MORPHOLOGY AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF LINEAR DEFECTS ON SOLAR-ENERGY MULTICRYSTALLINE SILICON WAFERS

研究了定向凝固生长的多晶硅线切割过程中在多晶硅片表面产生的线状缺陷的形貌特征及其形成机制.分别采用扫描电子显微技术和X射线衍射技术对多晶硅片线切割引起的线状缺陷的形貌特征及夹杂物进行研究,结果表明:多晶硅片表面线切割过程中形成的线状缺陷是因SiC夹杂物的存在而引起的,当切割钢丝与多晶硅中的SiC夹杂物相遇时,在拉力作用下钢丝爬越SiC夹杂物,同时在SiC夹杂物的表面发生研磨现象,在多晶硅片表面留下线状缺陷.     

方坯连铸机内不同形貌夹杂物的去除行为

采用数值模拟方法研究小方坯连铸结晶器的三维流场和夹杂物运动轨迹,探讨了粒子形状对夹杂物去除率的影响.结果表明:相同形状夹杂物,随着粒径的增大,夹杂物的去除率随之增大;相同粒径的夹杂物,形状因子越小的夹杂物的去除率越高;对于5 μm以下尺寸的夹杂物,夹杂物的形状和尺寸对夹杂物运动行为的影响可以忽略.     

60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢中夹杂物演变行为分析

针对某钢厂60Si_2Mn-Cr弹簧钢的生产工艺,取不同工位处的钢样,研究夹杂物的转变效果。实验表明:微铝工艺生产钢中的夹杂物逐渐转变为Al_2O_3-SiO_2-CaO-MgO复合氧化物夹杂,形状逐渐趋于球状夹杂物尺寸逐渐减小,最终铸坯中夹杂物的平均尺寸为4.6μm。通过热力学计算,得到了不同工位下夹杂物的SiO_2+CaO-MgO-MnO+Al_2O_3相图,在中间包和铸坯中的夹杂物大多数处于1500-1 600℃温度下的液相区,减小高硬度夹杂物的危害,提高了弹簧钢的质量。     

应用激光多普勒测速仪研究湍流有旋自由射流

用激光多普勒测速仪对旋流器产生的强湍流有自由射流的速度场和湍流场进行了实验研究。实验结果表明,这种旋流器十分有利于中心回流区的形成,射流的平均速度分布沿轴向快速地衰减,有旋自由射流呈现湍流各向异性,特别是在回流区域中,本文对流场中湍流动量传递的方向进行了讨论。     

用二阶矩亚网格尺度燃烧模型对丙烷-空气旋流扩散燃烧的大涡模拟

用二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型对环缝进燃料的丙烷-空气旋流湍流扩散燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES).模拟得到统计平均的热态3个方向的速度、湍流度、温度、丙烷、氧和CO2浓度分布,其值与实验数据符合很好.结果表明,二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型适用于大涡模拟.环缝进气使湍流脉动强度、各向异性程度和温度分布趋于均匀.     

CTAC减阻流体湍流高阶矩的研究

本文对不同工况下氯化十六烷基三甲基季铵盐(Cetyltrimethyl Ammonium Chloride,简称CTAC)减阻流体二维流道速度场进行了实验测量,分析了倾斜因子及平坦因子等湍流高阶矩的分布特征.实验结果表明:CTAC溶液流动主流区的倾斜因子远离零值,速度概率密度函数偏离高斯分布远,各向异性强,且平坦因子较大,存在拟序结构,主要是脉动频率低、湍流能量小的大涡结构;近壁面的过渡层区倾斜因子偏离零值不远,各向异性小;过渡区存在强烈的湍流混合.     

诱导晶内铁素体形核的夹杂物控制

结合晶内铁素体的形核机制与异质形核理论,系统介绍了可以诱发晶内铁索体形核的夹杂物的类型和尺寸范围.分析认为,诱导IGF的有效形核核心一般为复合夹杂物,夹杂物上须有与IGF共格品面错配度较小的析出相.内部氧化物与边缘析出相形成的凹形边缘为IGF的形核提供了有利条件.诱导IGF形核的夹杂物类型不同,几何尺寸也有所差异,但均...     

