太阳电池栅线优化设计

优化设计太阳电池的电极图形可以获得高的光电转换效率。文中以实例介绍了晶体硅太阳电池上丝网印刷电极的优化设计,讨论了电池的功率损耗与扩散薄层电阻及细栅线宽度的关系,在原始设计的基础上设计出了理想尺寸的太阳电池栅线。经过优化改进的太阳电池可降低由电极设计引起的总功率损失,并且提高了电池片的光电转化效率。     

聚光型三结砷化镓太阳电池的栅线设计

设计理想的太阳电池正面电极栅线图形,使高注入条件下的聚光太阳电池获得较高转换效率,是聚光太阳电池研制中的一个重要问题。文章从栅线的总相对功率损失理论出发,采用计算机模拟分析,获得聚光倍数与栅线尺寸及总相对功率损耗的关系;并给出了典型聚光倍数（即250倍、500倍、1000倍）条件下的栅线优化设计。研究结果可为不同聚光倍数下太阳电池电极栅线的制作提供理论依据。     

纳秒激光脉冲辐照太阳能电池损伤特性及对光电转化的影响

针对纳秒脉冲激光辐照三结GaAs太阳能电池损伤特性及对光电转化影响开展研究.从损伤形貌、伏安特性、电致发光三个方面建立实验系统,分别从材料烧蚀形貌、电性能输出、内部损伤情况来分析电池光电性能逐渐下降特性.在分析了激光能量密度影响的基础上,进一步分析了激光辐照部位的影响,如电池栅线与非栅线部位.纳秒脉冲激光由于峰值功率较高,能对电池产生明显损伤,激光辐照电池的栅线部位损伤效果强于辐照非栅线部位,主要由于栅线电极的作用是用于光生载流子的收集,激光辐照熔断电池栅线,降低电池输出功率.研究结论对于提高太阳能电池空间防护能力具有指导意义.     

太阳电池栅线的设计

本文分析了主线上的电压降对电池栅线设计的影响,讨论了电池的功率损耗与电池栅线尺寸及厚度的关系,探讨了如何在原始设计的基础上设计出理想尺寸的太阳电池栅线。     

太阳能电池埋栅电极制造新技术

介绍了用电镀法来制造太阳能电池的埋栅电极方法,对各镀层所需的溶液配制及操作工艺参数进行了详细的说明,通过与传统工艺的比较,可以看出采用新技术制造太阳能电池片,可有效降低栅线电极成本,提高电池片转换效率。     

印刷烧结工艺对单晶硅太阳电池栅线形貌及电学性能的影响

正面金属化是制备单晶硅太阳电池中的重要工艺步骤,栅线质量对电池的电学性能起着关键的作用。通过探究不同栅线处理工艺对栅线宽度的影响,发现烧结过程中栅线会向两侧崩塌,从而增加电极的遮光率,结合表征手段对这一过程进行了分析和机理阐释。在对浆料类型、网版开口宽度、网版图案以及烧结峰值温度的研究中,发现浆料中的有机物含量会影响栅线在烧结过程中的稳定性,而合适的网版开口及图案设计能降低遮光面积和栅线高度起伏,从而显著提升电池的电学性能,制得了最高转换效率为22.54%的单晶硅PERC电池。可以预见,通过优选浆料和网版,可以进一步改善单晶PERC电池的电学性能,获得更高的光电转换效率。     

分子束外延生长的GaSb热光伏电池器件特性研究

利用分子束外延的方法在GaSb衬底上生长GaSb热光伏电池单元,制作了两种不同的1 cm×1 cm面积尺寸的热光伏电池单元,它们有着不同的电极形状。通过不断优化分子束外延的生长条件,以期得到高质量的GaSb外延层。AFM图中显示的表面形貌表明器件有着高质量的外延层,其表面形貌的RMS只有1.5 ? （1 ?=0.1 nm）。测量和比较了两种热光伏电池的器件特性,包括开路电压、短路电流密度、光电转换效率、填充因子以及暗电流密度。在一个模拟太阳光照射下,热光伏电池单元有着0.303 V的开路电压和27.1 mA/cm2的短路电流密度。和只有简单电极形状的热光伏电池单元进行对比,有栅形电极形状的热光伏电池单元在短路电流密度和填充因子上具有更优异的表现。在红外光的照射下,有栅形电极形状的热光伏电池达到了一个最优的填充因子56.8%。     

一种新型D-RESURF埋栅SOI LDMOS

提出了一种新型D-RESURF埋栅SOI LDMOS (EGDR-SOI LDMOS)结构,其栅电极位于P-body区的下面,可以在扩展的埋栅电极处形成多数载流子的积累层;同时,采用Double- RESURF技术,在漂移区中引入两区的P降场层,有效降低了器件的比导通电阻,并提高了器件的击穿电压.采用二维数值仿真软件MEDICI,对器件的扩展栅电极、降场层进行了优化设计.结果表明,相对于普通SOI LDMOS,该结构的比导通电阻下降了78%,击穿电压上升了22%.     

