测量理想气体状态下单原子分子输运性质的双毛细管黏度计研究

热力学温度是客观世界真实的温度,是制定国际温标的基础,目前声学基准测温法是测量中低温区热力学温度不确定度最小的方法,中国计量科学研究院采用圆柱型定程共鸣腔建立了声学温度计,但是圆柱型共鸣腔的热边界层和黏性边界层修正是影响这种测量方法最主要因素之一,而决定边界层修正的参数是理想气体状态下气体工质的输运性质(黏度和导热系数).双毛细管黏度计测量气体介质黏度和导热系数具有很高的准确性,该方法结合了基准毛细管黏度计和量子化“从头算”的优势,可以有效地降低毛细管基准黏度计的测量不确定度与温度的依赖关系.本文介绍了作者在中国计量科学研究院开展的双毛细管黏度计测量氩气输运性质的研究,测量温度范围为240 ～400 K,测量相对标准不确定度为0.083％.     

基准声学温度计的研究进展

热力学温度是一切温度测量(包括国际实用温标)的基准,是国际上公认的最基本的温度.声学温度计是测量中低温区热力学温度精度最高的方法之一,也是定容理想气体温度计最有效的替代方法之一.综述了声学温度计测量热力学温度的研究进展,分析了目前建立声学温度计的最主要方法-球共鸣声学法的测量原理及其进展,并对声学温度计的未来发展进行了展望.     

非连续边界层对圆柱声学共鸣频率的影响研究

基于声学一阶微扰理论,建立了低压下由于气 固界面的温度阶跃和速度滑移带来的边界层不连续性对圆柱声学共鸣频率的扰动规律,进一步发展了圆柱声学共振频率的非连续边界层修正模型,计算了非连续边界层对4种惰性气体、不同声学模式和不同压力及温度的影响。分析研究显示,气体处于低压状态时,温度阶跃和速度滑移会使声学共振频率发生偏移,不引入声能损耗。在50 kPa时,非连续边界层对声学共鸣频率的影响可达10×10^-6,表明非连续边界层修正项对于10^-6不确定度水平的尖端声学共鸣测量,是一个重要的不确定性来源。     

高温双毛细管粘度计恒温系统研究

准确测定热力学温度是制定国际温标的基础,在温度计量研究中具有重要的科学意义.声学共鸣法是当前最有影响的基准热力学测温方法之一,该方法最大测量不确定度来源于实际气体粘性作用所造成的能量耗散效应,故准确地测定实际气体粘度,对声学共鸣法热力学温度计的应用具有关键影响.在120℃以下的实验研究证实,双毛细管粘度计具有最小的气体粘度测量不确定度.在此基础上,设计建立了一套高温双毛细管粘度计,优化了恒温装置结构设计,研究了该恒温器控温方法,使得恒温系统在室温至400℃,5h的温度稳定性达到±3mK,满足双毛细管粘度计测量高温气体粘度实验要求.     

四种测量玻尔兹曼常数的原级温度计研究综述

第26届国际计量大会批准了利用基本常量重新定义国际单位制（SI）。其中,温度单位“开尔文（K）”采用玻尔兹曼常量（k）重新定义。精确测量玻尔兹曼常量是重新定义开尔文和复现热力学温度的关键,本文详细介绍了用于测量玻尔兹曼常量的四种原级温度计：声学气体温度计、介电常量气体温度计、约翰逊噪声温度计、多普勒展宽温度计。阐述了四种原级温度计的工作原理、主要参数、实际应用情况,分析并探讨了它们对玻尔兹曼常量值修订起到的贡献。最后对原级测温方法未来发展方向进行总结与展望,为热力学温度的复现和传递提供研究支撑。     

