土壤和水中放射性核素实验室间测量比对

介绍了2015年度由本实验室组织的关于土壤和水中放射性核素实验室间测量比对的相关情况。土壤分为掺标土壤和实际土壤两类,水为掺标样品。掺标样品的比对项目包括³H(土壤中不分析)、⁹⁰Sr、⁶⁰Co、¹³⁴Cs和¹³⁷Cs,实际土壤的比对项目包括²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs。8家单位(11个实验室)参加了本次比对活动,比对结果整体良好。针对比对活动中发现的问题进行了分析,并对以后的比对活动提出了建议。     

同位素示踪农业应用的研究热点

为深入了解同位素示踪技术的特点和优势，重点总结了近年来在农业科学相关领域的一些应用研究热点。¹⁵N、³²P示踪为揭示作物营养元素有效转化机理，创建养分高效利用技术模式提供重要支持。¹³C、¹⁵N示踪在土壤有机碳循环、温室气体减排研究中，凸显了独特优势。¹⁴C示踪为我国自主创制的新农用化学物质生态环境影响评价，提供重要技术支撑。稳定性同位素比率、δ¹³C等同位素指纹技术，为明确农田污染物的环境行为、解析污染源，提供了重要手段；为国家名特优农产品原产地溯源，提供原创的技术性思路。¹⁰⁹Cd、⁶⁵Zn示踪为揭示土壤重金属镉、锌污染环境行为，提供不可或缺的技术支持。环境核素⁷Be、¹³⁷Cs示踪在生态系统稳定性研究方面，发挥了不可替代的作用。     

茄子对干沉积90Sr、137Cs的截获和易位行为研究

开展农作物对干沉积放射性气溶胶的截获和易位行为研究,对于公众辐射剂量估算以及旨在降低农产品放射性污染应对措施的有效性评估至关重要。选取我国代表性果菜类作物——茄子作为研究对象,在实验室开展了典型裂变产物⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs在茄子不同生长阶段的截获和易位行为研究。结果表明,试验植物对放射性核素的截获份额和易位因子随植株生长时间的延长而增大。开花期茄子对⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs的截获份额分别为0.14、0.21,结果期茄子对⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs的截获份额分别为0.17、0.26;开花期茄子对⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs的易位因子分别为1.6、4.7,结果期茄子对⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs的易位因子分别为2.3、5.9。就不同核素而言,不同生长阶段试验植物对¹³⁷Cs的截获份额和易位因子均高于⁹⁰Sr。     

植物和动电修复铀污染土壤的研究现状

核工业的发展,导致重金属铀的排放和扩散,造成了地表局部土壤的污染,对社会和环境造成了一定的影响。由于铀的特殊性和土壤成分的复杂性,如何修复铀污染的土壤成为了一个难题。本文在已有研究基础上,对土壤中铀的形态特征、植物修复和动电修复的概念、国内外的研究进展、制约因素、优势和局限性、未来的发展趋势、两者的互补性进行了讨论,提出未来的发展方向是使植物修复和动电修复相结合,植物修复用于大面积、中低浓度铀污染土壤的修复,动电修复应用于较高浓度、环境恶劣、深层的铀污染,两者的结合将有望成为解决这一难题的希望。     

环境样品中铀同位素的ICP-MS测量方法研究

本文介绍了一种针对环境中水体、土壤及沉积物样品中铀同位素的ICP-MS测量方法。该方法通过萃取色谱法的应用对环境样品中的铀进行了分离纯化,实现了对环境中含量较少的²³⁴U、²³⁵U的同时、快速测量;所得²³⁴U、²³⁵U、²³⁸U方法探测限对土壤及沉积物而言分别为0.7 mBq/g、0.002 mBq/g、0.04 mBq/g,在水体样品测量中相应分别为0.000 1 Bq/L、6×10^-7 Bq/L、1×10^-5 Bq/L。进一步利用该方法对IAEA-443、IAEA-447、NIST-4357三种参考物质进行了测量,测量结果与参考值一致,平均回收率分别达到84.2%、93.4%、90.6%,验证了方法的有效性和准确性。     

土壤和沉积物中痕量Pu的ICP-MS测量方法研究

介绍了一种针对土壤和沉积物样品中Pu核素的ICP-MS测量方法。该方法利用硝酸浸取和两步阴离子交换层析对样品中的Pu进行提纯和除杂,此方法对U的去污因子为1.5×10⁵。在加入了APEX-IR雾化装置和Spiro膜去溶装置后, ICP-MS测量中影响²³⁹Pu和²⁴⁰Pu计数率的²³⁸U多原子离子²³⁸U¹H⁺/²³⁸U和²³⁸U¹H⁺₂/²³⁸U产率分别为3.4×10^-5和7.6×10^-6。将该方法运用在我国环境土壤和沉积物的ICP-MS测量中,可使样品中Pu测量结果的相对误差降低到约千分之一。该方法对²³⁹Pu和²⁴⁰Pu的检测限分别为3.6 fg/mL和 7.3 fg/mL。利用该方法对IAEA-soil-6和NIST-4357两种参考物质进行前处理和ICP-MS测量,结果表明样品中^239+240Pu活度浓度和²⁴⁰Pu/²³⁹Pu同位素原子比与参考值符合,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

