不同储存时间对普洱茶有机溶剂萃取物清除自由基活性的影响

本文以半数抑制浓度IC50的大小研究了十种茶叶（不同年份的生普和熟普）有机溶剂萃取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,生茶有机溶剂萃取层清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧自由基的IC50最小分别可达0.339 mg/mL、0.074 mg/mL、1.206 mg/mL,熟茶清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基、超氧自由基的IC50最小分别可达0.554 mg/mL、0.164 mg/mL、1.927 mg/mL,生茶的抗氧化能力明显优于熟茶;各种普洱茶对自由基的清除能力主要取决于各萃取液中的多酚和黄酮含量。生茶乙酸乙酯层的茶多酚萃取量最多,在7.33-9.57%之间,正丁醇层的黄酮类物质的萃取量最多在7.08-10.99%之间,熟茶正丁醇层的茶多酚含量和黄酮类物质的含量在个有机溶剂层中均是最高的,分别在3.62-5.73%之间和4.75-5.83%之间,乙酸乙酯层和正丁醇层的萃取化合物具有较多的羟基,具有较强的清除自由基的能力;茶叶的储存时间对各萃取液的抗氧化能力无显著影响。     

POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF MARINE RED ALGA GRATELOUPIA FILICINA EXTRACTS

Grateloupia filicina is an important alga cultivated as a source of food in Korea and Japan. In order to examine its potential antioxidant activity, crude extracts of G. filicina were evaluated for their effect on scavenging of reactive oxygen species (DPPH, H, H₂O₂ and O₂) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The activities of these extracts were compared with those of commercial antioxidants such as BHA, BHT and α-tocopherol. The methanolic extract (2 mg/mL) of G. filicina scavenged 82% of DPPH radicals which is almost three times higher than that of BHT. The same methanolic extract scavenged 65% of superoxide onion which is almost two times higher than that of BHT and α-tocopherol. In contrast, the extracts in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride inhibited lipid peroxidation more effectively than all commercial antioxidants tested in a linoleic acid model system.     

白茶乙醇提取物体外抗氧化活性研究

研究福鼎白茶乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化能力及其对人结肠腺癌Caco-2细胞氧化损伤保护效果。采用化学比色法测定白茶提取物中茶多酚和总黄酮物质含量。利用二苯代苦味酰基自由基(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)和超氧阴离子(O₂-)自由基清除率及总还原力来评价白茶乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化能力。此外,建立过氧化氢(H₂O₂,150 μmol/L)诱导的人Caco-2细胞氧化损伤模型来评估白茶乙醇提取物对氧化损伤细胞的保护效果。MTT法测定白茶提物对细胞生存率的影响。细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)水平按说明书使用试剂盒测定。丙二醛(malondiadehycle,MDA)的含量以硫代巴比妥酸法(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)测定。结果表明,白茶乙醇提取物含较丰富的茶多酚(343.00±27.90 mg没食子酸/g)与黄酮类(24.95±0.56 mg芦丁/g)物质,并具有良好的DPPH自由基(半清除浓度为330.63 μg/mL)、超氧阴离子清除力(半清除浓度为342.90 μg/mL)及较强的总还原力。同时,白茶乙醇提取物可抑制H₂O₂对Caco-2细胞所造成氧化损伤并提高其生存率至85.6%。白茶乙醇提取物还能提高受损细胞内SOD和GSH-Px的活性,并能降低由于氧化应激损伤所导致的细胞损伤标记物MDA水平的升高。综合而言,白茶乙醇提取物具有较强的体外抗氧化能力并对氧化损伤细胞有较好的保护作用。白茶提取物对氧化应激损伤细胞的保护作用可能与其所含有的茶多酚和黄酮类物质有关。     

Effect of Antioxidants on the Oxidative Stability of Chicken Breast Meat in a Dispersion System

ABSTRACT: The antioxidant efficiency of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, Trolox C, and catechin were evaluated for chicken breast meat in a dispersion system at 37 °C. Peroxidation was induced by adding different kinds of initiators. The initiators exhibited the following order of catalytic action: ascorbic acid/Fe²⁺ > hemoglobin > Cu⁺/H₂O₂ > 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH). The antioxidant efficiency of the antioxidants tested depended on their phase distribution and their reactivity to the radicals in various initiation systems. Among the antioxidants tested, catechin was the most effective antioxidant for chicken breast meat oxidation under the experimental conditions.     

