输气管线在役焊接管道内壁变形的数值模拟

采用焊接过程数值模拟软件SYSWELD研究了输气管线在役焊接过程中管道内壁的变形,并和常规焊接进行了对比.结果表明,对于在役焊接近缝区的一点,随着焊接热源的靠近,变形量逐渐增大,当焊接热源经过该点时变形量最大,在随后的冷却过程中,变形量减小.在役焊接时焊接接头的变形与常规焊接有较大差异,在役焊接过程中接头的瞬态变形和残余变形均为外凸变形;而对于常规焊接,随着焊接冷却过程的进行,逐渐由外凸变形过渡为内凹变形,最终的残余变形为内凹变形.随着焊接热输入的增大,在役焊接接头近缝区的瞬态变形和残余变形均增大,远离焊缝中心区域的瞬态变形和残余变形随着热输入的增加而减小.     

基于SYSWELD的运行管道在役焊接热循环数值模拟

采用焊接过程数值模拟软件SYSWELD建立模型,以水为运行介质,对X70管道在役焊接粗晶区的热循环进行了数值模拟,探讨了介质流速、管道壁厚和焊接热输入等因素对在役焊接热循环的影响规律,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,在役焊接粗晶区t8/5值随着水流速度的增大而减小,但减小的幅度不大;当流速小于0.5 m/s时,t8/3和t8/1随流速的增大而大幅减小,当流速大于0.5 m/s时,t8/3和t8/1随流速增大而缓慢减小.t8/5和t8/3均随着管道壁厚的增加而先增大后减小,在壁厚为8 mm时达到最大值;t8/1随着壁厚的增加而逐渐增大.随着焊接热输入的增加,t8/5,t8/3和t8/1均增大.焊接热循环计算结果和实测结果吻合较好,相对误差小于8%.     

耐热钢厚壁管环焊残余应力的有限元分析

以热-弹塑性理论为基础，建立了厚壁管环焊残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型，利用ANSYS有限元分析软件，模拟了耐热钢厚壁管环焊对接的应力分布。结果表明，焊缝内表面及其附近处的轴向应力和环向应力均是拉应力，而外表面是压应力，接头处内表面应力水平高于外表面；径向应力数值远低于环向应力和轴向应力；各方向残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表层一定距离处，其数值大小接近于材料的屈服点应力。     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

天然气管道在役修补焊接过程的数值模拟

文中采用MSC·Marc软件对天然气管道在役修补焊接过程进行数值模拟. 采用的焊接方式为钨极惰性气体保护焊. 焊接过程中熔池底部未熔化材料受高温后强度降低，管道内部的压力易导致其失效. 温度场分析结果表明，当焊接电流为220 A时，管道内壁温度峰值为1 131 ℃，低于管道材料的熔点，该温度下材料的屈服强度远高于管道内压. 当焊接电流介于240~260 A范围时，容易发生焊透缺陷. 盖板周围为封闭环焊缝，其应力场相比于直焊缝较复杂，模拟结果显示其等效残余应力分布不对称，在焊缝的收弧区域出现峰值，220 A焊接电流下为212.3 MPa. 盖板沿着管道径向方向发生收缩变形，最大变形量为1.79 mm.     

Influence of Inter-Pass Temperature on Residual Stress in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Butt-Welded 9%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel PipesEI北大核心CSCD

9% Cr heat-resistant steels have been abundantly used in boilers of modern thermal plants. The 9% Cr steel components in thermal plant boilers are usually assembled by fusion welding. Many of the degradation mechanisms of welded joints can be aggravated by welding residual stress. Tensile residual stress in particular can exacerbate cold cracking tendency, fatigue crack development and the onset of creep damage in heat-resistant steels. It has been recognized that welding residual stress can be mitigated by low temperature martensitic transformation in 9% Cr heat-resistant steel. Neverthe-less, the stress mitigation effect seems to be confined around the final weld pass in multi-layer and multi-pass 9% Cr steel welded pipes. The purpose of this work is to investigate the method to break through this confine. Influence of martensitic transformation on welding stress evolution in multi-layer and multi-pass butt-welded 9% Cr heat-resistant steel pipes for different inter-pass temperatures (IPT) was investigated through finite element method, and the influential mechanism of IPT on welding residual stress was revealed. The results showed that tensile residual stress in weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the noteworthy tensile stress in WM at pipe central, was effectively mitigated with the increasing of IPT. The reasons lie in two aspects, firstly, there is more residual austenite in the case of higher IPT, as a result, lower tensile stress is accumulated during cooling due to the lower yield strength of austenite; secondly, the higher IPT suppresses the martensitic transformation during cooling of each weld pass, thus the tensile stress mitigation due to martensitic transformation was avoided to be eliminated by welding thermal cycles of subsequent weld passes and reaccumulating tensile residual stress. The influence of IPT on welding residual stress relies on the combined contribution of thermal contraction and martensitic transformation. When the IPT is lower than martensite transformation finishing temperature (M-f), thermal contraction plays the dominant role in the formation of welding residual stress, and tensile stress was formed in the majority of weld zone except the final weld pass. While, compressive stress was formed in almost whole weld zone due to martensitic transformation when the IPT is higher than martensite transformation starting temperature (M-s).     