铅酸电池的板栅腐蚀与内部氧气循环

对铅酸电池来说,正板栅的腐蚀与伸长是决定其浮充寿命的关键因素,内部氧气循环是阀控免维护电池的基本原理。这一现象在常规电池中同样存在而影响浮充电压,这两个问题都与正负电极的气体析出率有关,故本文先从气体析出谈起。     

GaAs基辐射福特效应电池电极图案设计

研究了串并联电阻对太阳能电池和β伏特效应电池的影响, 并在此基础上提出了GaAs基β伏特效应电池的电极图案设计原则。在该原则的指导下设计了一批GaAs基PIN结的电极图案,测试了这些PIN结在⁶³Ni源辐照下的输出特性。与传统的梳状电极相比,本文电极设计可以降低对⁶³Ni辐射β粒子的反散射和阻挡作用,有效的增加了电池的输出电流,而这种电极设计不会对电池的开路电压,填充因子和理想因子带来不利的影响。     

Optimization of grid design for solar cells

By theoretical simulation of two grid patterns that are often used in concentrator solar cells, we give a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the influence of the metal grid dimension and various losses directly associated with it during optimization of grid design. Furthermore, we also perform the simulation under different concentrator factors, making the optimization of the front contact grid for solar cells complete.     

Sliver solar cells for concentrator PV systems with concentration ratio below 50

This paper links together two different yet complimentary technologies: concentrator photovoltaics (CPVs) and Sliver technology. Recent research and development and commercialisation efforts in concentrator technologies have centred on high‐concentration systems, encouraged by the availability of high‐efficiency, multi‐junction III‐V cells. In contrast, little attention has been paid to the potential of systems with low‐to‐medium levels of concentration. Arguably, this is due to the absence of any suitable, low‐cost concentrator cells, readily available at a commercial scale. Sliver technology is a candidate for the supply of commercial low‐cost cells suitable for systems with concentration ratios in the range of 5–50. This can be achieved via judicious choice of cell design parameters and with only minor changes to the fabrication process suitable for 1‐sun Sliver cells. Device modelling is used to show that Sliver cells are suitable for illumination intensities up to 5 W/cm², with unavoidable emitter resistance limiting performance for higher intensities. The best cells manufactured for operation at low and medium concentration had efficiencies of 18·8% at 9 suns (above 18·6% between 5 and 15 suns) and 18·4% at 37 suns (above 18·2% between 30 and 50 suns), respectively. Incorporation of sidewall texturing and SiN anti‐reflection coatings would yield efficiencies exceeding 20% for similar cells. Concentrator Sliver cells can be produced to almost any length and are perfectly bifacial, features which add significantly to their attractiveness to concentrator system designers. The availability of cheap concentrator Sliver cells could provide opportunities for new, low‐cost concentrator systems, which in turn has the potential to provide a pathway to low‐cost solar electricity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

菲涅尔透镜提高太阳能利用率的研究

随着经济的发展,能源短缺,太阳能越来越受到重视.采用聚光器可提高太阳照射在单位面积上的能量密度,从而克服太阳能分散性的缺点.本文主要介绍了太阳能聚光器的特点,分析了菲涅尔透镜的结构、优点及成像特性.通过实验,分析了菲涅尔透镜在提高太阳能利用率时的各种损失因素.     