土壤中238U、226Ra、210Pb、210Po在3种蔬菜中的转移及食用后剂量估算

研究了广东地区受铀矿污染的土壤中生长的芥菜、大白菜、苋菜的根、茎、叶中²³⁸U、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb、²¹⁰Po的含量分布情况,其中根为主要富集部位;3种蔬菜的转移系数皆在10^-3~10^-2水平,芥菜的²³⁸U和²²⁶Ra的转移系数之间存在相互影响,大白菜的²¹⁰Pb和²¹⁰Po的转移系数之间也存在相互影响关系;对公众每食入1 kg蔬菜所产生的待积有效剂量做了初步估算,²³⁸U贡献的剂量为0.001~0.105 μSv,²²⁶Ra为0.004~0.576 μSv,²¹⁰Pb为0.019~0.646 μSv,²¹⁰Po为0.010~1.30 μSv。     

大面积表面污染测量仪主要性能测试与分析

针对用于测量α、β射线的便携式大面积表面污染测量仪,为确保其测量性能,本文根据JJG 478—2016和GB/T 5202—2008标准要求,对自主研发的便携式α、β大面积表面污染测量仪的均匀性、探测效率、探测限、响应时间和温度稳定性等主要性能指标进行了测试。结果表明:便携式大面积表面污染测量仪的表面发射率响应对²⁴¹Am α源为30.4%左右,对⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y β源为48.1%,对³⁶Cl β源为45.5%左右;最低可探测下限对²⁴¹Am α源为0.15 Bq/cm²,对β源⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y为0.07 Bq/cm²,对β源³⁶Cl为0.09 Bq/cm²;响应时间＜4 s;在-10 ℃～40 ℃时可正常工作。各项参数指标满足标准要求,能够有效达到防止污染扩散,保证工作人员安全的目的。     

基于TOA萃取色层的土壤中238Pu/239,240Pu活度比的分析方法

核设施周边环境土壤样品中²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu活度比的信息特征可用于评估核活动，为了获得准确的核素比，需要建立²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu活度比的分析方法。在三正辛胺（TOA）萃取法分析Pu含量的基础上，考察了盐酸和硝酸洗涤以及洗涤用量对U、Th、Am等杂质元素的去除情况，并引入共沉淀步骤进行前处理流程的优化，建立起一个基于TOA萃取色层的土壤样品中²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu活度比的分析方法。当土壤样品量为25 g时，该方法Pu的化学回收率大于70%，U、Th的去污因子大于10⁴，Am的去污因子大于10³，²³⁸Pu的最低检测比活度为（6.0±1.6）×10^-6 Bq/g，^239,240Pu的最低检测比活度为（6.4±0.4）×10^-6 Bq/g(n=3)。该方法可应用于环境土壤样品中²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu活度比的分析，为军控核查和环境监测提供技术支持。     

就地HPGe谱仪测量分析长白山土壤中的137Cs等γ核素

长白山是欧亚大陆东缘的最高山系，是首批国家级自然保护区，自然环境受人类扰动较少，能较好地反映全球大气核试验、前苏联切尔诺贝利核事故在长白山地区沉降的¹³⁷Cs量。为调查¹³⁷Cs经多年衰变和迁移后在长白山土壤中的分布规律，本文利用就地HPGe γ谱仪测量分析了长白山主峰北坡、南坡及西坡的高山荒漠带、苔原带、岳桦林带、针叶林带等土壤中²³⁸U、²³²Th、⁴⁰K和¹³⁷Cs的活度浓度。结果表明，火山灰覆盖的区域，土壤中的²³⁸U和²³²Th等天然放射性核素含量较高，最高值分别为112 Bq/kg和154 Bq/kg；植被茂盛、地势平坦区域¹³⁷Cs活度浓度较高，最高为1.07×10⁴ Bq/m²。     

X射线凸度仪中散射信号的物理模型与解析计算研究

在各种凸度检测技术中,射线法能够适应恶劣的生产环境、测量精度高等一些优点使它成为研究的主流方向[1]。散射是影响射线法凸度检测精度的一个重要因素,关于散射的研究是该技术研发的重要环节,也是研究的难点[1]。通过建立物理模型,使用解析法进行散射校正,与Monte Carlo模拟结果对比,得到了理想的结果。     

基于CFD的蒸汽发生器U型管内回流现象数值分析

反应堆一回路系统在自然循环条件下，蒸汽发生器（SG）部分U型管内可能会出现回流现象，利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法，对某非能动三代反应堆蒸汽发生器U型管内流体的流动传热特性进行数值模拟分析。选取6组不同管长的U型管，对比分析U型管内单相流体的流动传热特性。基于数值仿真结果，得出6组U型管质量流量-进出口压降曲线，并?T分析了U型管长度和一次侧进口流体温度与二次侧壁面温度温差（?T）对流体回流的影响。研究结果表明，当?T一定时，随着进出口压降的降低，长管内更容易发生回流。当U型管长度一定时，?T越小越容易发生回流。      

