矿物掺合料对混凝土抗压强度的影响

对掺加粉煤灰、矿渣微粉和硅粉的混凝土抗压强度进行了试验研究.结果表明:粉煤灰的掺入明显降低了混凝土的抗压强度,并且随着粉煤灰含量的增加而逐渐减小;矿渣微粉的掺人使混凝土早期的抗压强度减小,28d时矿粉的掺入使混凝土的抗压强度增大;但硅粉的掺加提高了混凝土的抗压强度.     

掺钢渣-矿渣-粉煤灰复合微粉混凝土高温后抗压强度数学分析

对掺钢渣-矿渣-粉煤灰复合微粉混凝土高温后抗压强度进行了正交试验的极差分析和方差分析.分析结果表明:在试验各个温度下,钢渣的最优掺量为2.5％,矿渣的最优掺量为2.5％或15％.在常温时,粉煤灰的最优掺量为2.5％,在高温下,粉煤灰的最优掺量为5％.并且矿渣对混凝土高温后抗压强度的影响最为明显,粉煤灰对混凝土高温后抗压强度的影响较明显,而钢渣在400℃以下时,影响效果很小,在600℃时开始产生影响,在800℃时和矿渣的影响效果相当.     

粉煤灰掺量对矿渣-水泥胶砂耐磨性和强度的影响

研究了粉煤灰掺量对矿渣-水泥胶砂28 d、45 d和350 d耐磨性和强度的影响.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入10%的粉煤灰后胶砂28 d、45 d和350 d耐磨性可增大也可减小,但当粉煤灰掺量≥20%时,均降低,且随粉煤灰掺量继续增加,不断降低.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入10%粉煤灰后胶砂28 d、45 d强度减小,且随粉煤灰掺量继续增加,不断减小.在矿渣-水泥胶砂中掺入粉煤灰后,胶砂350 d强度可增加也可降低,取决于粉煤灰掺量和矿渣取代水泥量.随掺粉煤灰的矿渣-水泥胶砂强度增大,胶砂磨损率总体趋势减小,但并不单调减小.     

纤维掺量对混凝土力学性能和热工性能的影响

在常温下,使用搅拌机将水泥、纤维、粉煤灰、骨料和水等进行混合搅拌,随后放入振动台上进行振动,养护28 d,制备纤维混凝土,其中掺入的粉煤灰质量分数为0～20%、纤维质量分数为0～10%;研究了粉煤灰、碳纤维、棉纤维和聚丙烯纤维的掺量对混凝土的力学性能和热工性能的影响。结果表明:随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度均先升高后下降;随着纤维掺量的增加,混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度呈现先增大而后下降的趋势;在掺入粉煤灰质量分数10%、纤维质量分数5%时,3种纤维混凝土的强度均达到最高,其中碳纤维混凝土的抗压强度为52.8 MPa、抗拉强度为4.24 MPa,棉纤维混凝土的抗压强度为51.7 MPa、抗拉强度为4.07 MPa,聚丙烯纤维混凝土的抗压强度为50.2 MPa、抗拉强度为3.81 MPa;在不掺入粉煤灰的条件下,随着纤维掺量的增加,3种纤维混凝土的导热系数均逐渐下降,热工性能提高,掺入质量分数5%的纤维,在满足混凝土强度的同时可达到建筑节能的目的。     

水泥-粉煤灰-矿渣复合胶凝材料的水化性能研究

通过测定不同龄期净浆抗压强度和化学结合水量,探讨了粉煤灰、单掺矿渣或双掺对复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响.试验结果表明:粉煤灰、矿渣的掺入都能降低浆体的抗压强度和化学结合水量;以一定比例双掺粉煤灰和矿渣可以获得比单掺粉煤灰或矿渣更好的性能,粉煤灰与矿渣的最佳比例为1?4;硬化浆体的抗压强度和化学结合水量随粉煤灰、矿渣的掺合方式的变化规律基本一致.     

