质子交换膜燃料电池自增湿研究进展

概述了质子交换膜燃料电池自增湿研究状况，指出自增湿的出发点是有效利用电池阴极过程生成水。综述了薄电解质膜、新型自增湿膜、自增湿流场结构三种方法的研究进展及适用空间。对自增湿技术发展前景进行了探讨。     

小型质子交换膜燃料电池的增湿技术研究

分析了PEMFC电池内部水的生成和转移过程，列举了各种增湿方法，指出了几种外增湿法对小型氢空质子交换膜燃料电池进行增湿的优缺点和对电池性能的影响。     

质子交换膜燃料电池的水热管理

质子交换膜燃料电池电化学反应生成电能、热能和水。质子交换膜燃料电池中水管理与热管理是紧密关联互相耦合的,有效的水热管理对于提高电池的性能和寿命起着关键作用。本文对膜中水的迁移机理及影响水平衡的主要因素进行了分析,对目前较为有效的水管理方法进行了综述。另外,分析了在微重力条件下燃料电池水管理问题的重要性。燃料电池中约有40%~50%的能量耗散为热能,必须采取有效的散热方式及时排除这些热量。本文对质子交换膜燃料电池的温度分布、局部换热系数及散热等燃料电池热管理相关问题进行了分析。     

质子交换膜燃料电池

因其具有独特的优点，质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）的市场前景很好，国际上已经形成了一股研究开发热潮。电催化剂、质子交换膜、双极板、燃料、水管理、热管理是质子交换膜燃料电池的关键技术。文章介绍了PEMFC的特点及开发应用状况，综述了PEMFC的研究进展。     

天然气制氢及质子交换膜燃料电池的研究

文章简要介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的发展历史，PEMFC的原理、结构和组成，重点叙述了质子交换膜燃料电池系统研制中需要解决的若干问题及其对燃料电池稳定运行的影响。介绍了天然气水蒸汽重整制氢作为质子交换膜燃料电池氢源的技术路线。     

甲醇质子交换膜燃料电池的水和热管理

甲醇质了换燃料电是未来最有希望获得工程应用的燃料电池，文章简述了燃料电的发电原理及其分类。对多孔电极，直接甲醇质子交换膜燃料电及甲醇改质质子交换膜燃料电作了分析和讨论，指出了对质子交换膜燃料电池系统进行水管理和热管理的重要性和必要性。     

质子交换膜燃料电池及其水管理技术

介绍了质子交换膜（ＰＥＭ）燃料电池的工作原理和电池内部物质传递原理,综述了ＰＥＭ燃料电池的水管理技术。     

质子交换膜燃料电池双极板材料研究进展

介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池双极板，着重介绍了质子交换膜燃料电池双极板的选材：金属材料，石墨材料，石墨／树脂复合材料，纤维增强石墨／树脂复合材料，对质子交换膜燃料电池双极板的选材做出了展望。     

质子交换膜燃料电池作为军事通信电源的应用前景分析

介绍了军队现有的通信电源装备在未来战争中存在的不足，以及质子交换膜燃料电池的特点．通过对质子交换膜燃料电池和现有通信电源装备的对比，分析了质子交换膜燃料电池作为军事通信电源存在的巨大优势。     

交流阻抗法在质子交换膜燃料电池中的运用

介绍了交流阻抗谱法在质子交换膜燃料电池中的运用，为质子交换膜燃料电池的优化设计提供参考。     

Analysis of the water and thermal management in proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems

Water and thermal management is essential to the performance of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell system. The key components in water and thermal management system, namely the fuel cell stack, radiator, condenser and membrane humidifier are all modeled analytically in this paper. Combined with a steady-state, one-dimensional, isothermal fuel cell model, a simple channel-groove pressure drop model is included in the stack analysis. Two compact heat exchangers, radiator and condenser are sized and rated to maintain the heat and material balance. The influence of non-condensable gas is also considered in the calculation of the condenser. Based on the proposed methodology, the effects of two important operating parameters, namely the air stoichiometric ratio and the cathode outlet pressure, and three kinds of anode humidification, namely recycling humidification, membrane humidification and recycling combining membrane humidification are analyzed. The methodology in this article is helpful to the design of water and thermal management system in fuel cell systems.     

