PVA/SS共混膜的制备及性能

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)制备不同质量分数的PVA膜,并在PVA溶液中加入丝胶(SS)制备了不同质量比的PVA/SS共混膜。采用电子显微镜分析膜的形貌对膜进行厚度测试、拉伸测试以及溶胀性能测试。结果发现,PVA膜和PVA/SS膜成膜性良好。共混膜的厚度随溶质质量的增加先增加后减小。PVA膜的断裂伸长、断裂伸长率、断裂强力随着PVA浓度的增大而增大;PVA/SS共混膜的断裂强力、断裂伸长、断裂伸长率和断裂功随着SS质量分数的增大而增大。PVA膜的溶胀度和溶失度随着PVA质量分数的增大而逐渐减小;随SS质量分数的增大,PVA/SS共混膜溶胀度先增大后减小,溶失度的变化规律并不明显。     

溶菌酶/壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜的制备及表征

本研究采用静电纺丝技术制备不同质量比的壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇纳米纤维膜(CS/PVA),通过SEM分析纤维形貌差异。选择纤维形貌较好的CS/PVA(质量比为1/9)纳米纤维膜,添加不同含量溶菌酶制备溶菌酶/壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇系列纳米纤维膜(LZ/CS/PVA)。采用SEM、FTIR、XRD及DSC等方法分析LZ/CS/PVA纤维膜形貌特点和纤维膜的特性。结果表明:LZ的添加影响了纤维形貌均匀程度及纤维之间的黏结程度;随着溶菌酶的加入,纤维平均直径从339.62±92.72nm(CS/PVA)降低至262.10±86.32～283.01±96.83 nm(LZ/CS/PVA系列纤维)之间;LZ添加量为0.30%和0.50%时,纤维形貌良好;纤维膜各组分之间存在强烈的相互作用,阻碍晶体的形成,导致几乎无定形的结构;LZ的添加提高了纤维膜的热稳定性,熔点从185.60℃上升到189.30℃～191.00℃之间。LZ/CS/PVA纤维膜由安全无毒的材料制备而成,具有应用于食品工业的潜力。     

PVA/SS复合纳米纤维的形态研究

以去离子水为溶剂,配制聚乙烯醇(PVA)和丝胶(SS)质量分数不同的PVA/SS共混液,并采用静电纺丝技术纺制PVA/SS复合纳米纤维膜。研究PVA/SS复合纳米纤维的表面形貌和直径,发现:当PVA质量分数在6.0%～10.0%,PVA与SS质量比不小于1时,都能纺制出PVA/SS复合纳米纤维。该研究结果有利于将废旧丝胶再生制成功能性新材料。     

“三明治”结构聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/海藻酸钠纳米纤维医用敷料

选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)、海藻酸钠(SA)为原料,通过静电纺丝和交联处理组合工艺制备"三明治"结构PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜形貌结构,综合评价医用敷料溶胀率和失重率,考察其在伤口愈合领域的应用性能。其中,PVA/CS静电纺纳米纤维膜纤维平均直径为(488±201)nm,PVA/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜纤维平均直径为(534±265)nm,所制备的"三明治"结构PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜平均溶胀率为296.5%,平均失重率为74.3%。     

壳聚糖、纳米壳聚糖对聚乙烯醇膜结构与性能的影响

研究添加同一质量分数壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)、纳米壳聚糖(chitosan nanoparticles,NCS)改性聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)膜的性能,利用色差仪与紫外分光光度计探究其光学性能;利用透气性测试仪与透湿性测试仪测试共混膜透气性能与透湿性能;通过等温吸湿实验研究了PVA膜、PVA/CS共混膜、PVA/NCS共混膜的吸湿性能,并将常见的等温吸湿曲线模型与实验数据进行拟合;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FT-IR)、差示扫描量热(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)仪对3种膜的结构与结晶度进行表征。结果表明:CS的加入会使PVA膜对中波紫外线的屏蔽作用增强,NCS的加入会使屏蔽效果更加明显;CS或NCS的加入会使PVA透气性能减弱,透湿性能增强;3种共混膜的等温吸湿曲线与GAB方程的拟合效果最好(R~20.98);FT-IR结果表明,PVA/CS、PVA/NCS共混均匀且共混材料之间形成分子间氢键;DSC结果表明,加入CS或NCS之后PVA分子的结晶速率变慢,结晶度下降,分子结晶的吸热焓值增加。     

