广西某铀矿山露天采场及废石场的退役治理

广西某铀矿山露天采场及废石场退役治理的项目包括露天采场,东、西部废石场,转运站,工业场地,建(构)筑物,运矿公路,以及设备器材等。介绍露天采场、废石堆环境贯穿辐射剂量率,222 Rn析出率,土壤中226 Ra比活度,以及个人剂量等的治理限值,详细论述了治理目标和各项目的治理方案。对治理后的效果作了评价。     

基于温度场迭加法解析煤矸石山内部温度场

为了探测自燃煤矸石山内部温度随时间和深度的变化情况,对煤矸石山的自燃深度和时间进行测算及预警。基于热传导理论模型,采用热源温度场迭加法解析自燃煤矸石山内部温度场。通过野外实际实验模拟,采用温度场模型对实验数据进行解析计算,得出结论：该模型适用于自燃煤矸石山内部温度场的解析计算,且计算简单,误差基本控制在10 ℃范围内,最大误差为20 ℃,模型精度较高,对自燃煤矸石山的火源位置探测及预警具有重要的指导意义。     

废弃矿山地质环境评价及其治理技术研究

研究区内采坑错落分布,废弃矿渣随意堆放,压占损毁土地资源。勘查区内矿山地质环境问题主要有地形地貌景观破坏(采坑和废弃矿渣堆)、矿山地质灾害(崩塌危岩体、滑坡)、土地资源损毁及含水层破坏等。研究了废弃矿山地质环境评价和治理技术,采用边坡整理、平整场地、挡土墙、覆土工程、道路工程、防护工程、生物绿化工程等措施,使区内生态环境得到改善,促进了整个生态系统的融洽与协调,并保持了系统之间的良性循环。     

煤矿矸石山快速恢复植被探讨

以鸡西市煤矿矸石山为例,对矸石山现有植被进行了大量调查、统计分析,并根据调查、分析结果,探讨了采取模拟自然的方法进行矸石山植被恢复设计。     

曝气生物滤池在矿区生活污水处理中的试验研究

生物曝气滤池是近年来发展起来的一种新型生活污水处理工艺,特别适合于煤矿区等中小规模的生活污水处理,而气水比是影响该工艺运行效果的一个重要参数,论文在不同气水比条件下,研究了曝气生物滤池对矿区生活污水中氨氮、有机物、悬浮物的去除效果,分析了污染物的降解机制,为该工艺在煤炭矿区生活污水处理中的推广应用提供了良好的理论依据及技术参考。     

Numerical modelling of transfer processes in a waste rock pile undergoing the temporal evolution of its heterogeneous material properties

Waste rock piles producing acid mine drainage (AMD) are complex and heterogeneous unsaturated systems in which multiple coupled processes are involved: multiphase flow of fluids (liquid and gas), heat transfer and mass transport. Numerical modelling is required to consider together these processes. Such modelling was used to evaluate the effects of closing options for a waste rock pile, including resloping and the placement of a cover, on AMD production from the South Dump of the Doyon Mine (Quebec, Canada). The thermal data recorded within the pile during 15?years show a steady reduction of temperature over the last 10?years. The objective of this study was to numerically reproduce the temporal evolution of thermal conditions to answer two key questions: (1) Can the evolution of material properties over time explain observed changes in thermal conditions? (2) If waste rock properties have evolved, is it effective to cover the pile to mitigate AMD production? Modelling showed that reducing the permeability of materials in the model can reproduce observed temperature changes over time, which cannot be achieved by reducing the reactivity of materials. Results also show that the evolution of hydraulic properties of the waste rock pile can have a direct effect on the global oxidation rate because of their control over the supply of atmospheric air and oxygen in the pile. When the production of AMD is already in decline, simulations also show that a simple remodelling of the surface may be sufficient to significantly decrease the oxidation rate and provide immediate environmental gains, without a cover. However, there may be other benefits related to cover placement that have not been evaluated by our study, especially in relation to the management of water runoff and leachate.     

