助剂对复合金属脱硫剂物化性能的影响

为了获得更加高效的脱硫剂，仵实验室固定床脱硫装置上进行脱硫试验，在操作温度700K，空速为1000h^-1时的条件下，以氧化铁现氧化铜为丰要活性组分，考察了添加助剂对脱硫剂物理与化学性能的影响。结果表明：添加助剂K的脱硫荆的强度为81．7N／cm，堆积密度为0．717g／cm^3，出口羰基硫浓度比添加其他两类助剂低，并长时间保持低于0．2×10^-1，硫容达24．3g·S／100g。     

一种新型脱硫剂的研制及脱硫活性．实验研究

为克服传统常温脱硫剂在物理机械压力较大情况下．脱硫性能、利用率较低等缺点，开发了一种中空条形脱硫剂，该新型中空条形脱硫剂采用脱硫活性较高的铁氧化物，添加一定量的载体及粘结剂制备而成。实验结果表明，该新型脱硫剂脱硫活性高、精度好、孔隙率高。小颗粒穿透硫容为40％～50％、原颗粒穿透硫容为30％～40％、脱硫精度可脱至0．05×10^-6以下、孔隙率50％～75％，较以往脱硫剂的硫容都有了较大的改善和提高。克服了传统脱硫剂吸硫饱和后，涨裂情况严重，最终导致床层压降升高等使用性能上的缺陷。     

负载型氧化锌脱硫剂的实验研究

采用浸渍法制备了以γ-Al2O3为载体的负载型氧化锌脱硫剂,同时对制得的脱硫剂进行煤气脱硫实验,考察了制备过程中负载量、焙烧温度和硫化温度等对脱硫剂性能的影响,用XRD和BET方法对制得的脱硫剂进行检测.结果表明,制得的脱硫剂存在一个单层分散当量,当负载量低于单层分散当量时,ZnO将以单层或亚单层状态分散在载体γ-Al2O3上(XRD检测不到);当高于负载量时,除了单层或亚单层以外,ZnO晶体也将出现,通过XRD衍射图谱可以观察到ZnO晶体的衍射峰.活性评价实验也表明,在低于单层分散当量时该脱硫剂的穿透硫容随着负载量的增加而增大,且在极高的脱硫精度下(低于0.1×10-6)有较高的活性ZnO穿透硫容,达到了9.7 g S/100 g ZnO;而高于单层分散阈值时稳定性和硫容明显降低.     

负载型氧化锌脱硫剂脱硫性能的改善

单一氧化锌负载型脱硫剂脱硫精度可达到0.1×10-6,但其硫容量相对较低.采用共浸渍法制备ZnO-MnO2/γ-Al2O3负载型H2S脱硫剂,通过XRD和BET等手段研究了MnO2对脱硫剂物相及比表面积的影响.并在固定床反应器中考察了Zn/Mn摩尔比、负载量、烧结温度和脱硫温度对脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,活性组分锌锰摩尔比为8∶1,负载量为20％的脱硫剂有较好的脱硫性能,脱硫精度小于0.1×10-6的同时,最高硫容量可达19.08 g S/100 g(ZnO-MnO2).MnO2的加入可以明显改善氧化锌负载型脱硫剂的脱硫性能.     

金属氧化物吸附剂脱硫过程中羰基硫的生成

金属氧化物脱硫剂脱硫过程中产生羰基硫的现象缩小了脱硫剂的使用范围。本文从气体中存在一氧化碳、二氧化碳、单质硫和硫化氢出发给出了均相、非均相生成羰基硫的途径,特别综述了生成羰基硫的催化作用。在总结氧化铁基、氧化锌基、氧化锰基及氧化铜基主流金属氧化物脱硫剂脱硫过程中产生羰基硫研究结果的基础上,发现吸附在金属硫化物表面上的一氧化碳与活性硫化物的相互作用是生成羰基硫的主要反应步骤,活性硫化物可能是硫化氢热解成蒸气硫或硫氢根离子及硫化氢与金属氧化物反应生成的金属硫化物。     