壳聚糖基纳米纤维载药体系及其缓释行为

为研制具有缓释效果的抗菌材料,以壳聚糖(CS)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,采用静电纺丝技术制备CS/PVA 复合纳米纤维膜并负载环丙沙星;探究纺丝体系、纺丝工艺对纤维膜微观形貌、接触角、化学结构的影响,分析药物体外释放行为及载药前后试样的抗菌性。结果表明：PVA 的加入提高了CS 的可纺性;改善了纤维膜的亲水性;当纺丝电压为24 kV、CS 和PVA 质量比为1：1. 5 时,纤维膜成网均匀,形貌良好;载药纳米纤维膜具有相对较低的药物释放速率,可有效避免药物突释,且药物释放速率随纤维膜中环丙沙星质量分数的增大而增大;载药CS/PVA 纳米纤维膜对金黄色葡萄球菌具有优良的抗菌性。     

聚乙烯醇电纺膜/PP纺黏布复合过滤材料的制备

利用静电纺丝技术制备聚乙烯醇/淀粉(PVA/SS)纳米纤维膜,再将其与PP纺黏布复合。通过SEM和FTIR表征纤维表面形貌和分子结构,探究PVA/SS纳米纤维膜的最优纺丝工艺参数,并测试PVA/SS纳米纤维膜的抗水解性能及PVA/SS/PP复合膜的过滤性能。结果表明,当纺丝液质量分数为11%、PVA/SS质量比为3∶1、纺丝电压为30 kV、喂液速率为0.8 mL/h、接收距离为19 cm时,纤维表面形貌最优,经160℃热处理的PVA/SS纳米纤维膜的抗水解性能优异。采用最优工艺参数纺制的PVA/SS纳米纤维膜的孔径分布在378.00～742.00 nm,平均孔径为689.00 nm。PVA/SS/PP复合膜对直径大于0.3μm的细微颗粒的过滤效率最高可达到99.363%,过滤阻力为137 Pa,低于相关国家标准的规定。     

壳聚糖/香兰素/聚乙烯醇共纺纳米纤维膜的性质及其在大菱鲆保鲜中的应用

本研究以壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）、香兰素（vanillin,V）和聚乙烯醇（polyethylene alcohol,PVA）为原料,采用单轴静电纺丝工艺制备CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜,通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析和热重分析对CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜的形貌和结构进行表征,并以大菱鲆优势腐败菌——腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens）为靶标菌,对其抑菌活性进行测定,并考察CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜应用于大菱鲆的保鲜效果。结果表明：CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜的微观结构良好,纤维直径均匀分布在200～350 nm之间;纤维膜各组分之间存在相互作用,香兰素分子中的醛基能与CS分子中的氨基反应形成席夫碱键,且CS、香兰素、PVA分子间有氢键形成,降低了膜的初始熔融温度。此外,CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜对腐败希瓦氏菌具有较强的抑制作用,4 ℃大菱鲆保鲜实验结果表明CS/V/PVA共纺纳米纤维膜能有效延长大菱鲆鱼片的货架期。     

聚乳酸/壳聚糖/Fe3O4超细纤维膜对酸性蓝MTR的吸附性能及机制

为制备易回收、可生物降解的染料吸附材料,将聚乳酸(PLA)、壳聚糖(CS)和四氧化三铁(Fe₃O₄)共混溶于三氟乙酸(TFA)溶液中,通过静电纺丝技术制备得到PLA/CS/Fe₃O₄超细纤维膜,研究了PLA/CS/Fe₃O₄超细纤维膜的表面形貌、孔隙结构、表面元素及其对酸性蓝MTR的吸附动力学和吸附机制。结果表明:PLA/CS/Fe₃O₄超细纤维内外均有孔隙结构,纤维的直径为(158±81) nm,比表面积为14.7 m ²/g,平均孔径为15.6 nm,且共混静电纺丝并未改变CS中C—NH₂和Fe₃O₄中Fe元素的化学状态;PLA/CS/Fe₃O₄超细纤维膜对酸性蓝MTR的平衡吸附量为156 mg/g,吸附动力学实验数据与Lagergren准二级吸附动力学模型吻合较好,表现为化学吸附机制。     