柴油机涡流室连接通道结构参数对其空气流动特性影响的研究

利用建立的各向异性ｋ－ε湍流模型和精确测量的通道入口的边界条件，计算研究了不同连接通道位置和角度下涡流室内的空气湍流流动特性。     

不同形状多扰流柱流场特性的数值分析

湍流凝聚技术可以有效提高常规电除尘器的PM_(2.5)脱除效率,是国内外学者研究和厂家推广的热点技术。扰流柱扰流作用是凝聚器内超细颗粒物凝聚的主要动力源之一,采用数值方法计算不同形状多扰流柱工况的速度分布、湍流强度、湍流粘度、压力损失等参数,结果表明角钢扰流的速度和湍流扰动特性均优于圆柱扰流,但是压力损失也随之增大了很多,在实际工程应用中应在保证扰流效果的前提下尽量减小不必要的压力损失。     

电磁搅拌对板坯表层大型夹杂物分布的影响

采用非水溶液电解法对汽车面板钢连铸坯距内弧面0~60 mm表层大于50μm非金属夹杂物的分布进行实验研究,给出了汽车面板钢连铸坯中大型夹杂物的三维形貌照片,定量化研究了大型夹杂物在连铸坯表层宽度、厚度方向上的质量及体积数量密度分布规律。并通过实验研究手段研究了结晶器电磁搅拌对大型夹杂物在连铸坯表层的分布规律进行了研究,弄清了电磁搅拌对大型夹杂物分布的影响机理。     

FTSC结晶器内钢渣两相运动行为的数值模拟

利用VOF方法建立两相湍流瞬态流动模型对FTSC结晶器内钢-渣界面运动和钢液流场分布进行了数值模拟计算,考察了水口结构、拉速对钢液流动及钢渣界面运动行为的影响作用。计算结果表明：采用不同结构的4孔水口进行浇注时,在结晶器内宽面方向一侧形成数量不等、位置不同的回流区;结晶器内的钢渣界面形状及出现液面裸露的位置由于水口结构的不同均有所差异。     

X70管线钢洁净度控制研究

针对某钢厂中厚板卷厂采用铁水倒罐→铁水预处理→转炉冶炼→出钢脱氧合金化→LF精炼炉→RH真空炉→钙处理→连铸生产X70管线钢生产工艺,采取系统取样分析,对P、S等杂质元素,N、H、O等气体的脱除规律以及夹杂物的控制规律进行了研究。研究表明,成品成分可以稳定控制水平为:w([P])≤0.004 5%,w([S])≤0.001 00%,w([O])≤0.000 85%,w([N])≤0.003 00%,w([H])≤0.000 15%,夹杂物以小于10μm的CaO-CaS为主,且单位面积总夹杂物数量小于12个/mm~2,成品钢具有很高的洁净度水平。     

板坯连铸机内钢液流动和夹杂物行为

采用数值模拟方法研究了板坯连铸机内钢液流动和夹杂物传输行为。数值结果表明，由于夹杂物的上浮速度远小于钢液流速，因此钢水的流动直接影响着结晶器内夹杂物分布。夹杂物具有与钢液流场相似的上下两个回流区的结构；在液面处，大粒径夹杂物的浓度较大；在窄面处，小粒径夹杂物的浓度较大。     

中间包两相流场的数值模拟和操作优化

为了提高20#碳钢连铸管坯的产品质量，通过对气泡和非金属夹渣的形成机理以及对中间包内钢水流场数值模拟的研究分析，发现中间包的结构与操作对20#钢连铸坯的生产质量具有较大影响，因此，对中间包的结构与操作进行了优化研究，研究结果显示：(1)通过对中间包的结构优化提高了中间包的钢水液面高度，增加了钢水在中间包内的滞留时间，有利于夹杂物和气泡的消除，从而提高了钢水的均匀性；(2)改进钢水流入、流出中间包的操作，能避免钢流与空气的直接接触，减少钢水的二次氧化；(3)连铸钢水过热度的严格控制，有利于减少钢水的二次氧化和对包衬耐火材料的浸蚀，从而起到降低铸坯中非金属夹渣物的效果。采取这些措施后，2#钢连铸坯的质量取得了显著提高，设备寿命明显延长。     

柴油机油底壳薄钢板层状开裂分析

通过检测与分析,认为柴油机油底壳薄钢板发生层状开裂事故是由于钢液中的炉渣、耐火衬料或脱氧产物未除尽,卷入连铸结晶器,残留于钢中形成夹渣,轧制时沿轧制方向分布,使钢板产生分层,破坏了其结构上的连续性,在冲压时于夹渣聚集处开裂。     

