基于小波包能量谱的电网故障行波定位方法

为减少电网故障行波传播色散特性对行波波头检测和波速测量的影响,提高电网故障行波定位的准确度,提出了基于小波包能量谱的电网故障行波定位方法。该法结合小波包技术与傅立叶变换的谱分析,对行波信号进行分析,提取能量相对集中的故障频带信号进行故障行波定位计算;行波到达时间由该频带相应尺度下的小波包能量时谱提取的行波特征点位置计算;该频带行波传播速度由输电线路两端对外部扰动的实测行波数据计算。大量的电网故障行波定位ATP仿真分析结果和现场实验测试分析表明,该电网故障行波定位方法能有效提取电网行波特征信号,减少行波传播色散特性和线路长度变化的影响,定位误差<200m。     

基于小波和凯瑟效应的电磁声发射信号特性分析

针对脉冲电磁涡流激励下,金属铝板的声发射信号具有宽频率响应以及低频干扰严重的特性,使用小波包和快速傅里叶(FFT)方法研究了不同加载条件下来自不同试件信号的高低频能量特性,揭示了不同试件的信号特征,得到了缺陷的声发射信号以及噪声的强度特性。基于声发射理论,将有限元计算的形变和声发射信号进行了归一化处理,并依据凯瑟效应,建立了有限元分析和声发射信号之间的内在联系,为理论和实验研究电磁声发射技术提供了重要的理论和实验依据。     

小波包在声发射信号特征提取中的应用

在分析典型声发射（AE）信号特征的基础上,根据机械故障或损伤引发的AE信号的特征提取原理,首次提出AE信号的小波包特征提取分析法。该方法利用小波包将信号按任意时频分辨率分解到不同频段的特点,可从AE信号中提取和重构出所需的特定时频段（点）上的特征信号,解决了不能从噪声大、频带宽和数据量大的实测AE信号中有效提取特征信号的难题。介绍了该方法的具体算法,并通过仿真研究了该方法在强噪声背景下提取特征信号的能力;将其用于声发射检测的滚动轴承损伤类型及部件的识别,诊断结果十分清晰、可靠和精确。仿真和实验研究均表明了AE信号的小波包特征提取分析法能有效应用于基于声发射技术的状态监测和故障诊断。     

利用小波包变换实现电力系统谐波分析

小波包变换(WPT)建立在小波变换的基础上,可以实现信号频带的均匀划分,能够更好地提取信号的时频特性,具有更好的谐波分析特性.但是现有的小波包变换算法实现的频带划分不是按频率大小顺序排列的,给系统和谐波分析带来混乱.根据采样定理和滤波器组实现电路分析了小波包变换实现频带划分的特点,并利用改进的小波包变换实现算法进行系统分析,实例验证这种新的小波包分解结构对谐波分析具有更好的特性.     

基于小波分析的故障电弧伴生弧声特征提取

在故障电弧伴生早期弧声频谱特性研究的基础上,提出基于小波包分解的早期弧声频带局部能量特征参数的快速提取方法。早期弧声的功率谱分析表明,故障电弧发生之前,在可听波段产生5kHz-10kHz的电弧声,其带宽和中心频率与电极形状、放电距离、放电电压等试验条件有关。利用小波包多分辨率技术对弧声信号进行三层分解,对各子频带进行能量统计,根据不同子频带能量的分布特征建立起“能量一信号”的映射关系。实验研究表明,弧声出现前后第二子频带S31和第三子频带S32能量变化明显,可以作为识别早期弧声的特征参数。通过在线监测信号这两个特征子频带能量的变化即可判断早期故障弧声是否存在,从而实现故障电弧的早期预测预警。     

基于小波包除噪的电能质量扰动检测方法

小波包变换能够实现信号频带的均匀划分，在任意频率聚焦，是分析暂态电能质量扰动时频特性的良好工具。但是电气信号中的电磁噪声严重影响了小波包的检测特性。该文提出了一种小波包除噪算法。通过仿真验证，该算法可以消除扰动检测中的噪声影响，从而为噪声环境中电能质量扰动的检测和定位提供了良好的依据。     

小波变换去噪在绝缘子污秽放电声发射监测中的应用

研究了绝缘子污秽放电声发射监测中用小波变换进行信号提纯与消噪的实现问题。在大量绝缘子污秽放电声发射试验基础上,分析总结了污秽放电声发射信号的共有特点。并提出一种基于声发射信号小波变换的小波基选取方法。采用选取的最优小波函数rbio3.9对声发射信号进行频谱分析,提取了声信号的特征频带,并对重构后的信号进行二重小波分解消噪。两组声发射信号的小波变换消噪结果表明,小波变换提高了信号信噪分离结果的可靠性,有效地降低了噪声对污秽放电声发射信号的影响。     

小波变换去噪在绝缘子污秽放电声发射监测中的应用

研究了绝缘子污秽放电声发射监测中用小波变换进行信号提纯与消噪的实现问题.在大量绝缘子污秽放电声发射试验基础上,分析总结了污秽放电声发射信号的共有特点.并提出一种基于声发射信号小波变换的小波基选取方法.采用选取的最优小波函数rbio3.9对声发射信号进行频谱分析,提取了声信号的特征频带,并对重构后的信号进行二重小波分解消噪.两组声发射信号的小波变换消噪结果表明,小波变换提高了信号信噪分离结果的可靠性,有效地降低了噪声对污秽放电声发射信号的影响.     