氨基聚合物共混改性聚乳酸超细纤维膜的制备及染料吸附性能

为了提高聚乳酸超细纤维(PLA)对染料的吸附性能以制备高效染料吸附材料,将含有氨基活性基团的双氨基乙二醇(NH_2—PEG—NH_2)和壳聚糖(CS)分别与PLA共混静电纺丝制备超细纤维膜,研究NH_2—PEG—NH_2和CS质量分数对共混超细纤维膜的表面形貌、耐水性和染料吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明:随着NH_2—PEG—NH_2质量分数增加,NH_2—PEG—NH_2/PLA共混超细纤维表面微孔结构逐渐减少直至消失,耐水性逐渐下降,对酸性黄染料的吸附量均较小;随着CS质量分数增加,CS/PLA共混超细纤维表面光滑,耐水性下降,对酸性黄的吸附量增加。当CS质量分数达到12.5%时,CS/PLA共混超细纤维膜对酸性黄染料的吸附量显著增加,为39.8 mg/g。     

Total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage improves milk fatty acid profile and antioxidant capacity of Holstein dairy cows

Total mixed rations containing corn silage (CS) or forage sorghum silage (SS) were fed to mid-lactation Holstein cows to determine the effects on feed intake, lactation performance, milk composition and fatty acid profile, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, rumen microbial N synthesis, and antioxidant status. The experiment was designed as a 2-period change-over (two 28-d periods) trial with 2 diets including CS diet or SS diet and 12 cows. Total replacement of CS with SS had no significant influence on dry matter intake. Substituting CS with SS had no effect on milk production, feed efficiency, and milk concentrations of fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat, whereas yields of milk fat, protein, and lactose were greater for cows fed the CS diet. Blood parameters including glucose, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, urea N, and fatty acids were not affected by the dietary treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were not significantly influenced by the diets. Replacing CS with SS had no effect on total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas total polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage was greater with the SS diet. Proportions of C20:0, C18:3n-3, and C18:3n-6 were affected by feeding SS. Cows fed CS had a greater amount of urinary purine derivatives. Feeding SS had a positive effect on total antioxidant capacity of blood and milk. In conclusion, SS can be fed to lactating Holstein cows as a total replacement for CS without undesirable effects on animal performance, but with positive effects on antioxidant capacity and polyunsaturated fatty acids of milk. This forage can be an excellent choice for dairy farms in areas where cultivation of corn is difficult due to water shortage.     

Partial replacement of corn silage with whole-plant soybean and black oat silages for dairy cows

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially replacing corn silage (CS) with whole-plant soybean silage (SS) or black oat silage (OS) on nutrient intake and digestibility, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability of silages, feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, and performance of dairy cows. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (6 of which were rumen-cannulated) with 32.5 ± 4.92 kg/d milk yield, 150 ± 84.8 days in milk, and 644 ± 79.0 kg of body weight were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the following treatments: (1) corn silage diet (CSD): using corn silage as the only forage source in the diet [48% dietary dry matter (DM)]; (2) whole-plant soybean silage diet (SSD): SS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD; and (3) black oat silage diet (OSD): OS replacing 16% of corn silage from CSD. The inclusion of OS and SS decreased intakes of DM, organic matter, and crude protein. Corn silage had the greatest in vivo effective degradability of DM, and SS had the least effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber. The OSD treatment decreased milk and protein yields, whereas SSD increased rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration compared with the other diets. Cows fed OSD exhibited a greater preference for feed with small particles (<4 mm) compared with those fed SSD. Cows fed treatments containing either SS or OS at the expense of CS had increased rumination and chewing activities. Although replacing CS with OS and SS reduced feed intake, SS had no effect on productive performance of dairy cows.     

聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/硝酸铈共混纤维毡的制备及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

将不同质量比的聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)和硝酸铈(Ce(NO3)3)溶于稀乙酸中,进行静电纺丝,制备PVA/CS/Ce(NO3)3共混纤维毡。运用扫描电镜和红外光谱对吸附前后的样品进行表征。研究了pH、时间、浓度对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附的影响。结果表明：纤维毡对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附是基团与基团的螯合作用,pH=4时吸附效果最好,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型,对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附饱和量为59.81mg/g,Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率达到87%。     

Diets varying in ratio of sweet sorghum silage to corn silage for lactating dairy cows: Feed intake,milk production,blood biochemistry,ruminal fermentation,and ruminal microbial community

