油田结垢的原因分析及对策

油田生产过程中,由于存在着大量的钡离子和硫酸根离子,极易形成硫酸钡垢,给油田生产带来巨大的危害。有必要分析油田结垢的原因,采取必要的防垢措施,防止结垢现象的发生。应用各种物理方法、化学方法和改变油田生产工艺的技术措施,解决油田结垢的问题,不断提高油田生产的效率。     

一种复合阻垢剂在海上油田的应用研究

通过对海上油田生产水水样分析,结合水质的结垢趋势预测等方法,研究了该油田生产水的结垢问题。结果表明:该油田生产水有碳酸盐结垢的风险。就该油田的水质特点,模拟现场条件,通过一系列室内评价与优化实验,开发了一种适合该油田的阻垢分散剂,在现场实际温度条件下,加药浓度为3 mg/L时,阻垢率可达95%以上,现场试验也表明,加入合适的阻垢剂在低加药浓度下就可以有效的解决该油田生产水系统的结垢问题。     

海上油田生产水处理系统结垢研究与控制

通过对南海东部某油田生产水处理系统水样、垢样的分析,结合系统水质的结垢趋势预测等,研究了该油田生产水处理系统的结垢问题。结果表明:该油田水处理系统有碳酸盐结垢的风险。针对该油田的水质特点,模拟现场条件,通过一系列室内评价与优化实验,开发了一种适合该油田生产水处理系统的阻垢分散剂,在现场实际温度条件下,当药剂投加质量浓度为15 mg/L时,阻垢率接近98%。现场应用表明,该药剂可以有效地解决该油田水处理系统的结垢问题。     

新型阻垢剂阻垢性能及其应用分析

在油田生产中,不可避免的一个问题是油田用水结垢,这随着油田产出水量的增加而变得更加严重,而阻垢剂在油田生产中的应用,较为有效的解决了油田用水结垢的问题。本文分析了阻垢剂的阻垢机理,并重点探讨了新型阻垢剂在油田生产中的阻垢性能及应用。     

姬塬油田地面系统清防垢技术研究及应用

姬塬油田多层系开发,地层水矿化度较高,且注入水与地层水配伍性差,随着姬塬油田开发进程加快,地面集输系统结垢问题日见普遍且逐年突出,给原油生产及现场管理带来了诸多困难,为有效解决姬塬油田结垢严重的问题,积极开展清防垢治理研究,通过水质、垢型分析得出结垢机理,针对结垢机理筛选出了适合姬塬油田使用的高效阻垢剂;地面系统通过试验多种物理法除垢工艺,配套加药装置,优化加药位置,建立了地面清防垢体系,有效解决了姬塬油田结垢地面系统结垢严重的问题。     

油田结垢机理及阻垢剂评价方法探讨

油田结垢有其独特的特点,结垢的预防与去除已成为油田工作者急需面对解决的难题。文章主要就油田结垢机理及影响因素做了阐述,对阻垢剂阻垢机理及主要的阻垢剂评价方法作了初步探讨,希望可以对油田结垢治理工作起到有益的帮助。     

老君庙油田联合站除砂防垢技术的应用

砂堵、结垢的问题严重影响老君庙油田联合站的正常生产运行,降低了生产效益。通过分析引起这些问题的原因,结合实际情况设计了相应的解决方法,并进行实际的现场试验。结果表明,系统压力和混合液含水率明显降低,外输原油质量提高,蒸汽用量降低,油田生产效益显著提高,充分保证了油田安全有序的生产运行。     

油田注水结垢及阻垢剂研究进展

油气生产系统中油田注水结垢问题日益严重,如不进行适当处理,可能造成了巨大的经济损失。本文首先从垢的生成及危害进行分析,详细介绍了油气生产中垢形成的影响因素。结合现有比较常用的防垢处理方法,并对三种方法进行了分析,给出了油田注水结垢的控制措施。单一的控制措施存在着一定的弊端,采用复合绿色环保型阻垢剂技术,不但能够很好的处理油田注水结垢的问题,也能最大限度地控制油田注水结垢的问题。     

油田回注水腐蚀结垢机理研究

随着经济的发展和社会对生态安全要求的提高,油田的安全生产越来越受到重视.在影响油田注水开发的各种问题中,结垢和腐蚀是较为突出的难题.注水系统腐蚀和结垢一定程度上会造成地层堵塞,不仅影响油田的注水开发效果和经济效益,还威胁着油田的安全生产.因此,在了解了国内外学者相关研究的基础上,本文首先对研究区油田回注水腐蚀结垢机理进...     

一种新型油气管道解堵技术在文昌油田群的应用

文昌油田群15-1油田至FPSO116油轮的海管出现了严重的结垢现象,给油田生产带来了危害,同时也造成了较大的产量损失和经济损失。通过对油田结垢现状的调研,确定15-1油田的垢主要以碳酸钙垢为主,对产生垢的影响因素进行了分析和研究。本文创新的提出利用清管球进行定点的"汉堡式"酸液解堵技术,成功的解决了文昌15-1油田海管结垢问题。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.