Evidence of a non-dimensional parameter controlling the flooding of PEMFC stack

Water management is a key issue to get satisfactory and stable Polymer exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performances. The work reported in the present paper focuses on the determination of the operational conditions when using PEMFC stack working with ambient air without extra humidification. The objectives are to reduce as much as possible the auxiliaries consumptions. As far as the reaction air blower is concerned, the specific goal of the present tests is to find the minimum air flow rate to feed the PEMFC stack in order to prevent flooding. Our particular interest concerns the control of a PEMFC stack to power a prototype vehicle for the Shell Eco Marathon race.     

Effects of needle orientation and gas velocity on water transport and removal in a modified PEMFC gas flow channel having a hydrophilic needle

Water management is critical to the performance and operation of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Effective water removal from the gas diffusion layer (GDL) surface exposed to the gas flow channel in PEMFC mitigates the water flooding of and improves the reactants transport into the GDL, hence benefiting the PEMFC performance. In this study, a 3D numerical investigation of water removal from the GDL surface in a modified PEMFC gas flow channel having a hydrophilic needle is carried out. The effects of the needle orientation (inclination angle) and gas velocity on the water transport and removal are investigated. The results show that the water is removed from the GDL surface in the channel for a large range of the needle inclination angle and gas velocity. The water is removed more effectively, and the pressure drop for the flow in the channel is smaller for a smaller needle inclination angle. It is also found that the modified channel is more effective and viable for water removal in fuel cells operated at smaller gas velocity.     

Two dimensional dynamic modeling of a shell-and-tube water-to-gas membrane humidifier for proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Water management is a crucial factor in determining the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) for automotive application. The shell-and-tube water-to-gas membrane humidifier is useful for humidifying the PEMFC due to its good performance. Shell-and-tube water-to-gas membrane humidifiers have liquid water on one side of the tube wall and a dry gas on the other. In order to investigate humidifier performance, a two-dimensional dynamic model of a shell-and-tube water-to-gas membrane humidifier is developed. The model is discretized into three control volumes – shell, tube and membrane – in the cross-sectional direction to resolve the temperature and species concentration of the humidifier. For validation, the dew point temperature of the simulation result is compared with that of experimental data and shows good agreement with only a slight difference. The distribution of humidification characteristics can be captured using the discretization along the air-flow direction. The humidification performance of two different flow configurations, counter and parallel, are compared under various operating conditions and geometric parameters. Finally, the dynamic response of the humidifier at the step-change of various air flow rates is investigated. These results suggest that the model can be used to optimize the inlet flow humidity of a PEMFC.     

Parallel serpentine-baffle flow field design for water management in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) water management is one of the critical issues to be addressed. Although the membrane requires humidification for high proton conductivity, water in excess decreases the cell performance by flooding. In this paper an improved strategy for water management in a fuel cell operating with low water content is proposed using a parallel serpentine-baffle flow field plate (PSBFFP) design compared to the parallel serpentine flow field plate (PSFFP). The water management in a fuel cell is closely connected to the temperature control in the fuel cell and gases humidifier. The PSBFFP and the PSFFP were evaluated comparatively under three different humidity conditions and their influence on the PEMFC prototype performance was monitored by determining the current density–voltage and current density–power curves. Under low humidification conditions the PEMFC prototype presented better performance when fitted with the PSBFFP since it retains water in the flow field channels.     