Rondine® PV concentrators: Field results and developments

In this work the experimental results of a new PV concentrator (named Rondine®) are presented. This concentrating module has a medium concentration level (∼25×) and employs silicon solar cells. The tests have been carried out in Italy and the energy production of a prototype module is compared with that produced from a tracking flat plate crystalline PV panel. The non‐imaging optics of the concentrator allows for larger angular acceptance with respect to many solar concentrators, giving us the possibility to employ trackers for standard PV modules. The first results of complete systems of 3·9 and 4·8 kW of peak power installed in summer 2008 are presented here. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of the EWT‐DGB solar cell at low and medium concentration and comparison with a PESC architecture

Silicon represents an interesting material to fabricate low‐cost and relatively simple and high‐efficient solar cells in the low and medium concentration range. In this paper, we discuss a novel cell scheme conceived for concentrating photovoltaic, named emitter wrap through with deep grooved base (EWT‐DGB), and compare it with the simpler passivated emitter solar cell. Both cells have been fabricated by means of a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor‐compatible process in our laboratory. The experimental characterization of both cells is reported in the range 1–200 suns in terms of conversion efficiency, open circuit voltage, short circuit current density and fill factor. In particular, for the EWT‐DGB solar cells, we obtain an encouraging 21.4% maximum conversion efficiency at 44 suns. By using a calibrated finite‐element numerical electro‐optical simulation tool, validated by a comparison with experimental data, we study the potentials of the two architectures for concentrated light conditions considering possible realistic improvements with respect to the fabricated devices. We compare the solar cell figures of merit with those of the state‐of‐the‐art silicon back‐contact back‐junction solar cell holding the conversion efficiency record for concentrator photovoltaic silicon. Simulation results predict a 24.8% efficiency at 50 suns for the EWT‐DGB cell and up to 23.9% at 100 suns for the passivated emitter solar cell, thus confirming the good potential of the proposed architectures for low to medium light concentration. Finally, simulations are exploited to provide additional analysis of the EWT‐DGB scheme under concentrated light. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种可用于太阳能抽运光纤激光器的聚光器

为了研究抛物面碟形聚光器实现太阳能直接抽运光纤激光器,根据空间太阳光谱分布特点,采用数值方法,计算了用该聚光器聚集太阳能量抽运双包层光纤激光器时光纤吸收的太阳能量及其吸收效率。计算结果表明,通过采用内包层数值孔径较大、掺杂适当稀土元素的双包层光纤及减小太阳光传输过程中的损耗等措施提高光纤激光器对太阳能的吸收效率,可以实现太阳能直接抽运光纤激光器。通过光纤集束熔锥侧面耦合器构成多模光纤阵列或者聚光器阵列的结构,可进一步提高太阳能抽运功率。     

Fill factor as a probe of current‐matching for GaInP2/GaAs tandem cells in a concentrator system during outdoor operation

Designing a tandem solar cell for use in a concentrator system is challenging because: (a) the conditions are variable, so solar cells rarely operate under optimal conditions, and (b) the conditions are not controlled, so any design problems are difficult to characterize. Here, we show how the fill factor can be used as a diagnostic tool to either verify correct system design and operation or to help identify a problem. We give particular attention to the detection of spectral skewing by the concentrator optics, as this can reduce the performance of GaInP₂/GaAs tandem cells and is difficult to characterize. The conclusions are equally valid for GaInP₂/GaAs/Ge triple‐junction cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High‐irradiance degradation tests on concentrator GaAs solar cells

The present work summarises the results of an experiment of light‐soaking high‐concentrator MOVPE‐grown GaAs solar cells under monochromatic light (808 nm). The irradiance level was set so that the short‐circuit current obtained was 1100 times that produced with the AM1ċ5D spectrum at 1 kW/m². This test caused no morphological changes in the devices. The main phenomenon discovered has been a slight increase with time of the reverse current I₀₂. This increase is analogous to that observed in similar degradation experiments based on high forward currents. In general, the results of these tests show that the drop in performance is very limited, supporting the idea that concentrator GaAs solar cells are rugged devices, capable of achieving long lifetimes in field operation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Temperature dynamics of multijunction concentrator solar cells up to ultra‐high irradiance

We report experimental results for the effect of irradiance (from 12 up to 8600 suns) on the temperature coefficients of the key performance parameters of multijunction concentrator solar cells, with a flash‐like, real‐sun optical system. Particular attention is paid to the time scales and magnitudes of junction heating, hence the degree to which the cell can be deemed isothermal. The implications for corresponding measurements from solar simulators with pulsed artificial light and for the performance evaluation of concentrator photovoltaics are also addressed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real‐time reliability test for a CPV module based on a power degradation model

Models based on degradation are powerful and useful tools to evaluate the reliability of those devices in which failure happens because of degradation in the performance parameters. This paper presents a procedure for assessing the reliability of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules operating outdoors in real‐time conditions. With this model, the main reliability functions are predicted. This model has been applied to a real case with a module composed of GaAs single‐junction solar cells and total internal reflection (TIR) optics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.