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on quality of fresh-cut tomato

ABSTRACT:  The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 M) on selected nutritional quality of fresh-cut tomato was investigated. Microbial population of tomato slices stored at 10 °C and treated with H₂O₂ was lower than the control by 1-(0.2 and 0.4 M) and 5-log (0.4 M), 3 and 7 d after processing, respectively. Dipping fresh-cut tomato into H₂O₂ resulted in reduced phenolic and antioxidant levels after 7 d in storage by at least 5% and 20%, respectively, and produced an initial decline in vitamin C and lycopene. Change in color values in the H₂O₂ treatments were associated with reduced carotenoid content. Our results confirmed antimicrobial benefits of H₂O₂ but revealed a compromise in antioxidant and carotenoid contents of fresh-cut tomatoes.     

不同贮藏年份蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶抗氧化成分及抗氧化活性

测定了贮藏5、10、15、20年和2016年制作(实验当年做为对照)的蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶中茶多酚、黄酮、游离氨基酸、茶黄素、儿茶素和咖啡碱等几种抗氧化成分的含量及其抗氧化活性,并研究了两者之间的相关性。结果表明:在20年贮期内,随着贮藏时间的延长,蜜兰香型岭头单丛茶的茶多酚、黄酮和儿茶素含量上升,游离氨基酸和咖啡碱含量下降,茶黄素含量先上升后下降。不同贮藏年份的岭头单丛茶清除DPPH自由基和羟自由基的能力,抑制超氧阴离子自由基的能力及还原力均有差异,通过综合指数(APC)评价抗氧化能力结果可知:抗氧化活性贮藏20年>10年>15年>5年>对照。单丛茶水提物对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力与茶多酚、黄酮、儿茶素的含量呈显著性正相关(p<0.05)。还原能力和抑制超氧阴离子自由基能力与各抗氧化成分之间相关性不显著(p>0.05)。     

On the importance of adequately choosing the ingredients of yoghurt and enriched milk for their antioxidant activity

The antioxidant activity of several dairy products, yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon, fermented milk, yoghurt with strawberry pulp, 'low-calorie' yoghurt with inulin and milk enriched with vitamin E and their ingredients were analysed. Yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon showed the best lipidic antioxidant capacity. All the dairy products analysed were very good OH· radical scavengers. The dairy products analysed were unable to scavenge H₂O₂ except green tea. The antioxidant activity of these samples resisted high temperatures in the Rancimat test; of the ingredients analysed, the best antioxidant activity was found for vitamin E followed by green tea, pectin, Lactobacillus acidophilus , lemon pulp and cornstarch. Antioxidant activity did not suffer variations during storage at an unfavourable temperature (40 °C), as demonstrated by the linoleic acid assay. Yoghurt enriched with green tea and lemon, yoghurt with strawberry pulp and low-calorie yoghurt with inulin produced the best results in the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay.     

贮藏时间对雅安藏茶中活性成分及其抗氧化活性的影响

为研究贮藏过程中雅安藏茶中茶色素、多酚及其抗氧化活性的变化情况,对不同贮藏时间藏茶中茶色素、总多酚、总黄酮及其抗氧化活性进行比较。结果表明,随着贮藏时间从4年递增到10年的过程中,藏茶中茶褐素含量从5.95 g/100 g显著提升到8.54 g/100 g（P<0.05）,而茶黄素、茶红素、总多酚、总黄酮、咖啡碱、儿茶素以及儿茶素单体（EGC、CG、ECG、EGCG、EC）含量显著降低（P<0.05）。此外,藏茶ABTS自由基清除能力从6759.54 μg/g显著减弱到4086.43 μg/g（P<0.05）,而DPPH自由基清除能力同样从43.50 μg/g显著减弱到 21.02 μg/g（P<0.05）,且与总多酚、总黄酮、儿茶素、咖啡碱、EGC、EC、EGCG、ECG、茶红素、茶黄素呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。而茶褐素与总多酚、总黄酮、儿茶素、咖啡碱、CG、EGC、EC、EGCG、ECG、茶黄素以及茶红素呈现显著负相关（P<0.05）。贮藏时间越长,藏茶中多酚类物质降低而茶褐素含量越高,使得陈化藏茶具有降脂减肥等保健功效。     