粉煤灰对混杂纤维混凝土力学与耐久性能的影响分析

将粉煤灰加入混凝土中可以有效消耗工业固体废弃物，保护环境。基于此，制备了不同粉煤灰掺量的混杂纤维混凝土样品，开展了立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、碳化深度以及冻融循环后的相对动弹性模量和质量损失率测试，分析了混凝土力学与耐久性能随粉煤灰掺量的变化规律。研究结果表明：养护龄期小于14 d时混杂纤维混凝土的抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量的增大而减小，养护龄期大于14 d时抗压强度随粉煤灰掺量的增大而增大；60 d养护龄期和12%粉煤灰掺量的混凝土抗拉强度最大；碳化深度随粉煤灰掺量的增大而先减小后增大；粉煤灰掺量小于12%时，掺入粉煤灰的混杂纤维混凝土的抗冻性能要略优于素混杂纤维混凝土。     

高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土的动态压缩力学行为

为研究高温下玄武岩纤维增强地质聚合物混凝土(BFRGC)的动态压缩力学行为,本文制备了纤维体积掺量为0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的BFRGC试件,并对其进行了不同温度(20、200、400、600、800℃)下的动态冲击试验。结果表明：BFRGC试件静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收具有明显的温度强化效应和高温损伤效应,峰值应变表现出显著的温度塑化效应。BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度的温度阀值为400℃。随着温度的升高,BFRGC试件的静态抗压强度、动态抗压强度和比能量吸收均先增大后减小,峰值应变不断增大。掺加适量的玄武岩纤维可以提高常温及高温下地质聚合物混凝土的静态抗压强度和动态力学性能,且其最佳掺量为0.1%。     

受火温度与冷却方式对C60HPC抗压强度及超声波速的影响

设计了聚丙烯纤维掺量为0％、0.2％、0.3％的三种C60高性能混凝土,制作成标准立方体试件,模拟高温试验,分别采用自然冷却和喷水冷却两种方式把C60HPC试件冷却至常温.测试混凝土试件的抗压强度和超声波速,分析C60HPC试件的抗压强度和超声波速随受火温度的变化及其受冷却方式的影响.结果表明:C60HPC试件的抗压强度随受火温度的升高而降低,当受火温度在200～300℃时,掺加聚丙烯纤维的C60 HPC试件抗压强度有所提高;随着受火温度的增长,C60 HPC试件的超声波速减小;喷水冷却后C60 HPC试件的抗压强度在400℃以前降低缓慢,但是在400℃以后降低速度加快;喷水冷却后C60HPC试件的抗压强度和超声波速值均小于自然冷却后C60HPC试件;聚丙烯纤维掺量为0.2％C60HPC试件的抗压强度和超声波速值均大于掺量为0％和0.3％的C60 HPC试件.     

短切玄武岩纤维对矿渣粉煤灰混凝土力学性能和微观结构的影响

以聚丙烯纤维为参照,研究了不同长度(12 mm、18 mm)和体积掺量(0.50％、0.10％、0.20％和0.30％)的短切玄武岩纤维对矿渣粉煤灰混凝土工作性能、抗压强度、劈裂抗压强度和抗折强度的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)和压汞法(MIP)对纤维混凝土的微观形貌和孔结构进行了分析.结果表明:掺入玄武岩纤维可以显著提高矿渣粉煤灰混凝土的抗折强度和劈裂抗拉强度,但对抗压强度的改善并不明显,且以长度为18 mm的玄武岩纤维,体积掺量为0.20％时,对混凝土的抗压、抗折和劈裂抗拉强度的增强效果最为显著.SEM和MIP分析结果显示:一定掺量范围内,玄武岩纤维与基体界面黏结性能良好,能够有效抑制裂纹扩展,且玄武岩纤维的掺入能够降低混凝土中有害孔的比例,改善孔结构.     

掺合料对混凝土早期碳化深度影响的试验研究

通过自然暴露环境条件下掺合料混凝土的早期碳化试验,分析了粉煤灰掺量、矿渣掺量、煤矸石掺量对单掺混凝土碳化深度的影响规律,探讨了双掺掺合料对混凝土碳化深度发展规律的交互作用,并基于试验数据建立了掺合料碳化速度影响系数的表达式。结果表明：单掺粉煤灰掺量小于15%时混凝土的碳化深度略有减小但掺量超过15%后碳化深度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加,单掺矿渣混凝土的碳化深度随矿渣掺量的增加而增加,单掺小于20%的煤矸石使混凝土早期抗碳化性能提高但掺入超过30%的煤矸石后混凝土碳化深度明显增加;随着粉煤灰掺量的增加,双掺粉煤灰和矿渣、双掺粉煤灰和煤矸石的混凝土碳化深度增加,在粉煤灰混凝土中掺入25%矿渣或20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度变化较小;在煤矸石混凝土中掺入25%~40%的矿渣时混凝土的碳化深度无明显变化但再掺入超过40%的矿渣时碳化深度明显增大,在矿渣混凝土中掺入20%煤矸石后混凝土的碳化深度增长约40%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.