零价铁、铜改性生物炭及其对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附性能的影响

针对纳米零价铁（nanoscale zero valent iron，nZVI）易团聚的特性，本文用鸡骨生物炭（BC）作载体，制备出生物炭-零价铁（Fe-BC）去除Cr(Ⅵ)，并与铜改性的生物炭-零价铁（Fe-Cu-BC）和BC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能进行了对比。通过扫描电镜（SEM）和能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸脱附等温线和傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）对材料表面形貌及结构性质进行分析，同时考察了溶液pH、接触时间等条件对吸附剂吸附容量的影响，通过吸附动力学和吸附等温线分析了吸附特性。结果表明，在pH=2的条件下去除Cr(Ⅵ)效果较好；吸附平衡遵从Langmuir吸附等温式；吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程。Fe-BC材料吸附水体污染物后可用磁分离技术加以回收。Fe-Cu-BC缩短了对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附平衡时间。制备出的吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的理论最大吸附量顺序为 Fe-BC>Fe-Cu-BC>BC；同时， Fe-BC吸附量为153.60mg/g，对比于先前报道的nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附容量85mg/g左右，有了很大的提升，说明BC作载体成功解决了nZVI易团聚的缺点，拓展了实际应用。     

生物炭负载纳米零价铁对水体典型污染物去除效果的研究进展

生物炭负载纳米零价铁(n ZVI@BC)作为一种绿色环保的新型纳米零价铁改性材料,因其对水体污染物具有良好的修复效果而被广泛应用。本文总结了近年来生物炭负载纳米零价铁在水体环境中的应用研究进展,综述了其制备过程和吸附机理,重点阐述了生物炭负载纳米零价铁对水体中的重金属污染、有机污染以及氮、磷污染的修复效果,并对该领域今后的研究前景进行了展望。     

磁性生物炭对铅镉离子的吸附动力学

采用水热合成法制备磁性生物炭,利用XRD、FTIR和BET分析磁性生物炭的结构、官能团种类和比表面积,并研究磁性生物炭对Pb⁽²⁺⁾、Cd(2+)、Cd⁽²⁺⁾的吸附机理。结果表明,磁性生物炭含有丰富的含氧官能团和芳香结构,磁性物质为Fe_3O_4颗粒。Pb(2+)的吸附机理。结果表明,磁性生物炭含有丰富的含氧官能团和芳香结构,磁性物质为Fe_3O_4颗粒。Pb⁽²⁺⁾、Cd(2+)、Cd⁽²⁺⁾在磁性生物炭上的吸附是一个高温自发、吸热且熵增的过程,其吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,表明化学吸附占据优势,吸附过程是由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制。Pb(2+)在磁性生物炭上的吸附是一个高温自发、吸热且熵增的过程,其吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,表明化学吸附占据优势,吸附过程是由液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制。Pb⁽²⁺⁾在磁性生物炭的吸附机制,主要与含氧官能团(—COOH、—OH、C—O—C)的络合作用和π电子的配位作用有关,还存在氧化还原反应。磁性生物炭吸附Cd(2+)在磁性生物炭的吸附机制,主要与含氧官能团(—COOH、—OH、C—O—C)的络合作用和π电子的配位作用有关,还存在氧化还原反应。磁性生物炭吸附Cd⁽²⁺⁾的机制,主要与—COOH、—OH和π电子的络合作用有关,C—O—C和氧化还原反应不参与磁性生物炭对Cd(2+)的机制,主要与—COOH、—OH和π电子的络合作用有关,C—O—C和氧化还原反应不参与磁性生物炭对Cd⁽²⁺⁾的吸附。     

污泥基生物炭处理酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水的效能与机理

通过城市污泥（SS）慢速热解制备污泥基生物炭（SSB），并研究初始pH、投加量、共存离子、吸附时间和温度等因素对SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的影响，探讨吸附动力学和吸附等温线特征。通过元素分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析U(Ⅵ)吸附去除的机理。结果表明SSB去除U(Ⅵ)的适宜条件为：pH=3、投加量1 g/L、吸附时间240 min；在此条件下，在温度30℃时最大吸附量为34.51 mg/g。吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型；Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好描述生物炭对U(Ⅵ)的吸附行为。U(Ⅵ)吸附去除机理主要包括静电作用，与Si—O—Si的n-π相互作用，与羟基（—OH）、羧基（—COOH）的配位络合。通过5次吸附-解吸试验发现，U(Ⅵ)去除率和SSB再生率均在80%以上。本研究表明污泥基生物炭具备处理与修复酸性含U(Ⅵ)废水污染的潜力。     