Desulfiting Dried Apricots by Hydrogen Peroxide

ABSTRACT: Removal of sulfites from excessively sulfited dried apricots using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was studied. Dried apricots were dipped into 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% H₂O₂ solutions at 20 °C and 40 °C for various times. At 60 °C, apricots were also treated with 1% H₂O₂ solution. Removal of sulfites by H₂O₂ followed a 1st-order kinetic model. At 20 °C to 60 °C and 1% H₂O₂ concentration, the E_a value was 22.46 kJ mol⁻¹. H₂O₂ treatment caused lighter, more yellow, and less red dried apricots. Critical factors for H₂O₂ application are choosing the appropriate H₂O₂ concentration, temperature, and exposure time and without bleaching the natural color of dried apricots.     

Food Deprivation Promotes Oxidative Imbalance in Rat Brain

ABSTRACT:  The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of food deprivation in brain oxidative status of Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. For this purpose, we evaluated several oxidative stress parameters: lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and protein oxidation markers, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels, nonenzymatic (reduced [GSH] and oxidized glutathione [GSSG] and vitamin E) and enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase [GPx], glutathione reductase [GRed], and manganese superoxide dismutase [MnSOD]) antioxidant defenses. Four-mo-old Wistar and GK rats were divided into 2 groups. One group of each rat strain was maintained under normal diet and the other groups were maintained under 50% food deprivation during 2 mo. GK rats under normal diet presented lower levels of vitamin E and higher GRed activity and GSH/GSSG ratio when compared with Wistar control rats. In Wistar rats, food deprivation induced a significant decrease in vitamin E levels and a significant increase in GPx activity, H₂O₂ production, and TBARS formation in the presence of the prooxidant pair ADP/Fe²⁺. However, GK rats under food deprivation presented a significant decrease in vitamin E levels and GRed activity and a significant increase in H₂O₂ production when compared with GK under normal diet. In summary, our results indicate that food deprivation affects brain oxidative status, which could predispose brain cells to degeneration and death.     

Effects of Hot Rehydration in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Microbial Quality, Texture, Color, and Antioxidant Activity of Cold-stored Intermediate-moisture Sun-dried Figs

ABSTRACT: Pectin methylesterase (PME) causes considerable softening in intermediate-moisture (IM) figs rehydrated at 30°C and cold stored at 28% to 29% moisture content. Rehydration of figs at 80°C for 16 min inactivated PME partially (25–30%), but this did not prevent the softening over 3 mo of cold storage. Also, heating did not reduce the microbial load of figs significantly and increased their browning. In contrast, rehydration of figs 1st in 2.5% H₂O₂ at 80°C for 8 min and then in water at 80°C for 8 min reduced the microbial load of IM figs significantly, turned their brown color to yellow-light brown, and maintained their desired textural properties. The residual H₂O₂ in IM figs decomposed in 3 or 1.5 wk by the in situ catalase or by application of the iron (II) sulfate-ascorbic acid residue elimination method, respectively. Hot rehydration did not affect the antioxidant activity of IM figs, but treatment of figs with H₂O₂ increased their antioxidant activity slightly. These results indicate that the hot rehydration of figs in the presence of H₂O₂ and cold storage may be applied to obtain safe and SO₂-free light-colored IM fig products.     

Chemiluminescent determination of hydrogen peroxide in water

A method for determining low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in water, based on the chemiluminescent oxidation of 3-aminophthalhydrazide (luminol) by H₂O₂ in the presence of a copper ion catalyst, is described. Levels of H₂O₂ down to 3 × 10^-8 mol/1 (1 ppb) can be determined. The method may be used to monitor the amount of residual H₂O₂ in aseptically filled packages sterilized with H₂O₂ before filling.     

