DIFFUSION COUPLE BETWEEN HIGHSTRENGTH WEAR-RESISTING ALUMINUM BRONZE AND MACHINING TOOLS MATERIALS

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Wear Mechanisms of New Tool Materials for Ti-6AI-4V High Performance Machining

Nowadays, Ti-6AI-4V turning is mastered for cutting speed lower than 60 m/min by using carbide and high-speed steel tools. At higher cutting speed, chemical and mechanical properties of Ti-6AI-4V cause complex wear mechanisms such as adhesion and diffusion. Thus, to machine over 100 m/min without using high-pressure cooling, new tool materials need to be tested and their behaviour understood. This paper presents the interactions between polycrystalline diamond (PCD), cubic crystalline boron nitride (CBN), and TiB₂ coated carbide with titanium based alloy. The different wear patterns are not only strongly linked to the chemical reactions, but also to the different phase changes, which occur with PCD and CBN tools.     

Machinability of hypereutectic silicon-aluminum alloys

The machinability of high-silicon aluminum alloys made by a P/M process and by casting was compared. The cutting test was conducted by turning on lathes with the use of cemented carbide tools. The tool wear by machining the P/M alloy was far smaller than the tool wear by machining the cast alloy. The roughness of the machined surface of the P/M alloy is far better than that of the cast alloy, and the turning speed did not affect it greatly at higher speeds. The P/M alloy produced long chips, so the disposal can cause trouble. The size effect of silicon grains on the machinability is discussed.     

超细晶硬质合金刀具车削不锈钢的切削温度研究

超细晶硬质合金刀具由于具有更高的硬度和抗弯强度,可以满足现代制造业的更高要求,在难加工材料高速切削领域显示出明显优势。在不锈钢材料的加工过程中,切削温度对刀具的磨损有极大的影响,而多数实验方法很难测得刀具表面具体的温度分布。借助DEFORM仿真分析软件,模拟超细晶硬质合金刀具对304不锈钢的车削过程;依据正交试验方法,分析切削用量三要素切削速度、进给量和背吃刀量对刀具温度的影响规律;通过实际车削实验与仿真结果进行比较,并与普通晶粒硬质合金刀具进行对比。结果表明:与普通晶粒硬质合金刀具加工相似,切削速度对超细晶粒硬质合金刀具温度的影响程度最大,其次是进给量,最后是背吃刀量;超细晶粒硬质合金比普通晶粒硬质合金刀具具有更好的散热性,尤其在较高速度条件下切削,优势更加明显。     

Evaluation of wear mechanisms of Y-TZP and tungsten carbide punches

Tool wear is one of the major concerns in the tooling industry. A comparative evaluation of different tool materials and tool wear will help preventing frequent replacement of tools thus reducing the costs incurred due to such replacements. In this paper, tool wear mechanism of tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (TZP) punch is compared with that of commercially available WC (tungsten carbide) punch during stamping. The tool life for the TZP punch was found to be over 2.5 times higher than that of commercial tungsten carbide. The worn-out tools were analysed using scanning electron microscope and optical microscope for studying the tool wear mechanisms. Tool wear and chemical action possibly cause the failure of the tungsten carbide punch, whereas wear of TZP punch is predominantly caused by mechanical shearing of asperity and plastic deformation. Due to their inherent high melting point and the absence of the second-phase binder, ceramics materials do not soften at higher temperature unlike the carbide tools. Hence, they can be used at high cutting speeds without initiating deformation/diffusion wear. This assists in improving the tool life significantly. In addition, TZP ceramics is inert, corrosion resistant and non-wetting when contacting metals. Exposed carbide grains act as a site for increased wear and metal pickup during precision, high-speed metal stamping and forming. Moreover, cobalt-depleted carbide tools can create burring of the strip being stamped, leading to poor part quality. The performance of TZP punch tool will be evaluated thoroughly based on experimental data in this paper.     

优化硬质合金涂层微槽车刀后刀面磨损失效对比研究

后刀面磨损量是衡量刀具寿命的重要指标,对刀具寿命其决定性作用。针对前期研制的优化硬质合金涂层微槽车刀,文章通过切削实验和理论分析,研究了优化微槽车刀和原车刀在切削过程中刀具后面磨损情况。从两车刀后刀面磨损失效现象的对比分析发现,在相同的切削时间内,微槽车刀后刀面磨损程度低于原车刀,在达到几乎相同的磨损程度情况下,微槽车刀经历的切削时间长于原车刀,即原车刀相较于微槽车刀更容易出现后刀面磨损失效。研究结果为优化硬质合金微槽车刀磨损失效机理的深入研究提供理论依据。     

