Steelmaking in Latin America, 1963–1964

What has become an event of considerable importance is the annual Congress of the Latin American Steel Industry, sponsored by ILAFA, Instituto Latinoamericano del Fierro y el Acero. This year’s meeting was held in Mexico and opened with an address from ILAFA’s president, Lic. Carlos Prieto, who is also president of the Mexican steel firm, Cia. Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey S.A. The following summary of that address outlines developments that have taken place in the iron and steel industry of Latin America during the past year.     

Latin America’s Iron and Steel Industries

A survey of the iron and steel industries of the countries of Latin America.     

Argentina’s First Integrated Steel Plant

Now on stream, Argentina’s first integrated steel plant, located at San Nicolas on the bank of the Parana River, is one of the major plants in Latin America. Facilities of the mill are described in this article.     

Huachipato — Steel for Chile and South America

In Chile, steel means Huachipato, the location of the plant of Cia. de Acero del Pacifico, the country’s only integrated steel plant, and Latin America’s only exporting plant. This article describes the position which this plant occupies in the economic growth of Chile.     

The Expanding Latin American Steel Industry

This article discusses several patterns of development which are expected to emerge—and which are already becoming apparent—as Latin American steel production increases.     

Latin American Iron and Steel Institute

This article, written especially for Journal of Metals by ILAFA’s Secretary General, describes the events leading up to the formation of the Institute, its founding, and the problems of the Latin American steel industry which it is trying to solve.     

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc Part 1: Rural and urban atmospheres

Abstract

This paper summarises the results obtianed in the MICAT (Mapa Ibero-Americano de Corrosão Atmosférica (Latin American Map of Atmospheric Corrosion)) atmospheric corrosion project (an Iberoamerican project on atmospheric corrosion, involving 14 countries and 75 atmospheric test sites) for zinc specimens exposed for 1–4 years in 21 rural and urban atmospheres of the Latin American region. During the study, all of these atmospheres were characterised according to international standards. Complementary morphological and chemical studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques, in order to correlate atmospheric characteristics and the properties of zinc corrosion product layers (ZCPLs). Soluble salts retained in these ZCPLs were also determined. The study has provided clear evidence about the wide range of zinc corrosion rates occurring in rural atmospheres and suggests an interpretation of this behaviour.     

Analysis of NdFeB multi-pole ring by SEM and MFM

Sintered multi-pole ring that is made in America and China was analysed by SEM and MFM. The results show that the average size of American multi-pole ring is much smaller than the Chinese one and has much better orientation degree. The magnetic field of American specimen is much higher than that of the Chinese one and its average value is about 500 Gs, and more uniform distribution of the Nd-rich phase has been obtained.     

Atmospheric corrosion of zinc Part 2: Marine atmospheres

Abstract

This paper summarises the results obtained in the MICAT (Mapa Ibero-Americano de Corrosão Atmosférica (Latin American Map of Atmospheric Corrosion)) atmospheric corrosion project (an Iberoamerican project on atmospheric corrosion, involving 14 countries and 75 atmospheric test sites) for zinc specimens exposed in the Latin American region for 1–4 years at 23 pure marine and 19 mixed marine (i.e. SO₂ polluted) sites. The atmospheres at these sites were characterised climatologically and in terms of their pollution levels so that their corrosivity could be expressed in accordance with ISO standards. Morphological and chemical characterisation of the zinc corrosion product layers (ZCPLs) was performed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and soluble salt evaluation techniques. The results obtained show that the corrosion rate of zinc is a function of both the chloride pollution level and the time of wetness. Some synergetic effects of Cl^- and SO₂ were demonstrated, although some special types of behaviour were also observed.     

创造型教育:谁执牛耳?--从两个大学生的经历谈起

本文通过比较两名大学生的不同经历，管窥了中美大学教育的差别，指出了中国大学类创造型人才培养方面的不足，并挖掘了美国在这方面可资借鉴的因素。     

从制度设计看美国大学终身教职制的理念基础

终身教职制是20世纪初美国大学确立的教师任用制度,时至今日,它仍然是美国大学主要的教师任用制度。从制度设计的角度可以分析出终身教职制的三个理念基础,即对学术自由的捍卫、对职业安全的保障、对优秀人才的选拔。从制度设计看美国终身教职制的理念基础或许对我国正在进行的大学教师人事制度改革有一定的启发意义。     

做人为先与知事为先:中美大学理念的重心差别

大学理念始终是高等教育学研究的最基础和最前沿问题,因为它是大学核心价值观的集中体现和表征,是引领大学前进的灯塔和标帜.纵观中关高等教育发展史,由于社会政治、经济、文化和历史背景的不同,两者形成了风格迥异的大学理念.透视它们的不同发展脉络和历史意蕴,我们认为中国大学理念以做人为先,美国大学理念以知事为先.中国大学理念秉承传统文化的精神,通过"人"来统一知事与做事,而美国大学理念却通过"知识"来统一做人与做事,基于不同的出发点,两种大学理念具备不同的内涵,但双方均牢牢地坚守着各自一些永恒不变的核心价值.     