Comparison of current distributions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with interdigitated and serpentine flow fields

Current distributions in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with interdigitated and serpentine flow fields under various operating conditions are measured and compared. The measurement results show that current distributions in PEMFC with interdigitated flow fields are more uniform than those observed in PEMFC with serpentine flow fields at low reactant gas flow rates. Current distributions in PEMFC with interdigitated flow fields are rather uniform under any operating conditions, even with very low gas flow rates, dry gas feeding or over-humidification of reactant gases. Measurement results also show that current distributions for both interdigitated and serpentine flow fields are significantly affected by reactant gas humidification, but their characteristics are different under various humidification conditions, and the results show that interdigitated flow fields have stronger water removal capability than serpentine flow fields. The optimum reactant gas humidification temperature for interdigitated flow fields is higher than that for serpentine flow fields. The performance for interdigitated flow fields is better with over-humidification of reactant gases but it is lower when air is dry or insufficiently humidified than that for serpentine flow fields.     

质子交换膜燃料电池建模及水热传输特性分析

针对质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)水管理开展了研究,建立了一维非等温两相流解析模型,研究了不同电流密度、微孔层接触角和不同加湿方案对电池内部水分布和温度分布的影响,提出了更好的进气加湿方案。结果表明:电流密度增大会导致阳极拖干、阴极水淹加剧,导致电池各部分温度上升。因各层材料亲水性不同,在交界面处能观察到液态水阶跃现象。增大微孔层接触角促进阴极液态水反扩散到阳极,一定程度上缓解阳极变干,但过大的接触角可能导致阴极水淹加剧。通过采取"阳极充分加湿、阴极低加湿"的进气加湿方案可以有效提高电池性能,并且能在一定程度改善电池内部受热,提高电池使用寿命。     

外界供给参数对PEMFC输出性能及水热平衡的影响

为了改善质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)内部的水热平衡,从而进一步改善PEMFC的输出性能,文章建立了PEMFC的三维模型,通过改变PEMFC的外界供给参数(进气速度、加湿率以及冷却水流速),应用COMSOL模拟仿真得到了PEMFC的极化曲线和功率曲线、流道和气体扩散层(GDL)的水浓度分布情况,以及冷却水流速对PEMFC温度的影响。研究结果表明:随着进气速度和加湿率的逐渐增加,PEMFC的输出性能均逐渐提升,但是,过高的加湿率可能导致电极水淹;随着冷却水流速的增加,PEMFC温度加速下降,膜内温度分布变得更均匀。     

Continuous bubble humidification and control of relative humidity of H2 for a PEMFC system

The proton conductivity of perfluorinated ionomer membrane used in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) depends largely on the extent of hydration state of the membrane. Sufficient membrane hydration is achieved typically through the humidification of gases prior to feeding them into the fuel cell. Further, hydrogen humidification is known to have a larger impact on the performance of a PEMFC than the oxygen humidification. Bubble humidification has been a widely used method to externally humidify hydrogen. However, to-date a continuous bubble humidification system, which is essential to the continuous operation of the PEMFC system, has not been implemented. The main contributions of this work are (i) a design for continuous humidification of hydrogen for the PEMFC system and (ii) a method to maintain the RH of hydrogen between 93 and 95% (at desired temperature) over a wide range of gas flow rates. One of the key advantages of the proposed design is the flexibility of using recirculated stack coolant water to increase the energy efficiency of the PEMFC system. The design is first tested off-line and then online with a 1 kW stack. Results obtained from both the off-line and online tests indicate that the design successfully meets the demands of an online operation. It is observed that with the use of the proposed humidification scheme, the stack efficiency in terms of power output increases by about 6–19% of the power obtained under dry hydrogen conditions.     

Dynamic water management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using intermittent RH control

A novel method of water management of polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells using intermittent humidification is presented in this study. The goal is to maintain the membrane close to full humidification, while eliminating channel flooding. The entire cycle is divided into four stages: saturation and de-saturation of the gas diffusion layer followed by de-hydration and hydration of membrane. By controlling the duration of dry and humid flows, it is shown that the cell voltage can be maintained within a narrow band. The technique is applied on experimental test cells using both plain and hydrophobic materials for the gas diffusion layer and an improvement in performance as compared to steady humidification is demonstrated. Duration of dry and humid flows is determined experimentally for several operating conditions.