Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms (a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation (a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored (HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a one-dimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model, Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.     

Wave propagation speeds and source term influences in single and integral porosity shallow water equations

In urban flood modeling, so-called porosity shallow water equations (PSWEs), which conceptually account for unresolved structures, e.g., buildings, are a promising approach to addressing high CPU times associated with state-of-the-art explicit numerical methods. The PSWE can be formulated with a single porosity term, referred to as the single porosity shallow water model (SP model), which accounts for both the reduced storage in the cell and the reduced conveyance, or with two porosity terms: one accounting for the reduced storage in the cell and another accounting for the reduced conveyance. The latter form is referred to as an integral or anisotropic porosity shallow water model (AP model). The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in wave propagation speeds of the SP model and the AP model and the implications of numerical model results. First, augmented Roe-type solutions were used to assess the influence of the source terms appearing in both models. It is shown that different source terms have different influences on the stability of the models. Second, four computational test cases were presented and the numerical models were compared. It is observed in the eigenvalue-based analysis as well as in the computational test cases that the models converge if the conveyance porosity in the AP model is close to the storage porosity. If the porosity values differ significantly, the AP model yields different wave propagation speeds and numerical fluxes from those of the BP model. In this study, the ratio between the conveyance and storage porosities was determined to be the most significant parameter.     

基于有限体积法的二维浅水流动数值模拟程序开发

应用近年来浅水动力学理论的研究成果,参考国内外在软件设计方面几十年积累的经验,开发了基于有限体积法的二维浅水流动数值模拟程序CFD-FVM2D.程序以Roe格式的近似Riemann解为基础,离散浅水方程并将源项按特征方向进行特征分解,建立带源项浅水方程的通量平衡的Godunov求解格式,并对摩擦源项采用隐式、半隐式求解格式,以解决浅水方程的间断、动边界和河床起伏问题.     

求解非平底一维浅水方程的 KFVS 格式

以Boltzmann方程为基础，本文提出了求解非平底浅水方程的KFVS（Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting)格式。因通量计算中考虑了底坡项的作用，计算方法和谐，即在非平底静水计算中始终能保持流速为零，水位为常数。数值试验表明，无论是计算恒定流还是非恒定流，该方法具有健全性和高分辨率等特点。     

大名泛区洪水演进数值模拟

利用结构化网格的有限体积法,建立了二维浅水方程的高精度、低计算负荷的数值计算模型。对结构化网格的处理采用一种自适应网格加密方法,提出四叉树的网格构造,以提高网格对地形和水力变化的敏感度。推导出一种具有激波捕捉能力的二维浅水方程的守恒形式,采用单元中心式有限体积离散。方程的离散采用Godunov格式,利用近似Riemann解求解界面通量,并介绍和采用了具有二阶精度的HLLC算法。对在此基础上,建立大名泛区二维洪水演进模型,获取了不同时段的淹没范围栅格图像、不同时刻淹没水深、洪泛区的蓄水量变化过程以及泛区内点的水力要素信息,为泛区的防洪规划和实时洪水预报提供理论参考。     

THE SLOP FLUX METHOD FOR NUMERICAL BALANCE IN USING ROE＇S APPROXIMATE RIEMANN SOLVER

Imbalance arises when the Roe’s method is directly applied in the shallow water simulation.The reasons are different for the continuity equation and the momentum equations.Based on the Roe’s method,a partial surface method is proposed for a perfect balance for the continuity equation.In order to generate a mathematically hyperbolic formulation,the momentum equations are split,which causes incompatibility in the calculation of the momentum equations.In this article a numerical approach named the Slop Flux Method(SFM)is proposed to balance the source terms and the flux gradient based on the finite volume method.The method is first applied to shallow water equations.The model is verified by analytical results of classical test cases with good agreement.Finally the method is applied to a steady flow simulation over a practical complicated topography and the result shows good balance and conservation.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR 2D SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS BY USING GODUNOV-TYPE SCHEME WITH UNSTRUCTURED MESH

1. INTRODUCTION In general, the geometry of natural water areas, such as rivers, coasts and lakes, is irregular, so that the application of mathematical models with structured mesh is quite limited and the accuracy could not be ensured especially as the m…     

AN UNSTRUCTURED FINITE-VOLUME ALGORITHM FOR NONLINEAR TWO-DIMENSIOAL SHALLOW WATER EQUATION

An unstructured finite-volume numerical algorithm was presented for solution of the two-dimensional shallow water equations, based on triangular or arbitrary quadrilateral meshes. The Roe type approximate Riemann solver was used to the system. A second-order TVD scheme with the van Leer limiter was used in the space discretization and a two-step Runge-Kutta approach was used in the time discretization. An upwind, as opposed to a pointwise, treatment of the slope source terms was adopted and the semi-implicit treatment was used for the friction source terms. Verification for two-dimension dam-break problems are carried out by comparing the present results with others and very good agreement is shown.     