Finite Element Simulation for Welding Residual Stress and Creep Damage of Welded Joint

基于大型有限元软件Abaqus及其用户子程序(Umat)功能, 开发了焊接残余应力与蠕变损伤耦合计算程序, 对高温用焊接接头残余应力作用下的蠕变损伤行为进行有限元模拟, 并与无焊接残余应力状态下的蠕变损伤情况 进行比较. 研究结果表明, 在炉管焊接状态下, 焊接残余应力最大值集中在焊缝和热影响区处, 并且轴向与环向 残余应力较高. 在高温环境下, 焊接接头初始态焊接残余应力较高, 虽然在短时间内应力松弛到较低的水平, 但 其蠕变损伤仍较大程度地受焊接残余应力的影响, 蠕变损伤分布与焊接残余应力的分布基本一致.     

换热器管子与管板焊接接头残余应力数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对换热器管子与管板焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头残余应力的分布规律,比较了伸出角接头和内角接头的优劣.计算结果表明,内角接头残余应力比伸出角接头小.最大径向应力出现在管板表面的热影响区,对管板表面裂纹有主要影响.最大环向应力出现在焊缝根部,对管子与管板连接失效影响较大.相邻两换热管之间,由于后面换热管的焊接加热作用,使前面管子焊缝局部应力值下降,有利于降低应力腐蚀开裂的敏感性.研究结果为优化换热器管子与管板的焊接工艺、控制残余应力提供了理论依据.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响

以热——弹塑性理论为基础,建立了厚壁管环焊缝残余应力的二维轴对称有限元模型,利用ANSYS有限元程序分析了三种焊接工艺参数对管道环焊缝残余应力的影响,计算中考虑了材料热物理性能参数和力学性能参数的温度相关性.结果表明,管道内表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,而管道外表面焊缝和近缝区的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力均为压应力;接头内表面应力水平高于外表面;残余应力的最大值均位于距管道外表面一定距离处,其数值接近于材料的屈服应力;随着焊接热输入的增加,残余应力峰值变化不大,塑性变形区宽度增加.     

预拉伸对铝合金焊接残余应力和变形的影响

在预拉伸应力作用下，进行了厚度为4mm的5A05铝合金试板的焊接，焊后残余应力及变形的测定结果表明．预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的纵向残余应力、纵向挠曲变形和平面变形。在弹性应力范由内，随着预应力的增大，试板的残余应力峰值、纵向挠曲变形及平面变形均逐渐减小。分析认为，预拉伸应力部分抵消了焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力，从而减小了压缩塑性变形，进而减小了冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力水平，相应地远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小。     

换热器管与管板接头焊接残余应力的有限元分析

基于ANSYS平台对换热器伸出管板角接头和平焊接头的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了焊接接头的残余应力分布.有限元分析结果表明,接管环焊缝的残余应力分布具有局部性的特点,最大等效应力出现在焊根处.本文焊接条件下管接头环焊缝在焊接热影响区位置上径向为压应力,环向为拉应力,这种径向受压,环向受托的应力状态下更容易引起径向裂纹的萌生和扩展.     

Numerical Investigation on Residual Stresses of the Safe-End/Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in CAP1400 Nuclear Power Plants

The residual stress evolution in a safe-end/nozzle dissimilar metal welded joint of CAP1400 nuclear power plants was investigated in the manufacturing process by finite element simulation. A finite element model, including cladding, buttering, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and dissimilar metal multi-pass welding, is developed based on SYSWELD software to investigate the evolution of residual stress in the aforementioned manufacturing process. The results reveal a large tensile axial residual stress, which exists at the weld zone on the inner surface, leads to a high sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PWHT process before dissimilar metal multi-pass welding process has a great influence on the magnitude and distribution of final axial residual stress. The risk of SCC on the inner surface of the pipe will increase if PWHT process is not taken into account. Therefore, such crucial thermal manufacturing process such as cladding, buttering and post-weld heat treatment, besides the multi-pass welding process, should be considered in the numerical model in order to accurately predict the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress.     

Study on the microstructure and hardness of in-service welded joint of X70 pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） is one of the main problems of in-service welding onto active pipeline. Microstructure and hardness of welded joint have a vital effect on hydrogen induced cracking. The microstructure and hardness of welded joint of XTO pipeline steel were studied using simulation in-service welding device. The results show that the main microstructures of in-service welded seam are grain boundary ferrite , intracrystalline acicular ferrite , as well as small amount of widmanztatten structure. The main microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） are coarse granular bainite, lath ferrite and martensite. Metastable phases such as martensite and lath ferrite are found in CGHAZ because of the too quick cooling velocity a＇nd the hardness of the CGHAZ is high.     