Computation accuracy and efficiency of a coarse-mesh analytic nodal method for LWR transient problems,in comparison with a space-time synthesis method

The purpose of this paper is to discuss some numerical experiments in 3-D nuclear reactor dynamics with emphasis on the comparison between the Analytical Nodal Method (ANM) as programmed in the QUANDRY code and a space-time synthesis method as programmed in SYNTH-C.The main conclusion which can be drawn from our work are the following: (i) The ANM, also taking into account the comparisons with finite difference calculations, is more accurate. The maximum error of the SYNTH-C code with respect to QUANDRY, in the worse case, is less than 6%. (ii) About the computational efficiency, the calculations with the very coarse meshes seem to favour the nodal method. However, nodes made up of more than one fuel assembly are not always possible in practice, because of the different details in the heterogeneous structure of the actual fuel assemblies. Thus problems with assembly-size meshes are more meaningful and in this regard the ANM is rather unsatisfactory. (iii) The time-step sizes of the nodal solutions appear to be severely limited by a stability condition, while they are chosen on the ground of pure accuracy considerations in the case of synthesis solutions. (iv) The performances of the two types of codes from the point of view of CPU time and storage, especially for problems relating to large LWR cores, are favourable for the synthesis method.     

过冷沸腾起始点预测关系式研究

本文认为过冷沸腾起始点为一个流程段,起于气泡开始汽化点,终于气泡脱离气穴点。基于这一假设建立了更为符合实际的过冷沸腾起始点气泡模型,在此基础上,用唯象方法获得了气泡半径公式及壁面过热度与热流密度关系式,并与实验数据进行了比对,其误差分布更加合理。     

A comparative study of correlations of critical heat flux of pool boiling

Nucleate pool boiling is desirable for many engineering systems. One challenge task for designing a system with nucleate pool boiling is to estimate the critical heat flux (CHF), which needs an accurate pool boiling CHF correlation. A few evaluations of pool boiling CHF correlations were reported, which used limited experimental data or covered limited correlations, resulting in inconsistent results. Therefore, it is difficult to determine which one is more appropriate for a given application. In this paper, a database containing 600 data points of pool boiling CHF of 12 pure liquids on plain surfaces having orientation angles of 0°?180° is compiled from 40 published papers. The reduced pressure is from 0.0001 to 0.98, and the 13 fluids are water, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, R113, FC-72, FC-87, HFE-7100, ethanol, benzene, hexane, pentane, and methanol. With the database, 21 pool boiling CHF correlations are assessed. The most accurate one has a mean absolute deviation of 27.1%, indicating a need for developing more accurate correlations for engineering applications. Besides, the factors affecting the accuracy of correlations are analyzed and some valuable conclusions are obtained. The work lays a valuable foundation for the further study of pool boiling CHF correlations and provides a guide for choosing proper correlations for given applications. Several topics worthy of attention for future studies are suggested.     

Stress and thickness calculation of a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings

The design of a bolted flat cover is extremely important for the structural integrity of pressure vessels.The present design codes provide the thickness calculation equations for a bolted flat cover with single metal gasket.However,the rules for a bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings are not developed to date.In the study,a new thickness calculation equation for the bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings is proposed.First,the theoretical stress solution for bolted flat cover with the double metal sealing rings is obtained,based on the theory of simply supported circular plate and then verified using the results from finite element analyses.The results indicate that the influence of double metal sealing ring on the stress of the flat cover is more serious compared to single metal gasket.Second,a more accurate and reasonable equation is proposed to calculate the thickness of bolted flat cover with double metal sealing rings based on the derived theoretical equations of maximum stress.Finally,the influence of linear load and the spacing between rings on the thickness are discussed.Subsequently,a few suggestions are provided to design low-pressure or atmosphere pressure vessels.The study provides a theoretical foundation to develop design codes of pressure vessels in nuclear reactors.     

多网共站址建设的移动通信基站电磁辐射防护区域及防护距离划分的探讨

随着多网共站址基站的建设越来越多,按主瓣模式划出的电磁辐射防护区域和防护距离已经不能适应新的变化。本文根据天线发射的电磁能量分布特性提出了一种新的简洁适用的电磁辐射防护区域划分方式和相关参数的确定,通过理论计算得出它的防护距离,并与实际测量的结果相比较,结果表明该方式能够较好的反映实际情况。     

Optimization of the Tube-Bundle Arrangement in Horizontal Steam Generators

Experience in operating steam generators with various tube-bundle arrangements is analyzed. Ways to improve the construction are indicated. The results of computational–theoretical studies are presented. These studies show that a corridor arrangement of a tube bundle is more advantageous.