3D NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW FIELD AND TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A ROUND BILLET CONTINUOUS CASTING MOLD WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC STIRRING

建立了描述圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程的三维数学模型. 采用有限元和有限体积结合的方法求解Maxwell方程组和湍流Navier-Stokes方程, 分析了结晶器电磁搅拌过程的磁场、流场、温度场和夹杂物轨迹特征, 并考虑了励磁电磁强度和频率的影响. 研究表明, 磁场模拟结果与现场实测数据一致, 电磁力在圆坯水平截面上呈周向分布. 钢液在结晶器纵截面内形成两对回流区, 且在水平截面内旋转流动; 过热钢液滞留在结晶器上部区域, 铸坯芯部温度迅速降低, 凝固前沿温度梯度提高; 大部分夹杂物积聚到结晶器上部区域旋转运动. 励磁电流强度和频率对结晶器内钢液的流动、温度分布及夹杂物运动均有明显影响.     

圆坯结晶器电磁搅拌过程三维流场与温度场数值模拟

建立了描述圆坯连铸结晶器电磁搅拌过程的三维数学模型．采用有限元和有限体积结合的方法求解Maxwell方程组和湍流Navier—Stokes方程,分析了结晶器电磁搅拌过程的磁场、流场、温度场和夹杂物轨迹特征,并考虑了励磁电磁强度和频率的影响．研究表明,磁场模拟结果与现场实测数据一致,电磁力在圆坯水平截面上呈周向分布．钢液在结晶器纵截面内形成两对回流区,且在水平截面内旋转流动;过热钢液滞留在结晶器上部区域,铸坯芯部温度迅速降低,凝固前沿温度梯度提高;大部分夹杂物积聚到结晶器上部区域旋转运动．励磁电流强度和频率对结晶器内钢液的流动、温度分布及夹杂物运动均有明显影响．     

基于多场耦合模型的连铸结晶器内钢液凝固行为分析

针对连铸结晶器内钢液的流动、传热、凝固耦合变化问题,应用连续介质力学和能量守恒理论,建立了板坯连铸结晶器内钢液流动、传热和凝固的三维非稳态数学模型。在此基础上,应用COMSOL软件进行数值模拟和分析。将耦合模型计算得到的凝固坯壳厚度与经验公式进行对比验证,总体符合较好。结果表明,结晶器内钢液流动的基本特征与单流场模型相比并没有发生变化。但是,钢液的上、下回流涡心到自由面的距离及流股冲击深度均有所减小。在靠近结晶器窄面的部分区域由于凝固坯壳的形成,不会出现钢液流动现象。由于凝固坯壳的存在,自由面钢液流速变大,自由面钢流波动更加剧烈。由于钢液的强制对流传热,结晶器内部钢液温度并不是由内到外逐渐降低的,而是出现了小幅度的波动。在结晶器出口处钢液温度较低,且分布不均匀,部分区域温度梯度较大。由于钢液的对流作用促进了钢液的热量传递,结晶器出口处窄面、宽面及角部凝固坯壳更厚。     

板坯连铸结晶器内钢液过热消除过程的数值模拟

利用数值模拟方法研究了连铸结晶器内钢液的三维温度分布和传热,分析了水口浸入深度、水口侧孔倾角、结晶器宽度、拉速、钢液过热度、吹Ar、电磁制动及吹Ar量和电流强度等对结晶器内过热钢液的温度分布和传热的影响.结果表明,凝固坯壳前沿的最大热量传入处出现在结晶器窄面的钢液冲击点附近,钢液的大部分过热耗散发生在这一区域附近;过热钢液传递到凝固坯壳表面的热流量与拉速和过热度的增加成正比;吹Ar导致结晶器窄面冲击区域和宽面上部区域的热流密度增加;电磁制动有利于提高结晶器上部区域的温度,但对热流密度分布没有明显影响;吹Ar和电磁制动的双重作用使结晶器上部区域的宽面热流密度提高,冲击区域的热流密度分布没有明显变化.     

不同冷却结构倒角结晶器与直角结晶器铜板温度场的研究

角部温度对铸坯质量有较大的影响,建立了直角结晶器、2孔1槽倒角结晶器、3孔倒角结晶器和3孔1槽倒角结晶器铜板温度场的三维稳态数学模型,在相同的边界条件下,模拟分析了这4种结晶器的冷却行为及传热特性。对于不同类型铜板的温度分布数值模拟结果表明,相比于直角结晶器,倒角结晶器铜板角部温度有明显的提高,并且窄面的横向温度分布也与直角不同,呈现"W"形分布。2孔1槽型倒角结晶器窄面铜板比其他类型窄面铜板传热性能好,温度分布均匀,为倒角结晶器窄面铜板的设计提供了理论基础。     

