超声波促进石化水厂污泥有机物和氮磷的释放

以石化污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,考察了超声波破解过程中有机物及氮磷的释放特性。实验结果表明,超声波可以有效的破解污泥,使污泥细胞内的有机物和氮磷等营养物质大量释出。污泥上清液中溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)随着超声声强的增加和破解时间的延长而显著升高,在4种不同的超声声压(50 V,100 V,150 V,200 V)作用下破解25 min,上清液SCOD值分别为初始的3.0,5.7,8.2,9.9倍。超声破解石化水厂剩余污泥有机物的溶出效果要比破解城市污水厂剩余污泥差。在相同的超声波声强和超声时间下,40 KHz和21 KHz两种超声频率的超声波对石化水厂剩余污泥的破解效果可近似认为相等。     

微波-超声波对铝加工污泥的脱水性能研究

采用微波调理、超声波调理以及微波-超声联用调理技术对铝加工污泥进行了实验,通过改变微波功率、微波时间、超声时间等因素,研究污泥含水率和损耗比的变化情况。结果表明,微波单独调理,微波功率为400 W,微波辐射时间为40 s时,污泥含水率从90%降至最低为74.87%;超声波单独调理,超声时间为8 min时,污泥含水率从90%降至最低为77.57%;微波-超声联用调理时,微波功率为400 W,微波辐射时间为40 s,超声时间为4 min时,污泥含水率从90%降至74.09%。     

超声功率对超声破解污泥的影响

超声破解是促进污泥厌氧消化的一项新技术，超声功率直接影响污泥破解的效率和能耗。本文通过探头式和槽式超声波反应器不同功率组合成单功率模式、双功率模式和三功率模式破解污泥的试验，得出低功率长时间利于污泥超声破解，但速率较低，低功率组合可提高破解速率。综合分析比较，得出三功率模式中，低功率组合更利于污泥超声破解。     

超声波法提取淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷工艺研究

对超声波辅助提取淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷进行研究,以淫羊藿苷为考察目标,系统考察了超声波频率、乙醇浓度、超声提取时间、料液比四个因素对提取效果的影响。通过正交实验初步确定最佳提取工艺条件为:90%乙醇,超声波功率900 W,提取时间60 min,料液比1∶20。     

超声波辅助提取八角莲黄酮类化合物的初步研究

采用单因素和正交试验对野生八角莲中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺进行研究。主要考察乙醇浓度、料液比、超声时间及超波功率等4个因素对提取率的影响,结果表明：超声波辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度50%、料液比1∶20、超声时间25 min、超声功率120 W,黄酮类化合物的提取率为7.183%。     

超声波/H_2O_2协同降解酸性紫红染料的研究

采用超声波/H2O2降解水中酸性紫红染料,考察了超声波/H2O2的协同效应及超声功率、声密度、超声时间、染料初始浓度等因素对酸性紫红染料去除率的影响。结果表明,超声波/H2O2对酸性紫红染料的降解具有明显的协同作用,其去除率比超声波单独作用提高了40%。在一定的条件下,去除率随超声功率的增大而增加,随溶液体积的增加而减少,随超声时间的延长而增大,随染料初始浓度的增加而减少。     

超声波-高锰酸钾耦合工艺对污泥破解效果的研究

采用超声波、超声波-高锰酸钾耦合工艺预处理剩余污泥。通过对比破解前后污泥上清液中混合液挥发性悬浮固体浓度/混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLVSS/MLSS)、污泥体积指数(SVI)、污泥破解率(DD)、溶解性蛋白质质量浓度、溶解性多糖质量浓度、含固率等变化,考察超声波、超声波-高锰酸钾(KMnO_4)耦合工艺对污泥破解以及污泥特性的影响。结果表明,超声波单独处理最佳处理条件为:声能密度为2. 0 k W/L、反应时间为20 min。此时,污泥的DD、蛋白质质量浓度、多糖质量浓度分别可达18. 41%、180. 21 mg/L、185. 88 mg/L,同时污泥破解后含固率可达6. 2%,污泥的离心脱水性能得到改善。KMnO_4-超声耦合工艺可进一步促进剩余污泥破解。破解效果影响因素的主次顺序为声能密度反应时间KMnO4投加量。因此,确定的最佳声能密度为2. 4 kW/L、最佳反应时间为25 min、最佳KMnO_4投加量为2 200 mg/L。此时污泥上清液中蛋白质、多糖的质量浓度分别可达295. 56、361. 27 mg/L;粒径和电镜结果与此匹配。     

超声催化氧化法对玫瑰红B溶液的脱色研究

采用超声催化氧化法对玫瑰红B溶液进行脱色处理,通过单因素实验探讨了H2O2投加量、超声时间、超声频率、超声功率、pH值、CuSO4投加量以及溶液初始浓度等因素对脱色率的影响.通过正交实验,得出影响脱色率的主次因素依次为:pH值>超声时间>超声频率>H2O2投加量,确定最佳反应条件为:pH值7、30% H2O2投加量1.8 mL或1.5 mL、超声时间40 min、超声频率59 kHz.并对H2O2、H2O2/CuSO4、超声、超声/H2O2和超声/H2O2/CuSO4体系的处理效果进行了比较,证实超声催化氧化法中超声、H2O2、CuSO4的协同作用明显.     