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of partial substitution of corn silage (CS) with sweet sorghum silage (SS) in the diets of lactating dairy cows on dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield and composition, blood biochemistry, and ruminal fermentation and microbial community. Thirty mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows [mean ± standard deviation; 639 ± 42.0 kg of body weight; 112 ± 24.0 d in milk (DIM)] were assigned to 3 groups (n = 10/treatment) by considering parity, milk yield, and DIM. The cows were fed ad libitum total mixed rations containing 55% forage and 45% concentrate, with only the proportion of CS and SS varying in 3 treatments (DM basis): SS0 (0% substitution of CS), 40% CS and 0% SS; SS25 (25% substitution of CS)_, 30% CS and 10% SS; and SS50 (50% substitution of CS)_, 20% CS and 20% SS. Dry matter intake and milk protein concentration tended to linearly decrease with increasing proportion of SS in the diet. Yields of milk (mean ± standard deviation, 30.9 ± 1.12 kg/d), 4% fat-corrected milk (30.0 ± 0.81 kg/d), energy-corrected milk, milk protein, lactose, and total solids, concentrations of milk fat, lactose, somatic cell counts, and milk efficiency did not differ among diets. The concentrations in blood of urea nitrogen, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde linearly increased with increasing SS proportion. Blood IgA decreased with increasing SS substitution rate, but blood IgG and IgM were not different among diets. Ruminal pH did not differ among diets, whereas ruminal NH₃-N concentration quadratically changed such that it was greater for SS50 than for SS0 and SS25. Molar proportions of propionate and acetate to propionate ratio were less for SS25 than for SS0. Although the diversity and general ruminal microbial community structure were not altered by partially replacing CS with SS, the relative abundances of predominant bacteria were affected by diets at the phylum and genus levels. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant phyla in the ruminal bacterial community for all diets, and their relative abundance linearly decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing SS substitution rate. Prevotella_1 and Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group were detected as the most and the second most abundant genera, with their relative abundance linearly increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing SS substitution rate. The relative abundance of Fibrobacter linearly increased with increasing dietary SS proportion, with greater abundance observed for SS25 and SS50 than for SS0. These results suggest that substitution of CS with SS altered the relative abundances of some predominant bacteria; however, these changes had little effect on ruminal fermentation and milk yield. Under the current experimental conditions, substituting up to 50% of CS with SS had no negative effects on milk yield, indicating that SS can partially replace CS in the diets of high-producing lactating dairy cows without adding extra grain, when diets are fed for a short time. As the effects of substituting CS with SS depend upon the chemical composition and digestibility of these silages and the nutrient requirements of the cows, additional grain may be required in some cases to compensate for the lower starch content of SS.     

水溶性PVA纤维的溶解过程及其影响因素分析

采用光学显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射(XRD),分析了完全醇解型聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维的溶胀溶解过程.探讨了溶解温度、时间、碱剂(NaOH)和氧化剂(H2O2)对PVA纤维溶解性能的影响.结果表明:水分子渗入到纤维内部减弱无定形区的氢键作用引起纤维溶胀,纤维结晶区吸收能量破坏晶格,使水分子渗入晶区内部发生溶胀溶解.影响水溶性PVA纤维溶解性能的主要因素是溶解温度和溶解时间;Na+产生的凝聚作用抑制了PVA纤维的进一步溶解.     

聚乙烯醇/磷虾蛋白纤维的氢键作用机制及其性能

为解决聚乙烯醇(PVA)难以热塑加工和功能单一的问题,以磷虾蛋白(AKP)和水为增塑剂,通过熔体纺丝制备了PVA/AKP纤维。通过红外光谱仪表征了PVA/AKP纤维中的氢键作用,并分析氢键作用机制。借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热仪和单纤维强力仪等分析了PVA/AKP纤维的结晶性、形态结构、热性能和力学性能等。结果表明:随着AKP质量分数的增加,PVA/AKP纤维中分子内氢键含量和结晶度呈先增大后减小趋势,当AKP质量分数为2%时,PVA/AKP纤维中分子内氢键含量达到最大值(85.37%),结晶度也达到最大值(48%),该条件下纤维断裂强度达到最大值,为2.15 cN/dtex;AKP的加入有助于提高PVA纤维的表面光滑性,PVA/AKP纤维断面呈规则圆形;PVA/AKP纤维对碱溶液的响应性更强,在水中浸渍2 h后纤维吸水率恒定在36%。