优化设计的涂层硬质合金车刀磨损仿真研究

金属切削过程中,刀具磨损对刀具寿命有着显著影响,而切削试验是研究刀具磨损的常用方法,但是存在周期长、成本高等问题。因此,通过切削仿真平台对优化设计的涂层硬质合金车刀在切削过程中磨损情况进行对比研究。结果表明:优化设计车刀较原车刀最大磨损深度下降37.64%,平均磨损深度下降38.15%。研究成果为该涂层硬质合金车刀的进一步优化奠定理论基础,为其他金属切削过程刀具磨损的仿真研究提供参考。     

Ti6Al4V车削加工时硬质合金刀具磨损的数值模拟

为研究硬质合金刀具车削加工钛合金过程中的刀具磨损,刀具选择刚性模型,工件选择塑性模型,利用有限元软件对切削过程的刀具磨损进行了模拟。运用正交试验分析了在不同刀具参数组合下刀具磨损量的变化情况。结果表明:在固定的工艺参数下,刀具的前角和后角的交互作用对刀具的磨损量影响较大;单一参数因素的变化对刀具磨损量的变化影响较小。分析结果对降低硬质合金车削加工钛合金时的刀具磨损提供了参考。     

Modelling tool wear in cemented-carbide machining alloy 718

Tool wear is a problem in turning of nickel-based superalloys, and it is thus of great importance to understand and quantitatively predict tool wear and tool life. In this paper, an empirical tool wear model has been implemented in a commercial finite element (FE) code to predict tool wear. The tool geometry is incrementally updated in the FE chip formation simulation in order to capture the continuous evolution of wear profile as pressure, temperature and relative velocities adapt to the change in geometry. Different friction and wear models have been analysed, as well as their impact on the predicted wear profile assessed. Analyses have shown that a more advanced friction model than Coulomb friction is necessary in order to get accurate wear predictions, by drastically improving the accuracy in predicting velocity, thus having a dramatic impact on the simulated wear profile. Excellent experimental agreement was achieved in wear simulation of cemented carbide tool machining alloy 718.     

New observations on tool wear mechanism in dry machining Inconel718

Tool wear is a problem in machining nickel-based alloy Inconel718, and it is thus of great importance to understand tool wear. Tool wear mechanism in dry machining Inconel718 with coated cemented carbide tools was analyzed in this paper. CCD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) were used to study tool wear mechanism. The results show that the main reason which causes cutting tool wear was that the tool materials fall off from the tool substrate in the form of wear debris. In addition,, element diffusion between tool and workpiece and oxidation reaction all accelerate the formation and the peeling of the wear debris. According to analysis of tool wear mechanism, tool flank wear model was established. The optimal temperature in machining Inconel718 with PVD-coated (TiAlN) tool was obtained through the established model. Excellent experimental agreement was achieved in optimal temperature calculated by the established model.     

Cutting Performance and Mechanism of RE Carbide Tools

In receni ten years, a series of grades of REcemented carbide tool materials, including P, Mand K grouPs, were made and obtained conuner-cial availability in China.This paPer is aimed to verify the overall cut-ting performance of RE carbide cutting toolthrough systematic exPerimenis, such as toollives, cutting force, tool-chiP friction coefficiefltand intemiPted machining. The action of ascarbide tool was identified with the aid of scan-ning electron microscope and energy specboanalysis.1…     

Improving tribological properties and machining performance of a-C coatings by doping with titanium

In this study, a-C:Ti _x% coatings with various levels of Ti addition are deposited on cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) substrates using a medium-frequency twin magnetron sputtering and unbalanced magnetron sputtering system. This study investigates the tribological properties of the coatings by conducting wear tests against an AISI 1045 steel counterbody under a cylinder-on-disk line contact wear mode using an oscillating friction and wear tester. Additionally, turning tests and high-speed through-hole drilling tests are performed on AISI 1045 steel counterbodies and PCB workpieces, respectively, to investigate the machining performance of coated turning cutters and microdrills. The a-C:Ti _x% coatings not only have improved tribological properties but also demonstrate enhanced machining performance. For sliding against the AISI 1045 steel counterbody under loads of 10 and 100 N, the results show that the optimal friction and wear resistance properties are provided by the a-C:Ti_13% and a-C:Ti_3% coatings, respectively. Meanwhile, the a-C:Ti_20% and a-C:Ti_51% coatings yield the optimal turning and drilling performance, respectively.     

涂层硬质合金力高速铣削Crl2模具钢的破损失效分析

研究涂层硬质合金刀具在高速铣削淬硬模具钢Cr12过程中刀具超常磨损、破损的原因,分析刀具耐用度的影响因素,并通过扫描电镜和能谱分析的方法对刀具的磨损、破损的机理进行研究,找出刀具破损的主要原因.     

