频率切片小波变换在爆破振动信号时频特征精确提取中应用

基于频率切片小波变换(Frequency Slice Wavelet Transform, FSWT)技术研究爆破振动信号时频特征提取新方法。采用FSWT进行爆破振动信号分解，得到在全频带下的时频分布。在此基础上据其时频能量分布，选择时间、频率切片区间进行细化特征分析，通过信号特征频率切片区间信号重构，实现爆破振动时频特征分离及提取。通过与传统的STFT、WPT、WVD等算法进行对比分析表明，FSWT算法具有良好的时频聚集性、任意频带分量特征提取的灵活性及准确性。将FSWT算法引入爆破振动效应分析领域，可为爆破振动信号时频特征精确提取奠定基础，具应用前景较好。     

基于时频切片分析的故障诊断方法及应用

为了提取设备的故障特征,提出了基于时频切片分析的故障特征提取方法。首先采用基于频率切片小波变换分解振动信号,得到信号在全频带的时频分布。在此基础上根据其时频能量分布,选择时间频率切片区间进行细化分析,通过时频分割和信号重构得到选定区间的时频特征,实现了故障特征的分离。这种方法能够有效地获取正确的故障特征信息,在某炼油厂齿轮箱摩擦故障诊断中取得了较好的效果。     

基于形态自相关和时频切片分析的轴承故障诊断方法

频率切片小波变换(Frequency Slice Wavelet Transform,FSWT)是一种新的时频分析方法,信号中的噪声会降低FSWT分析的频率分辨率。为了提高分析精度,提出了基于形态滤波和时延自相关的时频切片分析方法,并成功应用到轴承故障诊断中。该方法首先采用多结构元素差值形态滤波和时延自相关方法对信号进行降噪,采用FSWT分解降噪后的轴承振动信号,然后根据轴承故障特征频率选择时间频率切片区间,进行细化分析来提取故障特征。仿真信号与轴承故障诊断实例的分析验证了该方法的有效性。     

一种新的声发射信号消噪及故障诊断方法

在旋转机械故障诊断中,声发射信号极易受到噪声的干扰。针对经验模态分解(EMD)易产生模态混叠现象,提出了一种基于经验小波变换(Empirical Wavelet Transform,EWT)的消噪和旋转机械声发射碰摩故障诊断的方法。利用了EMD和小波变换的优点,通过对傅里叶频谱进行自适应划分,并构建小波滤波器组来提取声发射信号所包含的不同固有模态分量,可有效消除模态混叠现象,同时对分量进行Hilbert变换从而实现声发射信号的消噪和故障诊断。采用该方法对仿真信号进行加噪声和消噪处理,在同信号源下,对比基于d B4全阈值消噪、d B4默认软阈值消噪、d B4对高频系数处理消噪和EMD消噪效果。并将该方法应用到实际的声发射碰摩信号中。仿真和实验分析结果表明:EWT方法可以有效地分解出信号的固有模态,分解出的模态少,并且不存在难以解释的虚假模态,消噪效果优于其他方法,并且在声发射故障诊断中也有较大的优势。     

地铁隧道爆破振动测试及时频特征分析

为确保某市地铁隧道安全、高效地爆破开挖,采用网络测振仪测试了隧道掘进爆破时周边建(构)筑物的爆破振速。基于频率切片小波变换开展时频特征分析,首先得到了测振信号的全频带时频分布特征,进而通过5个主成分频率切片区间更进一步精确提取了爆破振动信号时域、频域分布特征,并得到了相应频带内的爆破振动重构分量。实测数据时频特征分析表明,频率切片小波变换具备独特的信号分析优势,适用于地铁爆破振动信号时频特征提取;此次地铁隧道钻爆法开挖产生的质点峰值振速在0.07～0.85 cm/s之间,主频在13.3～68.9 Hz之间,爆破振速处于《爆破安全规程》规定的安全阈值范围内,爆破方案基本合理。     

基于CEEMD与TQWT组合方法的爆破振动信号精细化特征提取

针对传统小波在爆破振动信号特征提取和分析方面的局限性,提出了基于CEEMD和TQWT组合的信号精细化特征提取方法。预先设定可调品质因子小波TQWT高、低品质因子参数对CEEMD分解优势分量重组信号进行分解,并引入相对权重因子θ,优化了分解过程,实现了爆破振动信号特征的精细化提取。分析结果表明:组合方法对爆破振动信号的分析不依赖于先验小波基的选择,分解过程实现了信号的二次滤波。通过连续小波多尺度三维谱和时频小波脊线对比,说明组合算法分解得到的最佳分析信号可真实反映振动信号的细节信息,时频分辨率更高。该组合方法抑制了杂波分量对信号特征的干扰,可精确地提取复杂环境下的爆破振动信号特征信息。     