材质对于非接触式行波传感器传变特性的影响

传感器的性能对准确高效地获取故障行波信号具有重要影响,为研究不同材质非接触式电压传感器的传变特性,首先对采集的信号用小波包能量谱法进行小波包分解,利用MATLAB软件拟合得到不同材质传感器采集信号的能量在相同频段的不同衰减规律,分析传感器传变特性;其次使用MATLAB工具编写入射波脉宽计算程序,根据脉宽值判断采集波形的明显程度以及原始信号幅值衰减速度判断信号采集的难易;最后从定位误差的角度分析定位的准确度;结果表明,镁材质金属片在行波测距中传变特性较好,可为传感器材质的选择及设计提供重要参考。     

小波包变换在风电场谐波分析中的应用

含有变频器的风力发电机组在并网发电时会给电力系统注入时变谐波.快速傅里叶变换(FFT)是目前谐波分析的主要方法,但是它不适合处理非平稳时变信号.提出利用小波包变换(WPT)的方法对电流信号进行分析.基于Daubechies小波,采用适当的采集频率和小波包分解树,使谐波频率落在小波包频带并利用其小波包系数重构出各次谐波.可以实现信号频带的均匀划分,能够更好地提取信号的时频特性,还具有分辨非平稳时变谐波的能力.仿真结果显示小波包变换的谐波分析能力更好,能根据要求分离任意次谐波.     

Experimental facility for the study of acoustic emission registered in the primary circuit components of WWER power units

This paper is dedicated to the creation of a facility for the experimental study of a phenomenon of background acoustic emission (AE), which is detected in the main circulation loop (MCL) of WWER power units. The analysis of the operating principle and the design of a primary feed-and-blow down system (FB) deaerator of NPP as the most likely source of continuous acoustic emission is carried out. The experimental facility for the systematic study of a phenomenon of continuous AE is developed. A physical model of a thermal deaerator is designed and constructed. A thermal monitoring system is introduced. An automatic system providing acoustic signal registration in a low frequency (0.03–30 kHz) and high frequency (30–300 kHz) bands and study of its spectral characteristics is designed. Special software for recording and processing of digitized electrical sensor signals is developed. A separate and independent principle of study of the most probable processes responsible for the generation of acoustic emission signals in the deaerator is applied. Trial series of experiments and prechecks of acoustic signals in different modes of the deaerator model are conducted. Compliance of basic technological parameters with operating range of the real deaerator was provided. It is shown that the acoustic signal time-intensity curve has several typical regions. The pilot research showed an impact of various processes that come about during the operation of the deaerator physical model on the intensity of the AE signal. The experimental results suggest that the main sources of generation of the AE signals are the processes of steam condensation, turbulent flow of gas-vapor medium, and water boiling.     

含缺陷纤维复合材料热老化后变形与损伤破坏声发射行为

不同时间影响下玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)的热老化效应亟待研究。本文采用声发射(AE)与数字图像相关技术(DIC)相结合的互补无损检测技术,分别对热老化0、4、8、16天后三点弯曲试样的损伤过程进行实时监测,并进一步分析预制缺陷对热老化后复合材料的纤维与基体界面间性能的影响。对AE信号进行k-means聚类分析同时通过DIC进行全局应变场测量,表征了预制缺陷和热老化时间对GFRP力学行为和变形损伤机理的影响。结果表明：声发射信号可以对各类损伤进行分类,通过分析脱粘信号发现,在层合板内部交联时,脱粘信号减少且分布在失效载荷后;随着热老化进展至水分挥发阶段,脱粘信号增多并均匀分布在断裂前期与后期。对于预制纤维断裂的层合板,交联现象会使层合板加载过程中纤维断裂信号数量减少且幅度降低,最大应变值减小,有效地提升了层合板承载能力。声发射聚类分析和数字图像相关技术结合可以较好地描述不同热老化条件下GFRP的损伤演化过程,有助于进一步揭示缺陷和热老化时间对GFRP内部损伤机理的影响规律。     

小波分析在声学法炉内空气动力场测量中的应用

声学法测量是炉内动力场检测的先进方法,但是,由于炉内复杂的环境噪声及声波传播时的衰减,声波信号的可靠辨识以获得准确的传播时间成为该方法的关键之一。基于小波技术在包括信号处理等许多方面所具有的巨大优越性,研究了小波分析应用于声学法测量的方法。将静态场中的声波信号加上不同随机噪声并进行滤波分析,证明小波法的结果明显优于传统滤波方法。在此基础上,结合声学法测量中具体声波信号的特点,给出了小波及小波包分析在声波信号消噪处理中的应用方法及其在炉膛模型动力场声学法测量实验中的应用结果。     