Investigations of White Layer Formation During Machining of Powder Metallurgical Ni-Based ME 16 Superalloy

Surface integrity of machined parts made from the advanced Ni-based superalloys is important for modern manufacturing in the aerospace industry. Metallographic observations of the ME 16 alloy microstructure were made using optical metallography and a high-resolution scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (HR SEM/EDS). Tool life of cemented carbide inserts with TiAlN coating during machining (finishing turning operation) of ME 16 superalloy has been studied and wear patterns of the cutting tools were identified. Surface integrity of the machined part after completion of the turning operation was investigated. The morphology of machined parts has been examined and cross-sections of the machined surfaces have been analyzed. The formation of white layer on the surface of the machined part was studied for varied machining conditions. It was found that a 2-4 μm thick white layer forms during turning of the ME 16 superalloy. This layer was investigated using EDS and XRD. The studies show that the white layer is an oxygen-containing layer with a high amount of aluminum, enriched by chromium and tungsten. Under specific cutting conditions, the structure of white layer transforms into a γ-alumina. Formation of this thermal barrier ceramic white layer on the surface of the machined part negatively affects its surface integrity and cutting tool life.     

钢结硬质合金的磨料磨损耐磨性

对五种不同成分的钢结硬质合金的磨粉磨损耐磨性在两种不同的磨损条件下进行了系统地研究，分析了各种钢结硬质合金的显微组织，并测定了它们的整体宏观硬度。试验结果表明，钢结硬质合金中碳化物的种类、含量以及钢基体的组织和硬度对其耐磨性均有着显著的影响。碳化物和钢基体的硬度越高以及碳化物的体积分数越大，则钢结硬质合金的耐磨性也越高，工具钢结硬质合金的耐磨性明显高于高锰钢结硬质合金的耐磨性。     

Evaluation of machinability in turning of microalloyed and quenched-tempered steels: Tool wear,statistical analysis,chip morphology

The machinability of microalloyed steel (30MnVS6) and quenched-tempered (QT) steels (AISI 1045 and AISI 5140), at different cutting condition, is presented in the paper. An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, hardness, and workpiece material on the flank wear land and tool life of coated cemented carbide inserts in the hard turning process. It was tried that for any test condition the hardness of these steels became almost identical by using appropriate heat-treatment processes. The statistical analysis was used for evaluation of different factors on cutting forces. Chips characteristics and chip/tool contact length were also investigated. The different sections (shear plane, microcrack, thickness and edge) of the chip were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Shear planes and microcracks of the chips in microalloyed steel show that the chips of microalloyed steel are regular and discontinuous. Crater wear of the tools was studied by using video microscope in turning process. The results showed that the tool life and machinability of the microalloyed steel is better than the QT steels at identical cutting condition.     

不同刀具材料车削耐热钢性能分析

本文选用YW2、YG6X和YL100陶瓷刀具对1Cr23Ni18奥氏体型耐热钢进行车削试验,结果表明低速切削时YG6X和YW2刀具耐用度和表面质量比较好.当切削速度较高时,YL100陶瓷刀具耐用度优于YG6X和YW2.     

Temperature Measurement of Cutting Edge in Drilling -Effect of Oil Mist-

In drilling, the temperature of the cutting edges of a drill is measured using a two-color pyrometer with an optical fiber. A cemented carbide drill with a diameter of 10 mm is used as a cutting tool, and carbon steel, cast iron and aluminum die-cast alloy are used as work materials. The temperature distribution along the cutting edge of a drill is measured and the influence of spindle speed and feed rate on the tool temperature is investigated. The maximum tool temperature is observed during the drilling of carbon steel. The effect of oil mist supplied from oil holes in the drill on the tool temperature is examined and the result is compared to that in turning and end milling. The temperature reduction in oil mist turning is approximately 5%, while in oil mist end milling it is 10-15% and that in oil mist drilling is 20-25% compared to the temperature in dry cutting.     

Tool wear model based on least squares support vector machines and Kalman filter

In this study, the least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) and Kalman filter (KF) technique are used to establish the tool wear estimation model. Tool wear prediction model, based on LS-SVM, is given to describe the mapping relationship between input–output factors. The cutting conditions (feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut), cutting time, and wear position constitute the input factors and tool wear is the output parameter of the model. In order to improve the accuracy of the LS-SVM results, the KF technique is used to update the tool wear estimated results of LS-SVM-based model, which is called the LS-KF model, according to the measured tool wear values. Experiment work is performed on machining center for cemented carbide ball-end cutter cutting stainless steel. Those two models (LS-SVM model and LS-KF model) are applied to the actual milling machining to verify their performance. Results show that predicted tool wear based on the proposed LS-KF model has more precision than that of LS-SVM model.     

Cutting performance of TiCN–HSS cermet in dry machining

This work is focused on the cutting performance of a new cermet based on high-speed steel (HSS) matrix with hard phase TiCN. The processing route to manufacture the cermet M2 + 50 vol.% TiCN is described. Orthogonal cutting tests, carried out in a lathe showed the ability of the new cermet to achieve turning operations, showing reasonably wear resistance performing dry cutting operations. Tool life was significantly increased, when the cermet was compared with the reference material M2 without reinforcement and with commercial HSS M2. Evolution of flank wear and chipping wear, being the dominant wear patterns, were analysed.