Predicting Geochemical Behaviour of Waste Rock with Low Acid Generating Potential Using Laboratory Kinetic Tests

Techniques developed for acid mine drainage (AMD) prediction might not be suitable for contaminated neutral drainage (CND) generating sites. The Tio mine waste is known to generate Ni contaminated neutral drainage in some of the piles, but humidity cell tests fail to generate the Ni concentrations observed in the field. Weathering cell tests (small-scale humidity cell tests) were performed on fresh and weathered (produced 25 years ago) waste rock samples from the Tio mine containing various levels of hemo-ilmenite ore, and results were compared to humidity cell results on similar samples. The main constituents of the waste rock are the hemo-ilmenite ore and the plagioclase gangue; these minerals were purified from the waste rocks and the purified fractions were also submitted to weathering cell tests. The fresh waste rock samples were also submitted to sorption cells (modified weathering cells), which showed that the waste rocks have an important Ni sorption potential and that the sorbed phases are stable under weathering cell conditions. Even though the Ni concentrations obtained from the laboratory tests remain significantly lower than those obtained in field conditions (from field test pads and from waste rock piles), the results from the present study give important insight into the geochemical processes implicated in CND generation.     

Kinetic Testing and Sorption Studies by Modified Weathering Cells to Characterize the Potential to Generate Contaminated Neutral Drainage

Techniques developed for acid mine drainage (AMD) prediction might not be suitable for contaminated neutral drainage (CND) generating sites. The Tio mine waste is known to generate Ni contaminated neutral drainage in some of the piles, but humidity cell tests fail to generate the Ni concentrations observed in the field. Weathering cell tests (small-scale humidity cell tests) were performed on fresh and weathered (produced 25 years ago) waste rock samples from the Tio mine containing various levels of hemo-ilmenite ore, and results were compared to humidity cell results on similar samples. The main constituents of the waste rock are the hemo-ilmenite ore and the plagioclase gangue; these minerals were purified from the waste rocks and the purified fractions were also submitted to weathering cell tests. The fresh waste rock samples were also submitted to sorption cells (modified weathering cells), which showed that the waste rocks have an important Ni sorption potential and that the sorbed phases are stable under weathering cell conditions. Even though the Ni concentrations obtained from the laboratory tests remain significantly lower than those obtained in field conditions (from field test pads and from waste rock piles), the results from the present study give important insight into the geochemical processes implicated in CND generation.     

酸性煤矸石山中氧化亚铁硫杆菌的杀菌剂研究现状

氧化亚铁硫杆菌的生物催化加速了煤矸石山的酸化氧化,抑制生物氧化的综合源头污染控制具有重要意义。对目前国内外氧化亚铁硫杆菌的杀菌剂研究现状进行了综述,在氧化亚铁硫杆菌的特征和催化作用的基础上归纳了考察杀菌剂抑菌效果的重要指标,鉴于在源头控制污染方法中遇到成本高、效率低等问题,提出新型复合杀菌与缓释包膜联合技术在矿山治理中的应用前景,为酸性煤矸石山原位控制应用提供参考。     

淮南煤矸石山周边土壤中蚯蚓对重金属的富集特征

为研究蚯蚓对煤矸石周边土壤中重金属的富集作用,从不同堆积年限煤矸石山周边土壤采集蚯蚓,分析了蚯蚓中Zn,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cr,V,Cu与土壤中相应重金属浓度关系。结果表明：随煤矸石堆积时间的增加,蚯蚓体内Pb,Cd,Cu含量增加,Ni,Cr,V含量先增加再降低,而Zn含量变化规律不明显;蚯蚓体内Zn和Cd含量可较准确反映煤矸石周边土壤中重金属浓度,而蚯蚓体内Ni,Cr,V含量可在距离上显示与煤矸石山远近关系;蚯蚓只对Zn和Cd产生富集效应（富集系数大于1）,且对Cd富集作用最大。蚯蚓可作为煤矸石山周边土壤Cd和Zn的指示生物。     