甲醇合成中硫和硫化物精脱除技术

介绍了几种干法脱硫剂的工作机理及应用条件,阐述了有机硫的水解和脱除机理。从脱硫剂的性质上看,氧化铁和锰矿脱硫剂硫容大,但脱硫精度低;氧化锌脱硫剂脱硫精度高,但硫容小、不易再生,且使用成本高;活性炭脱硫剂脱硫精度高、硫容大,应在有氧气氛中使用。对于有机硫而言,加氢转化和水解都能满足脱除要求。     

SQ105精脱硫剂的工业侧线试验

介绍了SQ105型精脱硫剂在淄博第一化肥厂尿素装置上进行的工业侧线试验,试验结果表明,SQ105精脱硫剂是一种能在常温条件下同时脱除H2S、羰基硫的精脱硫剂,适用于各种工艺气中硫化物的脱除,具有脱硫精度高、操作温度低、硫容大、操作费用低等特点.SQ105精脱硫剂性能优于工业装置上的水解-脱硫剂的性能.     

热煤气一体化净化工艺中的脱硫反应特征

利用固定床反应器考察了高温煤气脱硫除尘一体化净化工艺中沉积粉尘对高温煤气脱硫剂脱硫性能的影响.结果表明,表面沉积粉尘对脱硫剂初次硫化行为有明显的影响,且与脱硫剂的组成和结构有关.利用钢厂赤泥制备的脱硫剂,含有多种惰性杂质,且具有较大的孔径结构,易于和粗煤气中的粉尘作用,造成脱硫剂硫容的减小.硫化气氛中,H2O的存在造成脱硫剂硫容和脱硫效率的降低,但不会影响因表面沉积粉尘造成的脱硫剂硫容的减小.多次硫化-再生循环实验表明,硫化-再生循环过程有助于减小表面沉积粉尘对脱硫剂脱硫行为的影响.经历一定次数的硫化-再生循环后,粉尘对脱硫剂脱硫行为的影响逐渐消失.     

固体脱硫剂的应用研究及展望

分析总结了铁系、锌系、锰系和活性炭系等固体脱硫剂的特点与应用研究现状。氧化铁属常温脱硫剂．可单独使用或与羰基硫水解催化剂联合使用,但脱硫精度低,复合后脱硫精度提高但温度也随之提高：锌系脱硫剂脱硫温度较高,但脱硫精度可靠,在工业上广泛应用;锰系脱硫剂高温时性能优越且再生能力强,但低温时硫容小,常用于高温烟气脱硫;活性炭系脱硫剂较适于有机硫的脱除。     

转化吸收型氧化锌基脱硫剂脱除H2S和COS性能

以前驱物工业活性ZnO和碱式碳酸锌分解的ZnO为脱硫剂活性组分,在引入结构助剂γ-Al_2O_3、碱性助剂K2CO3改性的基础上,制备出转化吸收型氧化锌基脱硫剂。在300℃、空速2000h–1及常压下,考察了活性组分ZnO前驱物种类及不同前驱物制备的助剂γ-Al_2O_3对氧化锌基脱硫剂脱除硫化物性能的影响。结果表明:改性氧化锌基脱硫剂的孔隙结构和碱性显著影响其脱硫性能。与工业活性ZnO制备的氧化锌脱硫剂相比,以碱式碳酸锌分解的ZnO制备的脱硫剂对硫化氢的脱除效率和穿透硫容更高,穿透硫容约增加10倍。不同前驱物制备的γ-Al_2O_3对氧化锌基脱硫剂脱硫性能有较大影响。其中,拟薄水铝石分解的γ-Al_2O_3显著提高了氧化锌基脱硫剂脱硫性能,穿透硫容达12.18%。以碱式碳酸锌分解ZnO为活性组分,添加拟薄水铝石分解的γ-Al_2O_3和碱性助剂K2CO3制备的改性氧化锌基脱硫剂对COS的脱除起到转化与吸收作用,COS转化率达99.98%,穿透硫容为4.03%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。