生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除硝酸盐作用的研究

为探究生物炭负载纳米零价铁（nZVI/BC）去除水中硝酸盐的机制及其影响因素,采用小麦秸秆为载体制备吸附材料。通过XRD和SEM的表征分析知：铁被成功的负载在生物炭表面,生物炭作为载体分散了纳米零价铁颗粒,并减少了它们的团聚。吸附材料对硝酸盐去除效果的实验研究表明：负载纳米零价铁的小麦秸秆生物炭对硝酸盐的去除效果可达到100%,nZVI/BC氮气选择性为21%;铁炭比（w）为1:2时硝酸盐的去除效果最佳;在偏酸性条件下,氨氮选择性更高,对硝酸盐的去除效果更好;硝酸盐和氨氮去除率会随着硝酸盐初始浓度的升高而逐渐下降。     

Fe浸渍污泥生物炭对含Cd(Ⅱ)废水的吸附性能研究

通过城市污泥热解制备污泥生物炭(BC),采用FeCl_3溶液浸渍污泥生物炭后制备出磁性污泥生物炭(MBC),对比了BC与MBC去除水溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)的能力。考察溶液初始pH、吸附时间、吸附温度以及Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度对BC和MBC去除Cd(Ⅱ)效果的影响。结果表明,BC和MBC均符合拟二级动力学吸附模型;Langmuir吸附等温模型能够更好地描述BC和MBC去除Cd(Ⅱ)的过程。在溶液初始pH为6.0,生物炭投加量为10 mg,Cd(Ⅱ)质量浓度为10～150 mg/L的溶液25 mL,吸附时间为360 min,温度为25℃的最佳条件下,BC和MBC对Cd(Ⅱ)最大的吸附量分别为76.93 mg/g和167.42 mg/g。经过5次吸附解吸试验,MBC的Cd(Ⅱ)去除率保持在90%以上,BC的Cd(Ⅱ)去除率在55%左右,说明MBC具有更好应用于去除含Cd(Ⅱ)废水的能力。     

蚯蚓粪生物炭对废水中Cd2+的吸附效果

采用高温热解的方法制备了一种蚯蚓粪生物炭(EB),并用其吸附废水中的Cd2+,研究了Cd2+初始浓度、pH、EB投加量、反应温度、吸附时间对吸附效果的影响,分析了等温吸附和吸附动力学特征.结果表明:Cd2+的初始浓度为8 mg/L,EB的投加量为2.0 g/L,pH=5.0,温度为30℃,吸附时间为150 min条件下吸附效果最佳,Cd2+去除率可达96.79％.蚯蚓粪生物炭对Cd2+的吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级吸附动力学模型,吸附过程是以多层非均相吸附为主的化学吸附.     

纳米零价铁对水溶液中钒离子的吸附性能

采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁(nZVI),采用PXRD, SEM, TEM, BET(N2吸脱附)和XPS等表征材料性能,考察了纳米零价铁用量、初始钒(V)浓度和初始pH对纳米零价铁吸附钒(V)性能的影响,测定了纳米零价铁对钒(V)的吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线. 结果表明,制备的纳米零价铁具有典型的核?壳结构,粒径为10~30 nm,BET比表面积为53 m2/g. 纳米零价铁对钒(V)的吸附容量随纳米零价铁用量和初始pH增大而减小. 25℃时的平衡吸附容量为227.8 mg/g. Langmuir等温线方程可很好拟合纳米零价铁对钒(V)的吸附,纳米零价铁对钒(V)的吸附动力学曲线符合准二级动力学模型.     

零价铁修复铅污染水体的研究

在实验室条件下,用零价铁去除Pb(II)。考察了铁粉的投加量及初始pH值对去除效果的影响,并探讨了零价铁修复铅污染水体的机制,为零价铁实际修复铅污染水体提供技术参考。结果表明:零价铁可以有效修复受重金属铅污染的水体,修复效果受铁粉的投加量及初始pH值的影响;零价铁去除铅的机制为氧化还原和混凝吸附。     

樱花生物质炭的制备及对废水中六价铬的吸附

选用樱花为原料制备新型生物质炭,应用其吸附含Cr(Ⅵ)的模拟废水,用单因素静态实验对影响吸附的5个主要因素(吸附剂投加量、pH值、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度、反应温度和吸附时间)进行分析,并结合吸附过程的动力学特征以及特性表征,对吸附机理进行了初步探究。结果表明,樱花生物炭含有较多中孔,表面官能团如酮基、羧基和C=C能作为电子供体将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ);樱花生物炭的最佳吸附条件为樱花炭投加量为1 g/L,pH=2,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度为50 mg/L,吸附时间为4 h,反应温度为25℃,在此条件下,吸附量为49.52 mg/g;拟合系数表明准二级动力学方程能更好地反映樱花炭的吸附过程,说明以化学吸附为主;樱花炭的吸附过程更符合Langmuir等温线方程,说明其是单层吸附,最大吸附量为49.78 mg/g;可见,樱花炭在吸附Cr(Ⅵ)方面有一定的发展前景。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.