基于VMD-SVD联合降噪和频率切片小波变换的滚动轴承故障特征提取

针对滚动轴承早期故障信息微弱,频率切片小波变换(FSWT)在强背景噪声中提取故障特征的不足,提出变分模态分解(VMD)奇异值分解(SVD)联合降噪与FSWT相结合的故障特征提取方法,首先利用VMD故障信号自适应分解为若干本征模态分量(IMF),通过峭度准则选择包含故障信息最丰富的IMF进行信号重构,其次利用SVD对重构信号进行再次降噪,提高信噪比。最后对降噪信号进行FSWT,凸显故障信号的时频分布信息提取故障特征。仿真信号和实际数据分析结果表明,该方法有效消除了噪声的影响,能够清晰提取故障信号的特征频率,实现滚动轴承故障的精准识别。     

SGWT在爆破振动信号信噪分离中的应用研究

为提高测试信号分析效率和质量,引入二代小波变换并用于爆破振动信号信噪分离。采用提升db小波以及根据提升算法构造的插值细分小波,进行爆破振动信号的分解-阈值去噪-重构,取得了满意的效果。通过比较4个不同提升小波的去噪质量和效率,提出了适用于爆破振动信号分析的提升小波选取办法,为将SGWT引入到爆破振动信号分析研究领域,实现爆破振动特征的快速提取提供了参考     

小波和希尔伯特变换在脑电信号消噪中的对比研究

为了更好地消除混杂在脑电信号中的噪声,完成脑电分析,对小波和希尔伯特变换（HHT）的脑电信号消噪效果进行了对比研究。在HHT消噪方法中,利用经验模态分解（EMD）算法对脑电信号进行8尺度分解,得到固有模态函数（IMF）分量的组合,经过滤波和信号重构,得到消噪后的脑电信号。实验结果表明,HHT方法能较好地去除脑电信号中的噪声。运用评价准则比较了HHT方法和小波变换方法的消噪效果,发现HHT方法的脑电信号消噪效果优于传统的小波变换消噪,且算法的效率更高。     

基于EMD小波阈值去噪和时频分析的齿轮故障模式识别与诊断

建立了齿轮故障系统试验装置,对齿轮传动系统在各种转速与故障状态下进行测试分析,获取了有关振动信号,对齿轮系统的无故障、齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损四种状态信号进行特征提取,并对提取的信号进行基于经验模态EMD分解的小波阈值去噪处理,然后对预处理后的信号进行时频分析与诊断。结果表明,采用基于EMD的小波阈值去噪方法比单纯采用小波阈值去噪对测试信号进行预处理,能提高信噪比,并更加有效的提取出故障特征,而在EMD的小波阈值去噪的基础上,再与时频分析方法相结合能够较好的识别不同运转状况下不同种类的故障,如齿根裂纹、分度圆裂纹、齿面磨损等,可用于对实际工程工作的齿轮系统进行故障诊断。     

共沉淀法合成La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)及其性质的研究

采用共沉淀法合成了具有钙钛矿结构的中温固体电解质La_(0.9)Sr_(0.1)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(LSGM),并用DTA-TGA和X射线衍射仪分析了LSGM材料中钙钛矿相的形成过程,采用SEM、交流阻抗谱等检测技术对LSGM电解质的结构及性能进行了表征.XRD分析结果表明,1200℃烧结后,粉体开始形成钙钛矿结构,随温度的升高粉体中杂相含量越来越少,于1450℃时形成了单一的钙钛矿相结构.     

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on superalloy

Degradation behaviour of sputtered Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate has been investigated. Cyclic high temperature oxidation tests were conducted on uncoated and coated samples at peak temperatures of 900 °C for up to 100 thermal cycles between the peak and room temperatures. The results showed that a dense scale formed on the coated samples during thermal cycling at the peak temperature of 900 °C. The external scale exhibited good spallation resistance during cyclic oxidation testing at both temperatures. The improvement in oxide scale spallation resistance is believed to be related to the fine-grained structure of the coating. Nanostructured Co–Al coatings on Superni-718 substrate were deposited by DC/RF magnetron sputtering. FE-SEM/EDS, AFM, and XRD were used to characterize the morphology and formation of different phases in the coatings, respectively. The Co–Al coating on superalloy substrate showed better performance of cyclic high temperature oxidation resistance due to its possession of β-CoAl phase as Al reservoir and the formation of Al₂O₃ and spinel phases such as CoCr₂O₄ and CoAl₂O₄ in scale. The oxidation results confirmed an improved oxidation resistance of the Co–Al coating on superalloy as compare to bare substrate in air at 900 °C temperature up to 100 cycles.     