A novel acoustic method of partial discharge allocation considering structure-borne waves

For partial discharge, PD, allocating utilizing acoustic emission, AE, sensors, the arrival time of acoustic waves to the sensors forms the calculation basics, therefore, it is crucial that distance calculations are based on direct acoustic path. Considering structure-borne waves of higher speed, this would imply an incorrect distance between the source and sensor, because, AE signals of indirect path me be considered as AE signals of direct path. Therefore, a heuristic algorithm has been developed to consider the possible indirect paths. By comparing the time taken in each path of propagation, to reach the specified sensor location, the indirect path of shortest time for AE signal is determined. For experimental verification, a test oil chamber has been fabricated. PD signals are generated at different points inside the tank. The estimation results of algorithm have been compared with results of classic Time Difference of Arrivals method, TDOA. The proposed method considerably increases the PD allocation precision.     

基于小波变换的煤与瓦斯突出预测去噪技术的研究

煤与瓦斯突出是煤矿开采业中最为严重的自然灾害之一。煤体的声发射信号能够反应煤体的受力情况,并通过对声发射信号的监测可以来实现煤与瓦斯突出的非接触式预测。本文将小波变换用于煤与瓦斯突出有效信号提取中,利用小波变换良好的时频特性,将采集到的声发射信号分解在不同的尺度上,从而较好的滤除噪声。这种方法的有效性在Matlab仿真软件中得到了验证了。     

Development of an identification system for location of free metallic particles in GIS based on analysis of Lamb waves

We investigated propagation properties of Lamb waves in a gas‐insulated switchgear (GIS) tank to diagnose insulation performance of GIS. The acoustic signals excited by a free metallic particle colliding with the tank sheath were measured using AE sensors. The wavelet transform was applied to decompose the wave data into its time–frequency components. As a result, difference of propagation properties of Lamb waves is clearly seen with different sizes of GIS tank. Based on the characteristics of Lamb waves, algorithms for location identification of a free metallic particle were examined in model GIS using two AE sensors. Herein, we propose a new system for location identification of a free metallic particle in GIS. Moreover, it is verified that the new identification system is suitable as a diagnostic technique for GIS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 28–35, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20676     

水轮机空化状态声发射信号的小波包能量特征

为了充分提取水轮机空化状态下声发射信号蕴含的时频特征及其变化规律,基于混流式水轮机模型空化试验,采集了间隙空化不同阶段时典型测点的声发射信号,采用小波包分析方法提取了声发射信号的小波包能量等特征参数,分析了这些参数随水轮机空化系数变化的关系。结果表明,随着水轮机空化系数的逐渐减小,从无空化、空化初生到完全空化状态,在导叶拐臂和转轮下环底部采集到的声发射信号的小波包能量随之发生了明显的规律性变化。开始时小幅缓慢增加,在空化初生附近达到某一峰值,接着略有回落,然后在临界空化状态时急剧增加达到较之以前更大的峰值,最后急剧回落。     

Comparison of on-line partial discharge detection methods for HV cable joints

The capacitive coupler, acoustic emission (AE) sensor and radio frequency current transducer (RFCT) have been used to detect partial discharge (PD) activity within a 132 kV prefabricated cable joint containing a known defect. Although each of the three methods has been applied individually under different situations, a comprehensive investigation and comparison of these three methods has not yet been made. Results obtained were compared to measurements made using the conventional electrical detection method. The quantification of the capacitive coupler measured signal in mV with a discharge apparent quantity in pC has been investigated and an on-line quantification method proposed. The capacitive coupler has good detection sensitivity and PD location can be realised by studying the time of Right between signals from two sensors. The difference in pulse shape, spectrum and time of flight between an internal discharge and external interference has been investigated. The AE approach has the advantage of being free from electrical interference. However, investigation indicated that AE signals were significantly attenuated within the cable joint. RFCTs were used to detect the discharge current flowing through the cable sheath. Where the detection sensitivity was low, a wavelet de-noising method was applied to process the RFCT signals and proved to tie effective in increasing the measurement signal to noise ratio.     

岩石-混凝土界面I-II型断裂及声发射特征

通过对岩石-混凝土复合试件进行三点弯曲和四点剪切断裂试验,研究了界面I-II复合型断裂力学行为及声发射特征。结果表明：（1）岩石-混凝土界面裂纹主要有三种破坏模式。模态比越高,界面粗糙度越大,界面裂缝出现非界面扩展复杂模式的可能性越大。（2）利用声发射特征参量的突变能够有效判断起裂和失稳临界状态,利用平均频率（AF）、上升时间与幅值之比（RA）两参数比值可量化分析断裂过程的拉剪破裂机制,利用AE事件聚积的方向可预测界面裂缝的扩展方向,从而揭示界面断裂损伤演化规律。（3）试件失稳破坏前夕,声发射信号主频变化明显,低幅低频信号大量剧增且突现不少低幅高频信号,主频有由离散发展为连续的趋势。高模态比时,主频分布的范围相对较大。