Major Phytochemical Composition of 3 Native Korean Citrus Varieties and Bioactive Activity on V79-4 Cells Induced by Oxidative Stress

ABSTRACT:  Three citrus varieties grown in Korea, namely, Yuza ( Citrus junos  Sieb ex Tanaka), Kjool ( Citrus unshiu  Marcow), and Dangyooja ( Citrus grandis  Osbeck), were evaluated for their dietary fiber, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total carotenoids as well as individual flavonoids composition. The biochemical characteristics of citrus varieties were examined by the antioxidant capacity (731 to 1221 μmol of Trolox equivalent/g), total phenolic (334 to 411 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoid contents (214 to 281 mg of catechin equivalent/100 g), and total carotenoid contents (63 to 84 mg/100 g). Six flavonoids, including naringin, naringenin, hesperidin, hesperetin, neohesperidin, and luteolin, were tentatively identified. Naringin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin were the predominant flavonoids in 3 citrus varieties. Among the citrus varieties studied, Yuza showed higher antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total carotenoids, and lower superoxide radical scavenging assay (SRSA) IC₅₀ values than other varieties. Furthermore, Korean citrus showed higher protective effect on gap-junction intercellular communication (GJIC) as compared to vitamin C and luteolin.     

Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete Phellinus igniarius in Submerged Cultures

ABSTRACT:  Dried mycelia and mycelia-free broths produced by submerged cultures of  Phellinus igniarius  under optimal culture conditions were extracted using methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia-free broth (MEB) showed significant antioxidant properties for all EC₅₀ values less than 10 mg/mL except for MEB in scavenging effects on DPPH radicals. Hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) were evidenced by their low EC₅₀ values (<10 mg/mL) to be effective in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. α-tocopherol was mainly found in MEM and γ-tocopherol in MEB. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoids were abundant in methanolic extracts (MEM + MEB), whereas total phenols were rich in HWEM. An excellent correlation between contents of total phenols and EC₅₀ values was accomplished for antioxidant activity ( R ²= 0.996) and chelating ferrous ions ability ( R ²= 0.922).
Practical Application: In our paper, the products by submerged culture of  Phellinus igniarius  exhibited powerful antioxidant properties. Results told that extracts from fermenting products by  P. igniarius  might be good sources for antioxidant-related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.     

The Binding of H2O2-Generated Fe(III) to Bifidobacterium thermophilum Depends on the Method of its Production

ABSTRACT: Fe(OH)₃ was produced from Fe(II) and H₂O₂ by methods associated with high and low free radical activity. More Fe(OH)₃ became bound to Bifidobacterium thermophilum when the former type of method was used, and protoplasting experiments indicated that binding to both the cell walls and membranes was enhanced. Binding to cell walls was instantaneous, whilst that by the membranes increased with time using both methods. Al(III), a lipid peroxidation enhancer, increased Fe(OH)₃ binding by membranes only. It was concluded that B. thermophilum is able to abate increased activity of free radicals not only by scavenging them, but also by removing iron from their environment.     

Production of Hydrogen Peroxide by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis as Influenced by Media Used for Propagation of Cells

ABSTRACT: Cells of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis I were grown in several media to determine the most suitable medium for production of H₂O₂ during refrigerated storage. H₂O₂ was detected from cells that were resuspended in phosphate buffer containing variable amounts of glucose. Cells grown in MRS broth produced more H₂O₂ during refrigerated storage than those grown in LBS pr PTM. Cells grown in LBS produced more H₂O₂ then those grown in PTM. For both MRS and LBS, cells inoculated in phosphate buffer containing 0% glucose produced significantly more H₂O₂ than those containing 1% or 10% glucose. MRS medium appears to be the best medium for growing cells for the production of H₂O₂.     