炼钢与连铸过程数值模拟研究进展

由于钢的冶炼与连铸过程的复杂性以及现场测试条件的限制,数值模拟已成为解析其过程现象和机理不可或缺的手段,自20世纪80年代以来,这种技术得到了飞速发展。在转炉的冶炼方面,利用氧枪超音速射流特性的模拟研究辅助设计了集束、氦气伴随等新型氧枪,通过对转炉熔池内渣-金-气多相流行为模拟研究有效揭示了混匀效率、炉衬冲刷、金属液滴喷溅等物理现象,同时耦合热力学模拟研究了转炉内脱碳、脱磷化学反应过程;在钢的精炼方面,Euler-Euler模型逐渐替代了准单相和Euler-Lagrange模型,成功描述了底吹Ar气钢包内钢液湍流脉动诱导的气泡扩散行为和气泡上浮诱导钢液湍流等现象,而且钢中夹杂物一些新的传输机理和现象也被提出,并利用CFD-PBM模型有效预测了钢液中夹杂物输运、碰撞聚合及去除行为,丰富了钢包精炼夹杂物去除机理,同时CFD-SRM耦合模型实现了钢包精炼多组分参与渣-金反应和脱硫行为的预测,有效揭示了钢液与顶渣的成分、底吹模式对脱硫效率的影响规律;在钢的连铸方面,坯壳-结晶器Cu板热流模型与坯壳热/力模型的耦合成功预测了结晶器周向和高度方向的保护渣和气隙分布特征,奠定了新型内凸型曲面结晶器设计和微合金钢角部裂纹控制的理论基础,结晶器内流场与电磁场耦合模拟研究阐明了电磁搅拌和电磁制动作用下钢液流动行为、液面波动特征以及夹杂物在连铸坯内分布特征,基于体积平均方法的多场/多相凝固模型成功揭示了连铸坯宏观偏析形成机理,定量预测了不同工艺参数下连铸坯中心偏析指数,此外,连铸坯凝固组织演变模拟在晶粒层面上获得了进展,目前正向枝晶领域扩展。整体上讲,钢的冶炼与连铸过程的数值模拟朝着多物理化学/多场耦合方向发展,且研究尺度逐渐向微观层面过渡。     

钢液中夹杂物的行为特点和去除

分析了钢液中夹杂物的成分组成、来源、对产品质量的影响,讨论了钢液中夹杂物的上浮、碰撞凝聚以及吸附3种行为特点.介绍了夹杂物研究的物理模拟和数值模拟方法,以及吹氩技术、结晶器电磁技术、中间包过滤技术的要点.为满足优质钢对夹杂物含量的严格限制,应充分分析各生产环节夹杂物的来源及去除能力,考虑多种夹杂物去除方法综合运用的可行性,并充分利用物理模拟及数值模拟的灵活性,积极开展夹杂物的深入研究,提高钢液纯净度,提升产品质量和科技竞争力.     

精冲钢连铸坯角部横裂纹产生原因及控制措施

为了研究精冲钢角部横裂纹形成原因并制定相应控制措施,通过数值模拟计算了二冷区连铸坯温度场分布,在此基础上采用Gleeble 3500热模拟机测定了试验钢种在连铸条件下的断面收缩率。使用金相显微镜、扫描电镜对角部横裂纹附近成分、微观组织以及钢中夹杂物进行观察分析。结果表明,连铸坯角部横裂纹形成是由于钢中大尺寸夹杂形成裂纹源,弯曲过程中连铸坯角部表面温度处于第Ⅲ脆性区710~765 ℃,裂纹进一步扩展形成角部横裂纹。针对裂纹产生原因提出延长软吹时间、控制过程温降、调整二冷水量等措施,有效降低连铸坯角部横裂纹产生概率。     

拉速对小薄板坯连铸结晶器内温度、溶质及夹杂物分布的影响

采用数值模拟的方法,建立了140 mm×35 mm小薄板坯连铸过程的流场-温度场-溶质场-夹杂物的耦合数学模型,分析了拉速对结晶器内温度、溶质以及夹杂物分布的影响规律。结果表明,结晶器内溶质富集在固液两相区,在液相中逐渐降低,随着拉速增大,偏析最严重的区域向结晶器窄面靠近;夹杂物的体积分数、数量密度分布与结晶器内钢液的速度分布基本一致,在钢液流动方向上较高,在液相中不断降低。随着拉速增大,出口处夹杂物体积分数与数量密度变大,距离中心对称面越近,夹杂物体积分数与数量密度变化越显著。     

连铸结晶器内簇状夹杂物分形生长的Monte-Carlo模拟

建立夹杂物分形长大数学模型来描述连铸结晶器内夹杂物的动态长大过程.采用Euler方法给出了连铸结晶器内钢液流动和夹杂物的三维分布,采用Lagrange方法跟踪单个夹杂物颗粒在夹杂物浓度场中的运动来研究其碰撞、长大过程.计算结果表明:钢液的夹带作用是影响夹杂物分布的关键因素.钢液流动和夹杂物分布在连铸机内均具有上、下两个循环区,在出口处具有"W"分布特征.对于单个夹杂物,由于种于夹杂物不断吸附其它夹杂物,因此较大粒径的夹杂物具有多个突起和触手,呈簇状形态.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.