Fault ride through and voltage regulation for grid connected wind turbine

High penetration of wind generation challenges wind turbine operators to supply reliable power and extract optimum power from the wind. Hence, the fault ride through (FRT) capability of wind turbine together with the optimum power tracking and regulation of wind turbine output voltage due to fluctuating nature of the wind becomes essential. In this paper, a method is proposed to ensure that the double fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine continues to operate during severe grid faults and maintains a constant output voltage, irrespective of the fluctuating wind. The proposed controller also allows the DFIG wind turbine to track optimum power from the wind. Extensive simulation is performed using PSCAD/EMTDC software and results obtained show that the DFIG output voltage fulfills the grid code requirements. The results also show that the proposed method is able to track the optimum power, regulate the DFIG output voltage and perform fault ride through of wind turbine.     

独立运行风力发电系统功率控制器的研究与设计

分析了风能的特性，通过对独立运行风力发电系统的特性和永磁同步电机数学模型的分析与研究，提出了通过调节电磁转矩-转速特性调节功率的一种控制策略，使风力发电机输出在额定风速以下自动跟踪负载用电量。运用此控制笨略采用单片机作为控制芯片，设计了用于控制发电机输出功率的电子调节装置，有效的解决了独立远行小型风力发电系统功率平衡问题。     

Sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind generation system with squirrel cage induction generator

This paper proposes a technique that determines the optimal windmill operation speed and the optimal rotor flux. Moreover, the position and speed sensor-less wind generation system using the electromotive voltage observer to estimate rotor position and full-order observer to estimate rotor speed and the windmill output torque are proposed. The position and speed sensor-less maximum power point of wind power generation system is controlled by using the above estimated values, optimized windmill operation speed for maximum output power and optimized rotor flux for minimum generator losses. The effectiveness of the position and speed sensor-less maximum power point tracking control for wind power generation system with squirrel cage induction generator is verified by simulations. The simulation results confirm that the proposed method can estimate the operation speed efficiently.     

基于间接转矩控制的风电机组功率测控平台

首先分析了风电系统能量转换原理,得出最大功率控制的理论依据。在最大功率控制理论的基础上,采用脉宽调制技术控制发电机输出平均电压,从而以间接控制发电机转矩的方式实现最大功率追踪。研究工作根据理论分析,搭建了风力发电机组功率测控平台,平台具有测试和根据测试进行控制两大功能,为风电机组的设计和研发提供了试验手段。试验证明,该文所采取的控制原理方法正确,搭建的试验平台能够实现预期目标。     

Flicker study on variable speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators

Grid connected wind turbines may produce flicker during continuous operation. This paper presents a simulation model of a MW-level variable speed wind turbine with a doubly fed induction generator developed in the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC. Flicker emission of variable speed wind turbines with doubly fed induction generators is investigated during continuous operation, and the dependence of flicker emission on mean wind speed, wind turbulence intensity, short circuit capacity of grid and grid impedance angle are analyzed. A comparison is done with the fixed speed wind turbine, which leads to a conclusion that the factors mentioned above have different influences on flicker emission compared with that in the case of the fixed speed wind turbine. Flicker mitigation is realized by output reactive power control of the variable speed wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator. Simulation results show the wind turbine output reactive power control provides an effective means for flicker mitigation regardless of mean wind speed, turbulence intensity and short circuit capacity ratio.     

笼型异步发电机在小风电系统中的励磁运用

针对小型永磁同步发电机输出电压随风速变化而同趋势变化,无法自我调节等不足．提出了一种全新的集电力电子技术、控制技术及鼠笼异步发电机于一体的动态励磁方法,即经济可靠的笼型异步发电机结合应用SVG（静止无功发生器）技术的方法。结合物理实验与算例,对笼型异步发电机在离网运行时的励磁特点进行了分析,并通过与永磁同步发电机在有效风速工作范围和整体效率等方面的对比．得出了在小型离网风力发电系统中应用笼型异步发电机,相对永磁同步发电机有诸多优点,有着很好的应用前景。     

小型风力发电机组优化控制策略与实验研究

提出一种小型风力发电机组功率的优化控制策略.根据选定的300 W/24 V永磁发电机,使用Wilson叶片设计计算模型,应用MATLAB语言设计了300 W风机叶片;并针对现有风机控制系统中将控制器的设计与叶片、电机的匹配特性彼此孤立、分离的现象,设计出与风力发电机的电机、叶片相互匹配的控制器.在风洞试验中测试了样机在8、10 、12 、15 m/s等风速一定条件下,功率随系统电压的变化规律,当降低系统电压时,风机输出功率会一直下降,在此过程中并没有出现功率增加的现象,也就充分证明了工作在峰前区域的风力发电机,当风速大于额定风速时,控制系统可以通过减小接入系统的负载电阻值来控制其功率.这对研究小型风力发电系统的可控性、可靠性和耐久性有一定的指导意义和实用价值.     