MODELING DAM-BREAK FLOOD OVER NATURAL RIVERS USING DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN METHOD

A well-balanced numerical model is presented for two-dimensional, depth-averaged, shallow water flows based on the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The model is applied to simulate dam-break flood in natural rivers with wet/dry bed and complex topography. To eliminate numerical imbalance, the pressure force and bed slope terms are combined in the shallow water flow equations. For partially wet/dry elements, a treatment of the source term that preserves the well-balanced property is presented. A treatment for modeling flow over initially dry bed is presented. Numerical results show that the time step used is related to the dry bed criterion. The intercell numerical flux in the DG method is computed by the Harten-Lax-van Contact (HLLC) approximate Riemann solver. A two-dimensional slope limiting procedure is employed to prevent spurious oscillation. The robustness and accuracy of the model are demonstrated through several test cases, including dam-break flow in a channel with three bumps, laboratory dam-break tests over a triangular bump and an L-shape bend, dam-break flood in the Paute River, and the Malpasset dam-break case. Numerical results show that the model is robust and accurate to simulate dam-break flood over natural rivers with complex geometry and wet/dry beds.     

基于二维浅水方程的城市地面洪水演进数值模拟研究

探究城市内涝灾害数值预报对城市的防洪减灾及灾害评估具有重要意义。基于三角形非结构网格,采用Godunov型有限体积法建立了一个高精度的二维浅水水动力数值模型。该模型使用Roe格式计算界面通量,可以较好地捕捉洪水的动边界运动,模型将静水压力项放入源项中,减少了由于地形底坡项带来的数值解伪震荡。该模型对动边界以及负水深处理技术进行了改进,能够有效提高模型模拟的精确度和静水和谐性。在应用3个算例对模型进行率定的基础上,将模型应用于浑河、太子河之间浑太胡同区域的地表洪水演进的模拟中。结果表明:浑太胡同内洪水演进的水深、流场变化均较为合理,组合溃堤各水深淹没面积均为最大,模拟结果很好地验证了城市区域雨洪的流动演变过程,证明该模型可以用于复杂地形的城市由降水形成的暴雨积水及地表洪水演进模拟过程,模型可快速为城市防汛减灾提供积水情况及涝情信息。     

Boussinesq 方程的高精度求解及其验证

本文采用高精度紧致差分格式提高浅水非线性的Boussinesq方程的求解精度，在未增加求解难度的前提下，建立了高精度、低耗散及较好线性色散性的数学模型。通过验证，表明非线性项求解精度的提高，使模型能更好地描述复杂地形上波浪的非线性变形，并能合理地模拟工程实际问题中的波浪折射、绕射、反射等物理现象。     

具有复杂计算域和地形的二维浅水流动数值模拟

本文采用非结构化网格的有限体积方法，对具有复杂计算域和地形的二维河道进行数值模拟。采用Roe格式的近似Riemann解计算界面通量，对地形变化源项采用特征分解平衡界面通量以保证格式的和谐性，对摩擦力源项采用隐式或半隐式求解以增加格式的稳定性。通过与混合流算例理论解比较，验证了格式是和谐性的并具有良好的间断捕捉能力与稳定性。应用此方法对地形复杂，存在多处险滩和深潭的某河段进行了实际模拟，数值计算结果和模型试验结果吻合较好。     

Numerical and experimental turbulence studies on shallow open channel flows

The standard shallow water equations (SWEs) model has been proven to be insufficient to consider the flow turbulence due to its simplified Reynolds-averaged form. In this study, the k-ε model was used to improve the ability of the SWEs model to capture the flow turbulence. In terms of the numerical source terms modelling, the combined SWEs k-ε model was improved by a recently proposed surface gradient upwind method (SGUM) to facilitate the extra turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) source terms in the simulation. The laboratory experiments on both the smooth and rough bed flows were also conducted under the uniform and non-uniform flow conditions for the validation of the proposed numerical model. The numerical simulations were compared with the measured data in the flow velocity, TKE and power spectrum. In the power spectrum comparisons, a well-studied Kolmogorov's rule was also employed to complement both the numerical and experimental results and to demonstrate that the energy cascade trend was well-held in the investigated flows.     

