果表明:流变应力开始随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;应力峰值随着温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;可用包含Zener-Hollomon参数的双曲正弦关系来描述合金热流变行为,其变形激活能为224.3826 kJ/mol.     

预拉伸对峰时效2297铝锂合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

在峰时效前对2297铝锂合金试样施加不同变形量的预拉伸,利用慢应变速率拉伸 (SSRT)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、透射电镜 (TEM) 等手段,研究峰时效前不同预拉伸量对应力腐蚀敏感性的影响。结果表明,5组不同预拉伸量的样品经过峰时效处理后,预拉伸量为5%的样品应力腐蚀敏感因子为5.9%,抗应力腐蚀性能最好;预拉伸量为12.5%的样品,应力腐蚀敏感因子为41.4%,抗应力腐蚀性能最差;随着预拉伸量的增加,晶粒尺寸差逐渐减小,晶粒内部针状T₁相析出量逐渐增大,并且不断细化;T₁相的尺寸、数量以及分布的均匀性这3种因素的匹配度对合金强度及抗应力腐蚀性能有决定性的影响。     

120°模具室温ECAP制备工业纯钛的热压缩变形行为

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对室温120°模具等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)制备的平均晶粒尺寸为200nm的工业纯钛(CP-Ti)进行等温变速压缩实验,研究超细晶(UFG)工业纯钛在变形温度为298～673K和应变速率为10-3～100s-1条件下的流变行为。利用透射电子显微镜分析超细晶工业纯钛在不同变形条件下的组织演化规律。结果表明:流变应力在变形初期随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳;峰值应力随温度的升高而减小,随应变速率的增大而增大;随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低,应变速率敏感性指数m增加,晶粒粗化,亚晶尺寸增大,再结晶晶粒数量逐渐增加;超细晶工业纯钛热压缩变形的主要软化机制随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低由动态回复逐步转变为动态再结晶。     

6061-T6铝合金单轴时间相关循环变形行为

对6061-T6铝合金进行系统的单轴应变循环和应力循环实验，揭示该材料在室温和高温下的循环变形行为，讨论环境温度、加载速率、峰，谷值保持对其应变循环特性及棘轮行为的影响。结果表明，6061-T6铝合金表现出弱的循环软化特性，其棘轮行为不仅依赖于平均应力和应力幅值的大小，还依赖于加载历史。尽管该合金的单拉行为对应变率的变化不敏感，但其循环变形行为却体现出明显的时间相关特性，即；应变循环下，在峰／谷值有保持时的响应应力幅值明显小于没有保持时的值，且随着保持时间的增加，响应应力幅值将进一步减小；应力循环下，在峰值有保持时产生的棘轮应变比没有保持时的值大，且随着峰值保持时间的增加及应力率的降低，棘轮应变明显增大。     

120°模具室温ECAP制备工业纯钛的压缩变形本构关系

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上对120°模具室温Bc方式ECAP变形8道次制备的平均晶粒尺寸约为200 nm的工业纯钛进行等温变速压缩实验,研究超细晶工业纯钛在变形温度为298~673 K和应变速率为1×10-4~1×100s-1条件下的流变应力行为。结果表明:变形温度和应变速率均对流变应力具有显著影响,峰值应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而降低;流变应力在变形初期随应变的增加而增大,出现峰值后逐渐趋于平稳,呈现稳态流变特征。采用双曲正弦模型确定了超细晶工业纯钛的变形激活能Q=104.46 kJ/mol和应力指数n=23,建立了相应的变形本构关系。     

AM80-xSr-yCa镁合金高温压缩变形行为

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对一种新型AM80-xSr-yCa镁合金进行高温压缩变形实验,研究其在温度300℃~450℃、应变速率0.01s-1~10s-1条件下的流变行为。高应变速率下,试样的变形热带来的温升不可忽略,对真应力-真应变的测量值进行相应修正后,求得了本构方程中的系列常量。结果表明,应变速率和变形温度的变化,强烈影响着合金流变应力的大小,流变应力值随变形温度的降低和应变速率的提高而增大;金相组织观察表明,动态再结晶是该实验条件下晶粒细化和材料软化的主要机制,再结晶的程度主要受变形参数影响。变形温度越高,变形量越大,动态再结晶进行的越充分;应变速率越大,再结晶平均晶粒尺寸就越小。     

Mechanical behavior of a bulk Cu–Ti–Zr–Ni–Si–Sn metallic glass forming nano-crystal aggregate bands during deformation in the supercooled liquid region