Simultaneous Removal of Copper, Zinc, and Sulfate from Coal Mine Waste in a Laboratory SRB Bioreactor Using Lactate or Ethanol as Carbon Sources

The feasibility of inoculating coal mine waste piles with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) to prevent the production of acidic leachates containing sulfate and metal contaminants was evaluated in batch and column bioreactors. The results showed that SRB growth and activity could be attained in the presence of acidic (pH 4.5) coal mine waste using lactate or ethanol as a carbon source, while no obvious growth was found at pH <3.5. Inoculation of coal mine waste in batch reactors with lactate or ethanol as a carbon source resulted in efficient neutralization and high removal of sulfate and metals. Similar results were attained in dynamic-flow columns inoculated with SRB. SEM-EDS analysis of the precipitates showed iron sulfide to be the main component. This study indicates that SRB could possibly be used to prevent or limit acidic drainage from coal mine waste piles.     

基于剪切位移法的两桩相互作用的非线性分析

当减少沉降桩基础用于8层以上建筑中时，桩的工作状态既不同于常规桩基础中的弹性状态，也不同于当桩用于8层以下建筑中时的极限状态(完全塑性，进入非线性工作状态)，而是介于两者之间。从分析结果的精确性和方法的实用性出发，用三折线模型来模拟土体的非线性，用广义剪切位移法建立了单桩分析模型，以此计算两桩相互作用系数。初步的算例分析与对比表明，此方法有一定的实用价值。     

海南岛矿山废石资源特征及综合利用研究

本文研究了海南岛主要矿山废石的资源特征和综合利用现状。结果显示:岛内黑色金属矿山排放的废石量最大,利用程度最低,废石基本被当作废弃物堆存在各大排土场;岛内有色金属矿山废石排放量较小,废石一般就地堆存在竖(斜)井硐口,被当作初级原料使用,利用程度相对较低;岛内非金属矿山废石排放量相对较多,废石主要被用作水泥配料,或碎石原料,利用程度较高。根据不同矿山废石的资源特征,提出岛内矿山废石的综合利用途径有围填海工程填充物料、建设石料、水泥配料、烧制环保砖等。     

井下巷道矸石充填输送机的开发与研制

由于节能环保的要求,河北省规定煤矿井下掘进产生的矸石不允许上井,在井下的矸石就地消耗掉。这样即减少了成本,又达到了环保的要求,也不会因矸石堆放占用大量的土地。井下巷道矸石充填输送机在全国各地煤矿几乎未被使用,因此,开发这种设备将会有很大的市场空间。     

矿井扩散塔喷淋换热装置热质传递模型及参数优化

针对矿井扩散塔喷淋换热装置的能量回收问题,建立了空气-水之间的传热传质数学模型。利用四阶龙格-库塔方法,进行了传热传质的数值计算,分析了装置结构参数、工质初始状态参数对装置换热的影响,结果表明:装置内部换热以潜热为主,且装置底部潜热交换越充分,装置热回收率越高;对装置换热效果的影响,按装置计算高度、液滴粒径、迎面风速、水汽比和液滴初速度的次序,依次下降;迎面风速对装置换热效果有较大影响,应控制迎面风速,避免风吹水损失和实现充分的热质交换。     

螯合剂与鳌合工艺协同强化垃圾焚烧发电飞灰固化-脱盐一体化及应用

经济的快速发展使得城市垃圾处理问题日益严峻,垃圾焚烧发电是处理生活垃圾的主流手段。但垃圾焚烧过程中产生的飞灰对人体健康和生态环境具有较大危害,亟需高效且经济的飞灰固化技术,防止填埋过程中重金属浸出。依据重金属矿化及地球化学原理,利用磷酸盐和硫化物复配形成高效螯合剂。在实验室中取得了显著的固化效果,固化后飞灰浸出液中重金属含量均远小于国标。但是,在中试放大试验中,传质差大大限制了螯合效果。为了强化传质,改进鳌合方式,将鳌合剂浓度稀释至1%,与飞灰形成浆料鳌合,最后再利用板框过滤或离心分离,实现重金属固化与盐类分离的协同,进而提出了新型鳌合工艺,在500kg规模中试也取得了显著固化效果,其飞灰浸出液中12种重金属含量也远小于国标限制,更重要的是该技术还能从飞灰中回收钾盐和钠盐。因此,复配型螯合剂和新型鳌合工艺协同是一种强化垃圾焚烧飞灰固化的高效方法。     