超声-碱组合工艺对污泥释放有机物及氮磷的影响

污泥破解释放的有机物可以用于微生物隐形生长和反硝化脱氮,从而实现污泥减量与资源回收。然而该过程释放的氮磷可能会影响生化系统的出水水质,因此需要对污泥破解效果进行系统的评估。基于此,考察了超声-碱组合工艺对污泥中有机物及氮磷释放的影响。研究结果表明,超声-碱组合工艺可以有效的破解污泥释放有机物和氮磷,初始pH是影响物质释放的关键。正交实验结果表明,在初始pH、反应时间、脉冲比和声能量密度中,初始pH是溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)释放的最主要影响因素,对SCOD、TP和TN释放影响显著。从碳源回收的角度出发,超声-碱组合工艺最佳的运行参数为初始pH=12,反应时间=70 min,脉冲比=2:1,声能量密度=1.6 W/mL。在最佳条件下处理后,SCOD、TP、TN和NH₄⁺-N分别从23、3.66、57.6、0.85 mg/L增加到3 316、41.3、318.1、53.8 mg/L。显微镜观察的结果证实,经过超声-碱组合工艺处理后,污泥絮体被充分破碎。     

正交法优选石榴皮中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺

采用正交试验方法研究石榴皮中黄酮的提取工艺,原料为攀枝花大田石榴,以芦丁为标准品,采用分光光度法,以超声波辅助提取,并用提取物得率为考察指标,结果显示乙醇提取法最佳工艺组合为A2B2C2D2,即:超声提取时间30 min、料液比1∶20、乙醇浓度70 %、超声波功率45 W.其中主要因素为超声提取时间.影响最小因素为超声频率.超声提取时间、溶剂倍量因素以及乙醇浓度对总黄酮溶出含量影响极大,应加以控制.     

Ultrasonic pre‐treatment of biological sludge: consequences for disintegration,anaerobic biodegradability,and filterability

BACKGROUND: Disintegration was developed as a pretreatment process for sludge to accelerate the digestion processes. Ultrasonic treatment may be a good alternative for sludge disintegration. In this study, different specific energy inputs ranged between 0 and 15 880 kJ kg^?1 and very low ultrasonic densities ranged between 0.04 and 0.1 W mL^?1 were applied to biological sludge for disintegration purposes. The potential for improving anaerobic digestion through ultrasonic pre‐treatment and the effect of ultrasonic pre‐treatment on the filterability characteristics of sludge were also investigated. RESULTS: 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS of supplied energy and very low power density of 0.09 Wm L^?1 are efficient for floc disintegration. For 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS, 44% higher methane production was achieved than with raw sludge as a result of biochemical methane potential assay. The supernatant characteristics of the sludge were also affected by the ultrasonic pre‐treatment. For 9690 kJ kg^?1 TS, the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in the sludge supernatant increased by 340%, 860%, 716%, and 207.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonic pre‐treatment is an effective method for biological sludge disintegration even at very low ultrasonic density levels. It leads to increased anaerobic biodegradability but deteriorates the filterability characteristics of biological sludge. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

超声波破碎联合ClO_2氧化污泥的效能研究

采用先超声波对取自SBR的剩余污泥进行物理破碎,然后投加ClO_2进行化学氧化溶胞破解污泥,通过单因素试验考察主要影响因素对污泥破解效果的影响;通过正交试验研究超声波联合ClO_2对剩余污泥细胞破解的效率,得出各主要因素的影响规律及最佳污泥破解条件。结果表明,污泥上清液各相关指标的变化幅度与声能密度、ClO_2投加量正相关,但随着时间的延长及ClO_2投加量的增加,变化幅度趋缓。最佳处理条件为:超声波声能密度为1.0 W/m L,作用时间为6 min,ClO_2投加量为6 mg/g[干泥],能使SCOD增幅达2 213%,TN增幅达203.67%,TP增幅达827.08%,MLSS减幅达6.48%。     

超声波破解污泥对厌氧水解过程中有机物水解的影响

为了研究超声波预处理对污泥厌氧水解过程的作用,利用声能密度为0.96 kW/L的超声波对污泥进行破解,考察厌氧水解过程中蛋白质及多糖的浓度的变化。结果表明,随着超声波破解时间的延长,污泥中的溶解性蛋白质和多糖浓度总体呈现上升趋势;污泥经0.96 kW/L的超声波破解15 min后进行厌氧水解,溶解性蛋白质及多糖的质量浓度分别是未破解污泥的42.4倍及15.6倍,其水解饱和常数分别为834.28和151.40,同时,蛋白酶及α-葡萄糖苷酶活力是未破解污泥的2.04倍及1.68倍,说明超声波预处理对污泥厌氧水解有很好的促进作用。     