The Adhesion of Electrodeposited Nickel To Brass

Although tin-zinc alloy plating has been practised commercially in England for several years, American knowledge of and interest in the process developed by the Tin Research Institute did not become appreciable until 1950; this delay was attributable partly to the continuing restrictions on tin use in America, and partly to normal reluctance on the part of industry to adopt a new process without extensive and time-consuming tests. The acute shortage of cadmium which developed late in 1950 provided the necessary stimulus, and the concurrent development of an all-potassium bath, which made the process directly competitive with cadmium-plating in speed of deposition, greatly aided in convincing the American electroplating industry that the tin-zinc process represented a worth-while innovation. Re-imposition of tin controls has somewhat clouded the issue but there is little doubt that the tin-zinc alloy deposit will find a place in industry. This paper presents operating data for the all-potassium bath and explains a discrepancy between English and American results using the sodium bath.     

'98中国精密铸造厂长代表团赴美考察报告

介绍美国ＩＣＩ第４６届年会及展览会情况,对在美国参观的７个公司的技术和装备情况作了介绍,这些公司的产品包括精密铸件、铝铸件、精铸模料、陶瓷型芯、精铸用合金、铝合金锭料、射蜡机等。报告建议,行业应尽快扶持建立专业化的、高水平的合金厂、陶瓷型芯厂、蜡料厂、模具加工厂,以改善我国精铸企业的外部环境,提高精铸行业在世界市场的竞争能力。     

Compacted graphite iron-A material solution for modern diesel engine cylinder blocks and heads

The demands for improved fuel economy,performance and emissions continue to pose challenges for engine designers and the materials they choose. This is particularly true for modern diesel engines,where the primary path to achieving improved engine performance and emissions is to increase the Peak Firing Pressure in the combustion chamber. The resulting increase in thermal and mechanical loading has required a change from conventional grey cast iron to Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) in order to satisfy durability requirements without increasing the size or the weight of the engines. With at least 75% higher tensile strength,45% higher stiffness and approximately double the fatigue strength of conventional grey cast iron,CGI satisfies durability requirements and also provides the dimensional stability required to meet emissions legislation throughout the life of the engine.Currently,there are no CGI diesel engines running on the roads in North America. This is set to change considerably as new commercial vehicle and pick-up SUV diesel engines are launched with CGI cylinder blocks in 2008 and 2009. These initial programs will provide over 2 million CGI diesel engines when ramped to mature volume,potentially accounting for 10%-15% of the North American passenger vehicle fleet within the next four years.     

美国热处理工业技术2020年远景述评

本文概括论述了美国金属热处理工业技术的现状和技术特点,介绍并评述了美国２０２０年热处理工业技术的发展远景和实施计划,并就我国热处理工业技术的未来发展提出了看法。     

美国大学教授联合会(AAUP)为何能维护美国大学教授的权益

AAUP不仅使大学教师的解聘程序化 ,而且促使学术自由和终身教职成为美国的大学制度。本文探析了AAUP能维护美国大学教授权益的原因 ,即与AAUP自身的特点、以判例法为主的美国司法制度、美国特有的大学和社会传统以及美国整个的社会环境有重要关系     

美国社区学院的高等职业技术教育及启示

社区学院以其灵活的办学方式和广泛的适应性，在美国高等教育中占有重要地位。它为美国高等教育的大众化和社区文化水平的提高等提供了有效途径。社区学院也是美国实施高等职业技术教育的重要场所。本文主要探讨了美国社区学院高等职业技术教育的办学特色，以期为我国发展高等职业技术教育提供一些参考与借鉴。     

长输天然气管道内腐蚀事故调查分析与对策

本文统计了1988至2008年之间北美大陆天然气输送管道的事故状况,总结了内腐蚀导致事故的概率、分析了事故原因,并详细阐述了2000年美国新墨西哥州的管道爆炸事故,分析了其原因以及给管道运营方的教训,文章最后对国内外天然气管道内腐蚀管理办法进行了对比,并提出了我国内腐蚀管理维护对策。