Study of the interface behaviour between MABS/TPU bi-layer structures obtained through over moulding

The strength of adhesion between two over-moulded polymers, methylmethacrylate–butadiene–styrene copolymer (MABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) that constitute a bi-component laminar system has been the subject of study. Results showed that at the bi-layer interface the adhesive fracture toughness increases as temperature and surface roughness are increased. Roughness has been demonstrated to be the most important parameter defining adhesion strength and failure. With the increase of roughness the failure was observed to change from adhesive towards cohesive type. An increase in either the temperature or the pressure applied to the samples caused a rise in adhesion energy. However, pressure seemed to have a minor effect in comparison to temperature. Significant increments in adhesion were obtained after applying the corona discharge treatment (CDT) to the attaching surfaces resulting in adhesion strengths almost double those of non-treated systems.     

非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经预退火后的晶化动力学的DTA研究

研究了非晶Sm5Fe74.3Nb1.5Si11.7B4.5C2.5Cu0.5合金经400℃，保温10min预退火后的晶化动力学。结果表明；该合金的晶化相为α-Fe固溶体和Sm2Fe17Cx金属间化合物，两相的晶化表观激活能分别为557KJ/mol和514KJ/mol，当晶化体积分数为60%时，α-Fe相的晶化激活能达极大值；Sm2Fe17Cx相晶化激活能则随其晶化体积分数的增加而逐渐减小。     

Thermal design and performance of the SCUBA-2 instrument 1-K and mK systems

Various research fields require large and complex instruments containing detectors operating at millikelvin temperatures. The materials and techniques traditionally used in cryogenics are often unsuitable for the demanding requirements of such instruments. We describe the thermal design and performance of the 1-K and millikelvin systems of the SCUBA-2 instrument. This is an astronomical “camera” operating at wavelengths of 450 and 850 μm. It is the largest and most complex instrument ever built for sub-mm astronomy, and the first to use a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The design consists of a mix of traditional techniques (but used in demanding situations) as well as novel elements. The thermal performance has been stable and very successful, and we hope that the details described here will be useful to the designers of future large instruments.     

Influence of mould design on the solidification of heavy forging ingots of low alloy steels by numerical simulation

Ingot casting of a 6-ton, heat-treatable Cr–Mo low alloy steel was simulated using finite element method in three dimensions. Effects of casting parameters including bottom pouring rate, mould slenderness ratio, mould slope, and height and shape of the hot top isolate on solidification behaviour and crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging of the ingot were investigated. The simulation model was validated against experimental data of two different ingot mould designs. Influences of the casting parameters on the riser efficiency and possible crack formation in the intersection of hot top and ingot body during subsequent open-die forging of the cast steel ingots were discussed. Results showed that pouring the melt under a constant rate, reducing the mould slenderness ratio, and using a proper design for the hot top isolate would all improve the riser efficiency and thereby possibly reduce crack susceptibility during subsequent hot forging.     

Thermal Stability of Amorphous Hydride Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45)

The thermal stability of amorphous ternary hydrides Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) and their corre-sponding amorphous binary alloys Mg_(50)Ni_(50) and Mg_(30)Ni_(70) were studied with X-ray diffraction(XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Samples of the amorphous alloys were preparedby mechanical alloying and the amorphous hydrides were obtained by charging the alloys with gas-eous hydrogen at 3.0 MPa and 423 K. It was found that the amorphous hydrides released most oftheir hydrogen before the crystallization of the essentially hydrogen depleted amorphous alloy. Thecrystallization temperature of amorphous Mg_(50)Ni_(50)H_(54) elevated and that of amorphousMg_(30)Ni_(70)H_(45) did not change in relation to the original binary amorphous alloy. This is very excep-tional for amorphous hydrides. The reason for the effects of hydrogen absorption/desorption on thecrystallization of amorphous alloys was discussed.     

Materials’ tactile testing and characterisation for consumer products’ affective packaging design

Touch is one sense through which people judge consumer products. How materials’ properties influence these judgments is the topic of this paper. People’s sensorial or psycho-physical judgments (by touch) of the roughness, softness, slipperiness and warmth of 37 material samples are reported as well as their affective judgments, such as how pleasurable, exciting, indulgent, the samples felt. Physical measurements are also reported of the samples’ coarse and fine surface finishes, compliance, sliding friction and thermal contact properties. Relationships between the affective and sensorial judgments and the physical measurements are explored. A relational hierarchy is established from the physical measurements to the sensorial to the affective judgements. By following the dependencies in reverse, from the affective to the sensorial to the physical level, the required material surface properties to transmit intended affective messages to consumers might be determined. However, further work is needed on how to quantify some aspects of surface properties, particularly of roughness and sliding friction, in a manner useful for relating to affect. The methods described currently support communication and decision taking during the product development process.     

PMMA单分子膜成膜特性研究

研究了ＰＭＭＡ单分子膜的成膜特性及其结构．结果表明，ＰＭＭＡ能够在较大的表面压范围内形成稳定的单分子膜，并且具有不可重复压缩性、表面压力的各向异性和松驰特性．ＴＥＭ照片显示，ＰＭＭＡ分子链在单分子膜中是有序平行排列的