Numerical simulation of mechanical properties of straight pipe and elbow during in-service welding

Elbows are the most vulnerable parts in pipeline network systems. The residual stress for in-service welding repair has significant impacts on the mechanical properties of straight pipes and elbows. In this paper,the thermal elastic-plastic finite element method is employed to investigate the mechanical field during the in-service welding. The prediction of residual stress and deformation in the straight pipe and elbow is performed based on the validation of the numerical models. And the effects of the curvature radius and defects on the elbow are investigated. The results show that the residual stress distribution is uneven along various directions after welding. And the mechanical properties of the elbow decrease when the curvature radius is small. Compared to the intact elbow,the residual stress of the elbow with defects concentrates in the defective area. The depth of defect is the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of the elbow. A systematic analysis of the mechanical properties of straight pipes and elbows is proposed to provide guidance to the in-service welding.     

Influence of pipe parameters and heat input on thermal cycle of in-service welding onto active gas pipeline

The software of SYSWELD was used to build model and simulate thermal cycle of in-service welding onto active gas pipeline. Influence of pipe diameter, wall thickness and heat input on thermal cycle was studied. The results show that t8/5,t8/3 and peak temperature of inner surface decrease when wall thickness increases from 5 mmto12mm.But t8/1 will increases with the increase of wall thickness and will decrease after the wall thickness is larger than 7mm.Pipe diameter has little influence on thermal cycle and that influence can be ignored when pipe diameter is greater than 273mm T8/5,t8/3,t 8/1 and peak temperature of inner surface will increase with the increase of heat input.     

Influence of pipe parameters in-service welding and heat input on thermal cycle of onto active gas pipeline

The software of SYSWELD was used to build model and simulate thermal cycle of in-service welding onto active gas pipeline. Influence of pipe diameter, wall thickness and heat input on thermal cycle was studied. The results show that t8/5 , t8/3 and peak temperature of inner surface decrease when wall thickness increases from 5 mm to 12 mm. But t8/1 will increases with the increase of wall thickness and will decrease after the wall thickness is larger than 7 mm. Pipe diameter has little influence on thermal cycle and that influence can be ignored when pipe diameter is greater than 273 mm. t8/5 , t8/3 , t8/1 and peak temperature of inner surface will increase with the increase of heat input.     

X120管线钢焊接热影响区的模拟研究

采用焊接热模拟技术研究了焊接热循环对X120管线钢焊接热影响区的组织和性能的影响。结果表明,经过一次热循环峰值温度1300℃后,随着t8/5的增加,韧性显著下降,发生严重脆化;当t8/5不变,二次热循环峰值温度为600℃和1200℃时,韧性得到明显改善;当二次热循环峰值温度为800℃时,在原奥氏体晶界处形成明显的"链状"结构的网状组织,韧性有所下降;而当二次热循环峰值温度为1000℃时,局部脆化现象严重,这与冷却时获得含有粗大M-A岛状组织的粒状贝氏体有关。     

不同异种钢管道焊接接头残余应力的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,开发了一个顺次耦合的热应力有限元计算程序,对0Cr18Ni9/20和1Cr5Mo/20异种钢焊接接头残余应力进行了有限元模拟分析.结果表明,无论是采用奥氏体不锈钢焊条A302焊条还是镍基焊条Incone182焊条,0Cr18Ni9/20钢和1Cr5Mo/20钢焊接接头中最大的轴向残余应力和环向残余应力产生在20钢侧的热影响区,0Cr18Ni9侧有最小的焊接残余应力.采用Incone182来代替A302可以有效地降低残余应力值,提高抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力.     

X52管线钢水下摩擦圆锥塞焊接头组织特征

对X52管线钢进行了水下摩擦圆锥塞焊工艺试验，对不同焊接工艺参数下接头的微观组织进行了金相显微镜及扫描电镜观测，探讨了工艺参数对X52管线钢水下摩擦圆锥塞焊接头组织的影响. 结果表明，接头可以分为锻造区、最终摩擦界面、剪切变形区、结合区及热影响区. 其中剪切变形区呈层状结构，所形成的焊缝微观组织极不均匀，且出现粗大晶粒. 相比于焊接转速，轴向压力对X52管线钢水下摩擦塞焊接头组织的影响更显著. 摩擦塞焊接头组织与传统摩擦焊接头晶粒细化的特征不同，这是由于在“封闭式”摩擦焊过程中塞焊缝主要由剪切变形区组成.     

基于正交试验设计的高温管道焊接工艺优化

P91耐热钢焊接接头广泛用于电厂管道,厚壁管道焊接残余应力分布比较复杂,而焊接接头残余应力的大小对其高温环境下运行的蠕变又有着较大的影响.文中运用正交试验设计方法,以焊接残余应力为评价指标,对P91耐热钢管道焊接的工艺参数进行优化没计,然后采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对最优焊接工艺的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了P91厚壁管道焊接接头的残余应力分布状况.结果表明,焊接速度对焊接残余应力的影响最为显著,其次电弧电压、焊接电流和坡口间隙等.研究结果为优化高温管道焊接工艺,有效控制焊接残余应力提供了可能.