独立运行风力发电系统功率控制器的研究与设计

通过对独立运行风力发电系统的特性和永磁同步电机数学模型的分析与研究,提出了通过调节电磁转矩-转速特性调节功率的一种控制策略,使风力发电机输出在额定风速以下自动跟踪负载用电量。运用此控制策略采用单片机作为控制芯片,设计了用于控制发电机输出功率的电子调节装置,有效地解决了独立运行小型风力发电系统功率平衡问题。     

交流励磁变速恒频风力发电机的最优功率控制

研究了参考有功功率和参考无功功率的确定原则和优化计算,进而探讨了发电机的功率解耦控制原理,给出了完整的交流励磁变速恒频风力发电机最优功率控制策略。仿真研究表明,基于参考功率优化计算和矢量控制技术的最优功率控制,可以有效地追踪最大风能,降低发电机损耗,提高风电机组的运行效率和性能。     

Power system frequency response from fixed speed and doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines

Throughout Europe there is an increasing trend of connecting high penetrations of wind turbines to the transmission networks. This has resulted in transmission system operators revising their grid code documents for the connection of large wind farms. These specifications require large MW capacity wind farms to have the ability to assist in some of the power system control services currently carried out by conventional synchronous generation. These services include voltage and frequency control. It is now recognized that much of this new wind generation plant will use either fixed speed induction generator (FSIG)‐ or doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind turbines. The addition of a control loop to synthesize inertia in the DFIG wind turbine using the power electronic control system has been described. The possibility of deloading wind turbines for frequency response using blade pitch angle control is discussed. A pitch control scheme to provide frequency response from FSIG and DFIG wind turbines is also described. A case study of an FSIG wind turbine with frequency response capabilities is investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Control of a switched reluctance generator for variable-speed wind energy applications

This paper presents a novel control system for the operation of a switched reluctance generator (SRG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine. The SRG is controlled to drive a wind energy conversion system (WECS) to the point of maximum aerodynamic efficiency using closed loop control of the power output. In the medium and low speed range, the SRG phase current is regulated using pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) control of the magnetizing voltage. For high speeds the generator is controlled using a single pulse mode. In order to interface the SRG to the grid (or ac load) a voltage-source PWM inverter is used. A 2.5-kW experimental prototype has been constructed. Wind turbine characteristics are emulated using a cage induction machine drive. The performance of the system has been tested over the whole speed range using wind profiles and power impacts. Experimental results are presented confirming the system performance.     

双馈风力发电用交直交变流器控制策略的研究

概述了变速恒频双馈风力发电用交直交变流器的工作原理,转子侧变流器采用基于最大功率点跟踪的并网发电解耦控制策略,网侧变流器采用基于固定开关频率与电网电动势前馈相结合的双闭环控制策略,构建了110kW变速恒频双馈风力发电模拟平台,经过实验结果分析验证了上述控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

Maximum Power Tracking Control for a Wind Turbine System Including a Matrix Converter

This paper focuses on maximum wind power extraction for a wind energy conversion system composed of a wind turbine, a squirrel-cage induction generator, and a matrix converter (MC). At a given wind velocity, the mechanical power available from a wind turbine is a function of its shaft speed. In order to track maximum power, the MC adjusts the induction generator terminal frequency, and thus, the turbine shaft speed. The MC also adjusts the reactive power transfer at the grid interface toward voltage regulation or power factor correction. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is included in the control system. Conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed scheme are supported by analysis and simulation results.      