The deformation behavior of a bulk Cu₄₇Ti₃₃Zr₁₁Ni₆Sn₂Si₁ metallic glass, fabricated by injection casting, has been characterized in the supercooled liquid region. The alloy deforms homogeneously and exhibits large elongation above the glass transition temperature at constant true strain rate below 1×10⁻²s⁻¹, but it shows a variation of the flow stress during deformation. The flow stress reaches a peak just after yielding and then decreases significantly with increasing strain. After the plateau level of remarkably low flow stress, it rises again and then the alloy finally fails in a brittle manner. DSC data and TEM observations for the tested alloy reveal that the alloy evolves to being crystallized during deformation. Nano-crystals are aggregated and the aggregates are aligned along the load direction. When the volume fraction of the crystalline phase is in the range up to 0.5, the nano-crystal aggregates effectively slide over each other, lowering the apparent stress level. However, as the amount of the crystalline phase further increases, the flow stress continuously increases. This behavior can be explained based on the volume-fraction rule between the crystalline phase and the amorphous phase.     

热变形工艺对含硫非调质钢流变应力及组织的影响

在变形温度950~1150 ℃和应变速率0.01~5 s^-1下,通过Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行单道次压缩试验,研究了热变形工艺对含硫非调质钢F45MnVS流变应力及组织的影响。结果表明:随着应变速率的增大,热压缩过程中的峰值应力增加,随着温度的升高,峰值应力降低;动态再结晶平均晶粒尺寸随着应变速率、变形量的增加而减小,随着温度的提高而增大。     

AISI-5140三通阀多向加载成形开裂预测

三通阀体多向加载成形是一个多参数作用,多工步、多模具约束的高温变形过程,材料受力状态和流动行为复杂,变形不均匀性严重,易于产生开裂等缺陷。文章首先研究并确定了,适用于AISI-5140三通阀多向加载成形过程中的开裂预测准则为Cockcroft-Latham准则,计算出AISI-5140材料的临界损伤值为0.881;随后以材料损伤峰值为指标,采用正交试验设计与有限元模拟相结合,对发生开裂的趋势和区域进行了分析和预测。结果表明,成形末期三通阀肩部圆角偏上区域材料的损伤值达到峰值,易于发生开裂;成形过程中的开裂趋势随着凹模圆角减小和摩擦增大而增大;加载速度越大,发生开裂的趋势越小,该文条件下,当加载速度低于15mm/s时,易发生开裂。对于给定坯料成形内径不同的三通阀,损伤峰值随着三通阀内径的增大而增大,即开裂趋势增大;对于内外径比相同的三通阀,成形过程中的损伤峰值随着其外径的增大而降低,即开裂趋势减小。     

低合金钢Q345B动态再结晶动力学模型

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对低合金钢Q345B进行热压缩实验,研究其在变形温度为900～1100℃和应变速率为0.01～10s-1条件下的动态再结晶行为。结果表明:低合金钢Q345B在变形过程中存在动态再结晶现象,且随着温度的升高和应变速率的降低,临界应变越小,动态再结晶越易发生。根据流变应力、应变速率和变形温度的相关性,得到了动态再结晶激活能。通过对热模拟实验数据的分析计算,建立了峰值应变模型,动态再结晶临界应变模型和动态再结晶动力学模型。并对动态再结晶动力学模型进行了误差分析,证明了模型具有较高的精确性。最后,通过所建立的模型分析了变形条件对动态再结晶的影响,验证了实验所得出的在高温、低应变速率下更有利于动态再结晶发生的规律。     

铝铁合金半固态变形的组织演变

对电磁搅拌的铝铁合金在半固态温度条件下用INSTRON-5500R实验机进行单向压缩实验,实验结果表明,铝铁合金在半固态温度变形时,随着变形温度的升高,真应力峰值降低;随着应变速率增加,真应力峰值也增加,随后会发生应变-软化现象。应变速率愈小,软化过程愈长,应力下降愈缓慢。变形试样中心和边缘区域的变形情况不同,中心区域固相颗粒的变形程度大于边缘区域。在不同的变形量、变形温度和变形速率下,其内部固-液两相的流动方式和变形机理不同。固相主要集中在试样的心部发生塑性变形,而液相则流向边部,其组织形貌与变形温度、变形量和变形速率都有直接的关系。     

2A12硬铝合金热拉伸流变行为及本构建模

在变形温度350~500℃、应变速率0.01~1 s~(-1)条件下,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对2A12硬铝合金板进行热拉伸实验。结果表明:峰值应力随温度升高而减小,随应变速率提高而增大;随着应变速率减小,断裂总伸长率升高,而均匀伸长率降低;应变速率较低时,其断裂总伸长率在350~450℃时较高,升高到500℃时迅速降低,均匀伸长率则对温度变化不敏感;应变速率较高时,试样断裂总伸长率对温度变化不敏感,均匀伸长率随温度升高而降低。根据实验结果,采用Z参数建立的流变应力本构模型,能较好地描述2A12铝合金板材热拉伸变形下的流变行为。