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Molten Salt

Molten salt and supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO_2) are important high temperature heat transfer media,but molten salt/S-CO_2 heat exchanger has been seldom reported.In present paper,heat transfer in printed circuit heat exchanger (PCHE) with molten salt and S-CO_2 is simulated and analyzed.Since S-CO_2 can be drove along passage wall by strong buoyancy force with large density difference,its heat transfer is enhanced by natural convection.In inlet region,natural convection weakens along flow direction with decreasing Richardson number,and the thermal boundary layer becomes thicker,so local heat transfer coefficient of S-CO_2 significantly decreases.In outlet region,turbulent kinetic energy gradually increases,and then heat transfer coefficient increases for turbulent heat transfer enhancement.Compared with transcritical CO_2 with lower inlet temperature,local heat transfer coefficient of S-CO_2 near inlet is lower for smaller Richardson number,while it will be higher for larger turbulent kinetic energy near outlet.Performance of PCHE is mainly determined by the pressure drop in molten salt passage and the heat transfer resistance in S-CO_2 passage.When molten salt passage width increases,molten salt pressure drop significantly decreases,and overall heat transfer coefficient slightly changes,so the comprehensive performance of PCHE is improved.As a result,PCHE unit with three semicircular passages and one semi-elliptic passage has better performance.     

低熔点熔融盐管内强迫对流换热的实验研究

利用课题组自行配制的二元混合熔融盐(KNO3-Ca(NO3)2)开展导热油与低熔点熔融盐的管内强制对流实验研究。通过实验得到导热油与低熔点熔融盐的总换热系数,并通过最小二乘法和Wilson分离法得到了管内低熔点熔融盐侧的对流换热系数及其准则关联式。与不同的经典传热关联式对比,最大偏差为+23%。考虑高温熔融盐的变物性特征,利用黏度项对Dittus-Boelter方程关联式进行修正。经过修正后的Dittus-Boelter方程与实验测试结果最大偏差为-15%,偏差值明显减小。过渡流实验数据和Hausen方程及Gnielinski方程的最大偏差均为10%,实验结果验证了传热关系式仍适用于高温熔融盐的结论。     

The effects of turbulence on molten pool transport during melting and solidification processes in continuous conduction mode laser welding of copper–nickel dissimilar couple

The melting and solidification stages of a continuous copper–nickel dissimilar metal conduction mode laser welding have been simulated numerically in this study. The heat, mass and momentum transports in molten metal pool have been analysed using both laminar and turbulent flow models separately for the same process parameters. The phase change aspects related to solidification and melting are accounted for by a modified enthalpy–porosity technique while the turbulent transport is modelled by a high Reynolds number k–ε model. It has been observed that temperature fields obtained from both laminar and turbulent transport simulations are qualitatively similar to each other. The molecular thermal diffusivity of the molten metal mixture is found to be in the same order of magnitude as eddy thermal diffusivity, as a result of which the thermal field gets marginally affected by fluid turbulence. By contrast, eddy viscosity remains much greater than molecular viscosity, which leads to greater amount of momentum diffusion in the case of a turbulent molten metal pool, in comparison to that obtained from the corresponding laminar simulation. This is reflected in the reduction in maximum velocity magnitude in the turbulent simulation in comparison to the maximum velocity obtained from laminar simulation. In the case of species transport, the turbulent mass diffusivity is found to be about 10⁷–10⁸ times greater than molecular mass diffusivity. As a result, the species field in turbulent simulation shows characteristics of better mixing between two dissimilar molten metals than the species field obtained using the laminar transport model. The species distribution obtained from turbulent transport is shown to be in better agreement with experimental data reported in literature than the corresponding mass fraction distribution obtained from laminar simulation. It is also found that species distribution in the molten pool is principally determined by advective and diffusive transport during the melting stage and species transport by advection and eddy diffusion in turbulent pool increasingly weakens with decreasing temperature during the cooling following the laser melting stage.     

Investigation on forced convective heat transfer of molten salts in circular tubes

In this paper, experiments are carried out to obtain convective heat transfer coefficients of turbulent flow and transition flow of molten Hitec salts in a circular tube. The present experimental data together with experimental data of four kinds of molten salts from the existing literature are correlated for transitional and turbulent convective flow respectively. In addition, the Prandtl number dependence of convective heat transfer with different working fluids is examined. It is shown that the present experimental data are in good agreement with existing correlations.