基于正交试验充填体力学性能及配比优化研究

针对矿山充填开采成本较高、尾砂和废石等固废处置困难等问题,以废石、尾砂为实验材料,通过正交试验法确定质量浓度、灰砂比及废石掺量对粗骨料胶结充填体流动性及力学性能的影响规律,并确定出合理的配比参数。结果表明：质量浓度、废石掺量及灰砂比均为充填料浆坍落度的显著性影响因素,其中质量浓度的影响最为关键;方差分析结果表明,质量浓度、灰砂比能够对充填体3d及28d抗压强度有显著性影响,而当废石掺量为5%~20%时,废石掺量对粗骨料充填体抗压强度无显著性影响;多元线性回归模型能够准确的反映出粗骨料胶结充填体抗压强度及坍落的变化规律,且构建三维可视化模型能够直观反映出质量浓度、灰砂比及废石掺量的复合作用对充填体性能的影响;基于建立的充填体配比参数寻优模型可得出一组合理的配比参数为：灰砂比为1:9.5,质量浓度为80%,废石掺量为20%。     

小型抗滑桩治理边坡破坏的三维数值模拟分析

借助ANSYS软件对自重状态下的边坡进行数值模拟, 对边坡应力、应变云图及X,Y方向位移矢量图分析,确定边坡发生破坏的大体位置及小型抗滑桩布设位置,达到预见边坡灾害的目的;通过对采用小型抗滑桩治理后的边坡进行数值模拟来分析抗滑桩治理边坡的效果,为小型抗滑桩治理边坡的设计和施工提供帮助。     

Numerical Modelling of Flow and Capillary Barrier Effects in Unsaturated Waste Rock Piles

Abstract  Flow systems in unsaturated waste rock piles were simulated using a two-dimensional numerical model (HYDRUS). The conceptual models are based on homogeneous (unstructured) waste piles, and on structured piles that include either horizontal or inclined fine-grained layers within a coarser host material, forming a capillary barrier system. The approach considers fully transient conditions and uses observed climatic data from a mine site in northern Quebec, Canada. All physical properties of the porous media, including the water retention curves, were obtained from measured data. Different geometric configurations were tested to determine their effect on moisture distribution and water flow, which ultimately control the potential for acid rock drainage (ARD). The simulations begin with a relatively dry initial condition under hydrostatic equilibrium. After an initial transient period, the simulated internal moisture distribution became periodic with a regular pattern of seasonal fluctuations. The simulations suggest that flow can be controlled in such systems using inclined fine-grained layers that retain and divert moisture due to capillary barrier effects. With horizontal layers, the local flow regimes become unstable, causing vertical preferential flow zones to develop below the barriers wherever the local water pressure first exceeds the entry pressure of the underlying coarser material. In this scenario, ARD production can remain high since a large fraction of the internal pile is being flushed. A shallow downward slope in the layers forces drainage toward the outer boundary and maintains lower saturation in the centre of the pile, thus potentially reducing the amount and mobility of ARD. NSERC Polytechnique/UQAT Industrial Chair: Env and Mine Waste Mgmt     

深基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护结构变形和受力状态演化过程

结合某大型深基坑工程采取的桩锚支护结构体系下的现场测试资料,研究基坑开挖过程中基坑边壁地表沉降和水平位移随时间变化过程、冠梁位移随时间的变化过程、支护桩的内力演化（包括冠梁钢筋应力、桩体钢筋应力、截面弯矩）过程以及支护状体上所受的土压力大小演化过程和分布特征,最后根据支护结构变形和受力状态随时间和空间动态演化的基本思想,给出支护结构变形与受力等各物理量之间的相互关系和转化过程。