气体声学温度计中声波导管的优化设计研究

声波导管的设计是影响声学信号信噪比的关键因素,导管内径越大、长度越短,越利于声波传输,但同时对声学共鸣腔产生更大的扰动。提出了采用变径声波导管降低声波的能量损耗和扰动方法,建立了变径声波导管的衰减和扰动模型,对比分析声学信号在不同尺寸声波导管内的能量衰减和导管对圆柱轴向非缔合声学共振频率和半宽的扰动,获得了优化的导管尺寸,在声波传输能量损失较小的情况下对内长为80 mm圆柱腔体首个轴向非缔合声学共振频率产生的相对扰动在3×10^-5以内,该声波导管的优化设计可为高温气体声学温度计的深入研究提供理论支持。     

单圆柱微波谐振法测量热力学温度的研究

利用氩气的量子力学“从头算”理论和相关实验测量结果,基于圆柱微波谐振法建立了气体折射率热力学温度计实验系统,测量了253~303 K范围内的热力学温度。通过测量圆柱微波谐振腔内4个横磁模式的微波谐振频率,获得了氩气在700 kPa附近的气体折射率,不同微波模式得到的氩气折射率一致性优于1×10^-8,进一步结合氩气的维里状态方程得到热力学温度。热力学温度T和ITS-90国际温标T90差异不确定度为11.6 mK,与国际温度咨询委员会的评估值具有良好的一致性。未来随着氩气理论计算和实验系统压力测量不确定度的深入研究,该方法测定热力学温度的不确定度会进一步改善。     

基于噪声温度计的铟凝固点热力学温度研究

热力学温度研究表明,国际温标ITS-90定义的一系列固定点与真实热力学温度有一定差异。以量子电压标定的噪声温度计为基础,设计了用于铟凝固点测量的温度探测装置,解决了高温复杂环境下电磁干扰的抑制问题。实验采用研制的噪声温度计系统测量了铟凝固点的热力学温度,测量积分时间100h,在20～500kHz的测量带宽内得到的铟凝固点热力学温度为429.7476K,相对不确定度为11.58×10^-6,与ITS-90给出的铟凝固点值相差0.9mK。实验结果可以为国际温标的修订提供参考。     

HTR-10中间换热器设计

高温气冷堆能提供９００℃以上的出口温度,而蒸汽透平循环的工质量高温度只有５５０℃左右,不能有效地利用高温气冷堆的高温潜力。１０ＭＷ高温气冷堆（ＨＴＲ－１０）采用的气体透平和蒸汽透平联合循环方案,不仅跟目前的高温气冷堆低入口温度相匹配,而且有助于学习和掌握直接和间接气体透平循环技术,积累并获得中间换热器、气体透平和其它设备的设计、建造和运行经验。中间换热器是采用联合循环的ＨＴＲ－１０的关键设备,本文     

近临界区二氧化碳声速的精密测量研究

基于圆柱声学共鸣法原理,开展了303.10～303.18 K,压力从3.855 MPa至7.534 MPa的近临界区CO2测量研究。二氧化碳声速测量的相对标准不确定度结果为:当压力低于7.1 MPa时为0.035%,当压力高于7.3 MPa时为0.15%。与CO2国际标准状态方程计算得到的声速相对偏差分布在0.005%～-0.4%范围。所获得的测量结果可为CO2国际标准状态方程的改进提供重要数据来源,建立的实验系统和方法可用于更宽广温区CO2及其他工质的声速精密测量研究。     

Acoustic Thermometry Results from 271 to 552 K

The NIST acoustic thermometer determines the thermodynamic temperature from measurements of ratios of the speed of sound of argon in a nearly spherical cavity. We report recent results for T − T ₉₀ on 12 isotherms spanning the range 271–552 K. (T is the thermodynamic temperature and T ₉₀ is the temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990.) The results are in excellent agreement with recent acoustic thermometry results reported by Benedetto et al. in the range from 273 to 380 K and with our previously reported results at 303, 430, and 505 K. The combined data sets are sufficiently redundant and sufficiently distributed over the temperature range to support a re-determination of the reference function for standard platinum resistance thermometers for a future temperature scale. The isotherms were analyzed using several methods; the T−T ₉₀ results and related uncertainties are insensitive to the method chosen. The thermal expansion of the stainless-steel resonator was deduced from the frequencies of the microwave resonances of the cavity. To clearly identify two nearly degenerate eigenmodes in our nearly axially symmetric resonator, two phased coupling probes were used to control the azimuthal angle of the microwave excitation.     