剩余污泥中磷回收的试验研究

以SBR反应器运行过程产生的剩余污泥为研究对象,采用MAP法对经超声处理后的污泥中的氮、磷元素进行回收研究。考察不同超声时间（10、20、30 min）、超声频率（40、80 kHz）和pH（7.0、8.0、9.0）条件下,剩余污泥上清液中氮、磷的回收效果,以期探求最佳回收条件。结果表明污泥在超声频率为80 kHz,时间为10 min后所释放的氮、磷量最大。在最佳的磷镁比为1.8-2.0条件下用磷酸铵镁沉淀法（MAP）进行回收,当pH值为7.0,反应时间为15 min时获得最佳磷回收效果,磷回收率可达62.3%。     

Studies of ultrasound disintegration of residual sludge and its energy consumption in water treatment of petrochemical plant

To investigate the influence of ultrasound pretreatment on sludge anaerobic digestion, the ultrasound disintegration of residual sludge in water treatment of petrochemical plant was studied, and the mechanisms of ultrasound and medium were introduced. Experimental results indicate that ultrasound cavitation induces the rise of sludge temperature, which improves ultrasound disintegration on sludge. Ultrasound pretreatment can advance observably the quantity of chemical oxygen demand in sludge supernatant fluid (SCOD), which increases with ultrasound intensity and sonication time. The degree of ultrasound disintegration increases with the specific energy input. When the specific energy input is 10 000 kJ/kg of total dry solids, the degree of ultrasonic sludge disintegration reaches 40%. __________ Translated from Chemical Engineering, 2006, 34(11): 64–67 [译自: 化学工程]     

Characteristics of sludge hydrolysis by ultrasound and thermal pretreatment at low temperature

Ultrasonic treatment and thermal treatment at low temperature were employed together to analyze and compare the effect of temperature on ultrasonic sludge hydrolysis. Waste activated sludge was more susceptible to ultrasound than anaerobic sludge and primary sludge. In ultrasonic treatment of waste activated sludge for 1 hour, ΔSCOD/(−ΔVSS) ratio decreased from 2.40 to 0.44, indicating that high COD components were solubilized faster than the low COD components. Ultrasonic treatment increased the temperature significantly and the heat effect on sludge hydrolysis was not negligible. Primary sludge was more susceptible to heat than waste activated sludge. A sequential treatment of heat and ultrasound of primary sludge showed that hydrolysis efficiency was more affected by the ultrasonic power than the temperature and the time duration. In case of waste activated sludge, the overall hydrolysis efficiency increased with the temperature up to 50°C, and it remained almost constant at higher temperature. From the results the contribution of shear force by cavitation bubbles decreased at higher temperature. The effects of shear and heat in ultrasonic sludge treatment need to be analyzed separately for the optimum sludge pretreatment.     

剩余污泥高速转盘破解及破解液厌氧消化特性

采用自主开发并设计制造的高速转盘剩余污泥破解装置进行剩余污泥破解实验,考察不同的运转条件对污泥粒径、破解率的影响,并对破解污泥的厌氧消化特性进行实验研究。实验发现:转盘在高混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)质量浓度(高黏度)的剩余污泥中高速旋转所产生的流体剪切力是导致污泥破解的主要因素,破解污泥的中值粒径可达15μm以下、破解率在50%以上。高速转盘破解污泥的厌氧消化性能明显提高:在污泥停留时间为10 d的厌氧消化实验中,破解污泥CH4产生量与混合液挥发性悬浮固体(MLVSS)去除率与未破解污泥的相比分别提高了近20%和12.1%;在不同投配比条件下(3.33%,5%,10%,20%)的半连续式厌氧消化实验中,各个投配比条件下破解污泥的CH4产量均明显提高,若注重污泥的资源化利用考虑,最佳投配比应介于5%—10%。     

超声波分解石化水厂剩余污泥及其能耗

为了考察超声波预处理对污泥厌氧消化的强化作用,初步研究了超声波对石化水厂剩余污泥的作用效果,介绍了超声波与媒质的相互作用机制。研究表明,一定时间的超声波作用会导致污泥温度升高,这种污泥温度的升高可以增强超声波对剩余污泥的分解效果;超声波预处理可以显著提高污泥上清液中化学需氧量(SCOD),并且SCOD随着超声声强的增大和超声处理时间的延长而增大;超声分解污泥的程度随着比能耗的增加而增加,当比能耗为10 000 kJ/kg时,污泥的分解程度可以达到40%。     

Possibilities of using the ultrasonic wave transmission method to estimate initial setting time of cement paste

In this paper, the applicability of the ultrasonic wave transmission method to estimate the initial setting time of an arbitrary cement paste is discussed. Ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements were fully automated and measured continuously. The Vicat Needle Test was used in order to determine the initial setting time of cement pastes. Different cement pastes were prepared in order to check the influence of the water/cement ratio, type of cement, curing temperature, cement fineness, and some clinker compositions, on the relationship between the initial setting time and ultrasonic pulse velocity. It was found that the initial setting time of an arbitrary cement paste can be estimated very accurately by the time the first inflection point appears on the ultrasonic pulse velocity curve. Moreover, it can be estimated quite accurately by the time the ultrasonic pulse velocity reaches a fixed value, close to the value of the ultrasonic pulse velocity in water.