Screening for Phase II Enzyme-inducing and Antioxidant Activities of Common Vegetables

ABSTRACT: Quinone reductase (QR)-inducing activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of common vegetables was determined using a murine hepatoma (Hepa 1c1c7) cell bioassay. QR induction observed for aqueous extracts reached 13-fold for corn, 8-fold for kale, and 5-fold for snap beans. QR induction of ethanol extracts reached about 3-fold for both garlic and snap beans, and about 2-fold for both red beetroots and kale. These aqueous extracts were effective inhibitors (kale ∼ red beetroots > corn ∼ green beans > garlic) of the generation of 2-2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS^•+) by metmyoglobin and H₂O₂, whereas the ethanolic extracts were not inhibitory. Aqueous extracts reduced pre-formed ABTS^•+ more effectively (> 95% inhibition) than did ethanolic extracts (∼50 to 90% inhibition). All vegetable extracts inhibited oxyradical-mediated β-carotene bleaching, where kale and red beetroot extracts exhibited the strongest protective effect.     

Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Radical Scavenging Activity of 21 Selected Tropical Plants

ABSTRACT:  Free radical scavenging activity of 21 tropical plant extracts was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and HPLC, respectively. Results of the study revealed that all the plants tested exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ in the range of 21.3 to 89.6 μg/mL. The most potent activity was demonstrated by  Cosmos caudatus  (21.3 μg/mL) and  Piper betle  (23.0 μg/mL) that are not significantly different than that of     -tocopherol or BHA.  L. inermis  extract was found to consist of the highest concentration of phenolics, catechin, epicatechin, and naringenin. High content of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were identified in  Vitex negundo ,  Centella asiatica , and  Sesbania grandiflora  extracts, respectively. Luteolin and apigenin, on the other hand, were found in  Premna cordifolia  and  Kaempferia galanga  extracts. Strong correlation ( R  = 0.8613) between total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids ( R  = 0.8430) and that of antioxidant activity of the extracts were observed. The study revealed that phenolic, in particular flavonoids, may be the main contributors to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the plants.
Practical Application: Potent antioxidant from natural sources is of great interest to replace the use of synthetic antioxidants. In addition, some of the plants have great potential to be used in the development of functional ingredients/foods that are currently in demand for the health benefits associated with their use.     

Factors Limiting the Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide Washes for Decontamination of Apples Containing Escherichia coli

Factors limiting efficacy of H₂O₂ washes and alternative decontamination strategies were investigated with Golden Delicious apples, inoculated with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. Post-treatment rinsing decreased efficacy by eliminating residual H₂O₂. A 2-stage wash incorporating a rinse to remove surfactant residues prior to H₂O₂ application was developed. Rapid attachment of E. coli to apples prevented effective removal by washing with water. Surviving E. coli following a 5% H₂O₂ wash were concentrated in stem and calyx areas. Survival was independent of the time interval between inoculation and washing. E. coli inoculation of punctured apple surfaces resulted in growth at 20 °C and greater survival after washing with 5% H₂O₂. Improved decontamination methods are needed.     

文冠果芽茶与叶茶主要营养功能成分分析及抗氧化活性评价

以张掖高台种植的文冠果芽茶与叶茶为试验材料,对其营养功能成分及抗氧化活性进行比较;使用INQ法对其营养成分进行质量评价,并对功能成分与抗氧化能力进行相关性分析。结果表明,芽茶中K、Zn、Cu含量及K/Na显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）,二者均呈现高K低Na特点。芽茶中粗蛋白含量显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）、而粗脂肪含量叶茶显著高于芽茶（P<0.05）。营养质量评价表明,芽茶、叶茶K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、粗脂肪、粗蛋白INQ均>1;Na、Mg和可溶性总糖INQ芽茶<叶茶<1。芽茶多酚含量显著高于叶茶（P<0.05）,黄酮含量差异不明显。芽茶与叶茶对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、O₂?·清除能力的IC₅₀分别为2.52和2.69、1.65和1.74、1.64和2.10 μg·mL?1,阳性对照芦丁在此浓度范围内无IC₅₀,抗氧化能力强弱为芽茶>叶茶>芦丁。相关性分析表明,芽茶、叶茶多酚、黄酮含量与DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、O₂?·清除率均呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,芽茶相关系数为0.892~0.990,叶茶相关系数为0.879~0.994。以上研究表明,文冠果芽茶的营养功能价值及抗氧化能力优于叶茶,有开发新产品的潜力。