Progress Towards an Acoustic/Microwave Determination of the Boltzmann Constant at LNE-INM/CNAM

The Boltzmann constant k will be re-determined by using the simple, exact connection between the speed of sound in noble gases (extrapolated to zero pressure) and the thermodynamic temperature T, the molar mass of the gas M, and the universal gas constant R. The speed of sound will be determined in a spherical cavity of known volume V by measuring the acoustic resonance frequencies. This acoustic method led to the CODATA-recommended value of k; however, the CODATA value of k came from measurements using an almost perfectly spherical, stainless-steel-walled cavity filled with stagnant argon. The steel cavity’s volume was determined by weighing the mercury of well-known density required to fill it. In contrast, a copper-walled, quasi-spherical cavity (intentionally slightly deformed from a sphere), filled with helium gas that is continuously refreshed by a small helium flow that will mitigate the effects of outgassing, will be used. The volume of the copper cavity will be determined by measuring the microwave resonance frequencies and/or by three-dimensional coordinate measurements. If the microwave method is satisfactory, the measurement of k will be based on the ratio of the speed of sound in helium—obtained by acoustic resonance measurements—to the speed of light, obtained by microwave resonance measurements. This method exploits the theorem that the frequency ratios are independent of the details of the shape of the quasi-spherical cavity. Here, progress at LNE-INM/CNAM towards a better mechanical design and better understanding of the excess of the half-widths of the acoustic and microwave measurements are reported.     

Progress Report on NMIJ Acoustic Gas Thermometry at the Triple Point of Water

Herein, progress in the development of an acoustic gas thermometry (AGT) system at the National Metrology Institute of Japan is reported. This AGT system is an initial low-cost version that uses a 1-l quasi-spherical resonator (QSR) made of oxygen-free copper. The system was tested by measuring the speed of sound in argon at the temperature of triple point of water. Measurements were conducted at ten different pressures, ranging from 60 kPa to 420 kPa. The ideal gas limit of the squared speed of sound was obtained through extrapolation, and a preliminary calculation of the Boltzmann constant, which was 12 ppm below the CODATA2014 value, was made. Large inconsistencies among microwave and acoustic modes were observed, which are dominant sources of uncertainty in speed of sound measurements. The system will be improved by replacing the present QSR with another one that is more precisely fabricated.     

Johnson Noise Thermometry near the Zinc Freezing Point Using Resistance-Based Scaling

Johnson noise thermometry (JNT) is a primary method of measuring temperature which can be applied over wide ranges. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently using JNT to determine the deviations of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from the thermodynamic temperature in the range of 505–933 K, overlapping the ranges of both acoustic gas-based and radiation-based thermometry. Advances in digital electronics have now made viable the computationally intensive and data-volume-intensive processing required for JNT using noise-voltage correlation in the frequency domain. The spectral noise power, and consequently the thermodynamic temperature T, of a high-temperature JNT probe is determined relative to a known reference spectrum using a switched-input digital noise-voltage correlator and simple resistance-scaling relationships. Comparison of the JNT results with standard platinum resistance thermometers calibrated on the ITS-90 gives the deviation of the thermodynamic temperature from the temperature on the ITS-90, T − T ₉₀. Statistical uncertainties under 50 μK·K⁻¹ are achievable in less than 1 day of integration by fitting the effects of transmission-line time constants over bandwidths of 450 kHz. The methods and results in a 3 K interval near the zinc freezing point (T _90-ZnFP ≡ 692.677 K) are described. Preliminary results show agreement between the JNT-derived temperatures and the ITS-90.     