Study of a double fed induction generator using matrix converter: Case of wind energy conversion system

Due to the growing of the power electronics, especial attention has been given to the use of new generation of power converters, AC/AC matrix converter to which provide a direct power converter AC/AC, bi-directional power flow, almost sinusoidal input and output waveform. In this paper, we present the performance study of a variable-speed wind turbine based on doubly fed induction generator fed by matrix converter using the maximum power point tracking method to extract the maximum power available. The whole system is presented in d-q-synchronous reference frame. The control scheme is tested and the performances are evaluated by simulation results. The simulation results obtained under MatLab/Simulink show the effectiveness and validity of the considered control.     

PSCAD/EMTDC环境下双馈风力发电机组的建模与仿真

介绍了一种在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立双馈风电机组模型以用于电磁暂态分析的方法。分析了风力机风速与输出转矩的关系,建立了机侧换流器的定子磁链定向矢量控制模型、网侧换流器的电网电压定向矢量控制模型,并考虑了低电压穿越控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立了双馈风电机组的模型,仿真验证了建模方法的有效性和正确性。仿真结果表明,在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中,双馈风机建模方法能够准确地描述风电机组的电磁暂态特性。     

Zero sequence method for energy recovery from a variable-speed windturbine generator

An innovative power conversion system to convert energy from a variable-frequency wind-powered induction generator to a fixed frequency output is presented. A standard six-switch DC link current regulated pulse width modulated (CRPWM) inverter is simultaneously modulated with two current components. A three-phase balanced current component at the induction generator's optimum operating frequency transfers energy from the generator to the converter. A single phase zero sequence current component at a fixed 60 Hz frequency transfers energy from the converter through a zero sequence filter to the load. Unity power factor output is shown both in simulation and experiment, though any arbitrary power factor output may be readily commanded. Maximum power capture for a variable-speed wind turbine is achieved using proven control techniques. This method uses only half of the active power switching devices of conventional conversion methods. Simulation and experimental verification are shown     

A new control strategy for a stand-alone self-excited induction generator driven by a variable speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new control strategy of a stand-alone self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine. The proposed system consists of a three phase squirrel-cage induction machine connected to a wind turbine through a step-up gear box. A current controlled voltage source inverter (CC–VSI) with an electronic load controller (ELC) is connected in parallel with the main consumer load to the AC terminals of the induction machine. The proposed control strategy is based on fuzzy logic control principles which enhance the dynamic performance of the proposed system. Three fuzzy logic PI controllers and one hysteresis current controller (HCC) are used to extract the maximum available energy from the wind turbine as well as to regulate the generator terminal voltage simultaneously against wind speed and main load variations. However, in order to extract the maximum available energy from the turbine over a wide range of wind speeds, the captured energy is limited due to electrical constraints. Therefore the control strategy proposed three modes of control operation. The steady state characteristics of the proposed system are obtained and examined in order to design the required control parameters. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software program to examine the dynamic characteristics of the system with proposed control strategy. Dynamic simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.     

Voltage and frequency control of self-excited slip-ring induction generators

By varying the effective rotor resistance of a self-excited slip-ring induction generator (SESRIG), the magnitude and frequency of the output voltage can be controlled over a wide speed range. A steady-state analysis based on a normalized equivalent circuit enables the control characteristics to be deduced. For a given stator load impedance, both the frequency and the voltage can be maintained constant as the speed is varied, without changing the excitation capacitance. When the stator load is variable, simultaneous voltage and frequency control requires the excitation capacitance to be changed as the rotor resistance is varied. Experiments performed on a 1.8-kW laboratory machine confirm the feasibility of the method of control. Practical implementation of a closed-loop control scheme for an SESRIG using chopper-controlled rotor resistance is also discussed. With a properly tuned proportional-plus-integral (PI) controller, satisfactory dynamic performance of the SESRIG is obtained. The proposed scheme may be used in a low-cost variable-speed wind energy system for providing good-quality electric power to remote regions.     

Grid Synchronization of Doubly-fed Induction Generator Using Integral Variable Structure Control

This paper proposes a novel direct voltage control scheme, using integral variable structure control to synchronize a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind energy conversion system (WECS) to the grid. The proposed scheme directly controls the stator terminal voltage of the DFIG to track the grid voltage without current control loop; hence, the structure of controller is simplified. The control scheme includes parametric uncertainty and external disturbances into the formed design procedure; hence, the proposed scheme has better robustness than existing synchronization methods. Both computer simulation and hardware implementation results are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed scheme.