基于非结构化网格建立求解具有复杂地形的浅水流动的数值模型

采用有限体积法,基于非结构化网格上建立求解具有复杂地形的浅水流动数值模型。采用Roe格式的计算界面通量,引入一种单元界面处近似水深的方法来处理地形变化源项,并证明了在非结构化网上满足和谐性条件,此外,此方法还能有效的应用到现存的激波捕捉方法,如HLL、HLLC和CU格式等。通过两个算例,验证了格式是和谐的并具有良好的间断捕捉能力。     

SOLUTION OF 2D SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS BY GENUINELY MULTIDIMENSIONAL SEMI-DISCRETE CENTRAL SCHEME

1. INTRODUCTION This paper deals with the numerical solution of the 2D Shallow Water Equations (SWE). The SWE are an important tool to simulate a variety of problems such as dam-break flows, hydraulic jump, tidal flows in estuaries, flood waves, etc. There are many numerical methods to solve the SWE. Finite volume Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) methods have been reported in Refs.[1,2]. The water level formulation in combination with the Godunov schemewas proposed in Ref. [3]. …     

三角形网格下求解二维浅水方程的KFVS格式

以Boltzmann方程为基础，建立了求解二维浅水方程的KFVS(Kinetic Flux Vector Splitting)格式。为保证计算格式的和谐性，通量计算中考虑了底坡源项的作用。在此基础上，采用特殊的底坡源项处理技术，建立了三角形网格下二阶精度的KFVS和谐格式。经典型算例和钱塘江涌潮计算验证，证明本文提出的方法分辨率高，边界适应性强，并具有模拟间断流动的能力。     

A TVD-WAF-based hybrid finite volume and finite difference scheme for nonlinearly dispersive wave equations

A total variation diminishing-weighted average flux(TVD-WAF)-based hybrid numerical scheme for the enhanced version of nonlinearly dispersive Boussinesq-type equations was developed. The one-dimensional governing equations were rewritten in the conservative form and then discretized on a uniform grid. The finite volume method was used to discretize the flux term while the remaining terms were approximated with the finite difference method. The second-order TVD-WAF method was employed in conjunction with the Harten-Lax-van Leer(HLL) Riemann solver to calculate the numerical flux, and the variables at the cell interface for the local Riemann problem were reconstructed via the fourthorder monotone upstream-centered scheme for conservation laws(MUSCL). The time marching scheme based on the third-order TVD RungeKutta method was used to obtain numerical solutions. The model was validated through a series of numerical tests, in which wave breaking and a moving shoreline were treated. The good agreement between the computed results, documented analytical solutions, and experimental data demonstrates the correct discretization of the governing equations and high accuracy of the proposed scheme, and also conforms the advantages of the proposed shock-capturing scheme for the enhanced version of the Boussinesq model, including the convenience in the treatment of wave breaking and moving shorelines and without the need for a numerical filter.     

大坝瞬时溃决水流数值模拟——以Malpasset水库为例

建立反映天然条件下大坝瞬时溃决水流特点的数学模型,模型采用有限体积法对二维浅水方程进行非结构离散,利用Roe格式的近似Riemann解来计算网格界面处的通量。为避免采用堰流公式估算溃口流量带来的误差,将水库库区与大坝下游的计算区域统一划分计算网格,溃口处流量由计算格式自动识别。以Malpasset水库为例,对数学模型进行了验证。通过与实测数据的比较可以看出,该模型较好地模拟了大坝瞬时溃决后的洪水运动过程,模拟结果可以为溃坝洪水风险分析提供科学依据。     

非结构网格浅水方程隐式解法

基于非结构网格模拟河道复杂边界的研究域,应用算子分裂法剖分浅水方程,采用有限体积法离散,建立隐式格式的通量计算,构造一种模拟二维水流运动的隐式算法。该方法具有计算稳定的特点,并应用于长江南京段分汊河道的流场模拟,计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

移动边界浅水问题的数值研究

移动边界问题是水力计算中难点之一 ,本文用拉格朗日坐标系来描述浅水方程 ,并用二阶Godunov算法求解有移动边界的浅水问题的数值解。在拉格朗日坐标系下 ,移动边界条件十分容易处理 ,数值计算结果表明 ,该方法十分有效