NRC Microwave Refractive Index Gas Thermometry Implementation Between 24.5 K and 84 K

The implementation of microwave refractive index gas thermometry at the National Research Council between 24.5 K and 84 K is reported. A new gas-handling system for accurate control and measurement of experimental gas pressure has been constructed, and primary thermometry measurements have been taken using a quasi-spherical copper resonator and helium gas at temperatures corresponding to three defining fixed points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). These measurements indicate differences between the thermodynamic temperature T and ITS-90 temperature \(T_{90}\) of \(\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -0.60 \pm 0.56\) mK at \(T_{90} = 24.5561\) K, \(\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -2.0 \pm 1.3\) mK at \(T_{90} = 54.3584\) K, and \(\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -4.0 \pm 2.9\) mK at \(T_{90} = 83.8058\) K. The present results at \(T_{90} = 24.5561\) K and \(T_{90} = 83.8058\) K agree with previously reported measurements from other primary thermometry techniques of acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry, and the result at \(T_{90} = 54.3584\) K provides new information in a temperature region where there is a gap in other recent data sets.     

Installation of Relative Acoustic Gas Thermometry in the Low Temperature Range from 4.2 to 80 K

Measurement Techniques - A relative acoustic gas thermometry unit for reproducing and transmitting the unit of thermodynamic temperature, i.e., kelvin, in the low temperature range 4.2–80 K...     

Calibration of Radiation Thermometry Fixed Points Using Au/Pt Thermocouples

At NMIA, radiation thermometers are calibrated by comparison with a number of reference radiation thermometers which are themselves calibrated using fixed-point cells on the ITS-90 temperature scale (In, Sn, Zn, Al, Ag, and Au). The suitability of NMIA fixed-point cells used for standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs) is evaluated by the comparison of ensembles of cells at each fixed point, and by participation in the international BIPM Key-Comparisons K3 and K4. However, the NMIA fixed-point cells used for radiation thermometry are typically much smaller (only 110 mm in length) and the thermowell length immersed in the metal much shorter (85 mm) than those used for SPRTs. Further, the insulation at the front of the crucible needs to accommodate the F/10 viewing cone of the radiation thermometers, so significant temperature gradients exist near the top of the crucible. As a consequence, the conduction errors obtained using SPRTs are too large to be of practical use. A convenient methodology based on the use of a Au/Pt thermocouple, together with a protective tube assembly to reduce conduction errors, has been developed. This allows the convenient measurement of the phase transition temperature traceable, at the 30 mK level, to the fixed-point cells used at NMIA to realize and maintain the ITS-90 scale. As the measurements are made in situ, the temperature environment, and hence the geometry and formation of the liquid?Csolid interface during melting and freezing, are similar to that occurring when used with radiation thermometers. Results are presented for ITS-90 fixed points up to Ag, establishing formal traceability of radiation thermometry fixed-point cells to NMIA??s primary ITS-90 cells.     

PdMn and PdFe: New Materials for Temperature Measurement Near 2 K

Interest in the critical dynamics of superfluid ⁴ He in microgravity conditions has motivated the development of new high resolution thermometry technology for use in space experiments near 2 K. We have developed a magnetic thermometer using dilute magnetic alloys of Mn or Fe dissolved in a pure Pd matrix, similar to previous thermometers used at ultra-low temperatures. These metallic thermometers are easy to fabricate, chemically inert, and can have a low thermal resistance to the stage to be measured. Also, the Curie temperature can be varied by changing the concentration of Fe or Mn, making them available for use in a wide temperature range. The derivative of the magnetic susceptibility was measured for PdMn and PdFe between 1.5 K and 4 K using a SQUID magnetometer. These measurements, as well as preliminary noise and drift measurements, show them to have sub-nK resolution with a drift of less than 10 ^–13 K/s.