高水力负荷人工湿地的研究

为了提高北方地区人工湿地的运行效果和使用范围,采用提高水位和增加填料层厚度的方式来实现湿地的高水力负荷,从而在减小湿地面积的同时增加湿地的去污能力。实验中采用的是五级串联复合湿地,结果表明,在温度逐渐降低的秋季,在水力负荷为0.8 m3/m2·d,水力停留时间为24 h时,湿地系统对TN的平均去除率在42.45%左右;对亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率在95%左右;对TP的平均去除率在94%左右;pH值由8.34降到了8.03左右。其中在第二级潜流湿地的去污效果最显著,之后呈缓慢下降的趋势。由此可见提高水位和增加填料层厚底可以有效地提高人工湿地的去污效果,同时解决人工湿地占地面积大的问题。     

鄱阳湖湿地1954～2016年水位变化分析

湖泊水位是影响其生态系统功能的关键因素.基于1954～2016年鄱阳湖湿地日均水位数据,选择年极端水位、年区间水位持续时间、年涨水和退水持续时间等指标,分析了63年间鄱阳湖湿地的水情特征.结果表明,鄱阳湖湿地年最高水位呈下降趋势,最低水位和水位极差变化不明显;年水位大于16.00 m的天数呈现递减趋势,存在连续性低、高水位现象,而水位低于8.00 m、10.00 m、12.00 m的天数呈现递增趋势,并且出现连续性的低水位现象;年涨水天数延长,退水天数下降,退水至10.00 m的天数呈现明显下降趋势,特别是2000年以来,退水时间明显加快.总体上,鄱阳湖湿地水位变化比较明显,特别是2000年以来,鄱阳湖湿地水位变化更加剧烈,人类有必要对当前鄱阳湖湿地水位变化引起高度重视.以上研究结果,可为鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的深入研究提供参考.     

潜流人工湿地处理城市污水氮和有机物的研究

在自行建造的模拟人工湿地装置上,通过改变水位来控制小型潜流人工湿地DO浓度,从而提高处理效率。试验中两种水位变化的运行都降低了人工湿地的氮和有机物,特别是对氮有较好的去除效果。第1阶段水位小幅度变化,出水DO浓度主要在2～4mg/L之间,COD、BOD5、TN、TKN去除率分别在85%～93%,91%～95%,65%～75%和75%～85%之间;第2阶段水位大幅度变化,出水DO浓度主要在1～4mg/L之间,COD、BOD5、TN、TKN去除率分别在80%～88%,85%～90%,70%～80%和80%～90%之间。     

大型人工湿地水质净化预处理工艺效果研究

进水负荷是影响人工湿地水质预处理净化效果的重要因子,以盐城市饮用水源生态净化工程(盐龙湖工程)为研究对象,探究人工湿地水质处理工艺在4种不同进水负荷范围内对水质的净化效果。通过1 a多的测验分析表明,人工湿地对原水水质改善效果明显,随着进水负荷的不断升高,对TP、TN、NH3-N和SS的去除率逐步下降,DO的提升率则表现为随进水负荷的增大而增大。各指标的去除量在进水负荷为20万~30万m3/d时达到最大。     

表面流人工湿地对邯郸市滏阳河氨氮的去除效能

采用纳氏试剂分光光度法分别于2016年10月(记寒冷期)和2017年7月(记温暖期)对邯郸永年降雨径流试验场的表面流人工湿地中试循环系统的氨氮浓度开展了为期5d的现场连续采样监测,研究其对滏阳河水体中氨氮的去除效能及规律,探寻采用表面流人工湿地修复净化氨氮污染的滏阳河水体的可行性,为永年洼滞洪区高效净污人工湿地系统示范性工程的构建应用提供依据。表面流人工湿地在水力负荷为1.17m3/(m2·d-1)、水力停留时间为0.5 d的工况下运行。试验以湿地对氨氮的去除率为判别指标,结果表明:两个监测时段内,经表面流人工湿地系统净化之后的滏阳河水体在初始浓度下氨氮去除率在寒冷期和温暖期可达68.58%和76.67%,从劣V类水达到Ⅳ类水甚至Ⅲ类水水质;湿地对不同浓度梯度的氨氮去除效果不同,对于较低浓度的氨氮入水,氨氮去除率随入水氨氮浓度的升高而增加。     

水力负荷及季节变化对人工湿地处理效率的影响

研究了水力负荷及季节变化对人工湿地强化净化五里湖湖水处理效率的影响因素,试验时间从2004年8月3日~2006年1月15日。研究表明,随水力负荷的增加,垂直流、潜流和自由表面流人工湿地的处理效率均呈下降趋势,尤以自由表面流人工湿地变化最为明显。对于五里湖水体,适宜的进水负荷为0.8m3/(m2·d)左右,此时垂直流、潜流人工湿地的TN和TP的去除效率均在50%以上。各人工湿地随季节的变化去除效率排序为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。TP的去除率随季节变化相对比较平稳,TN次之,NH3-N、CODMn变化较大,冬季去除率下降尤为明显。     

人工湿地深度处理医院污水的研究

以人工湿地系统处理医院污水处理站二级处理出水,以达到深度降解并去除TN的目的。设计总面积782 m2人工湿地系统,其中自由表面流型(FWS)人工湿地450 m2和潜流型(SSF)人工湿地186 m2,最后连接生态景观池面积146 m2,每日平均抽取30 m3污水(二级处理出水),水力负荷为0.05 m/d。早期运行结果显示,TN去除率为44%,NO3-—N去除率FWS湿地为15%,SSF湿地为34%。试验进行到稳定运行期,调高流量至70～100 m3/d,水力负荷为0.11～0.16 m/d,结果显示,NO3-—N去除率达68%;比较FWS与SSF湿地的NO3-—N的去除速率,FWS湿地为2.48 g/(m2.d),SSF湿地为3.61 g/(m2.d)。SSF湿地对NO3-—N的去除效能比FWS湿地好。     

垂直流人工湿地中污染物昼夜及沿程变化规律

利用垂直潜流人工湿地单元模型探讨COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度在一昼夜之中随时间及深度的变化规律。结果表明:垂直潜流人工湿地中污染物去除率的变化呈一定的周期性,昼夜差距较大。COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率在15:00达到最大,夜间最小。COD和NH4+-N质量浓度在表层(距湿地底部60～90cm段)迅速降低,底部变化幅度较小。TN浓度沿程的降低趋势很明显。湿地中COD、NH4+-N和TN质量浓度的变化趋势与DO显著相关,DO质量浓度越高,越有利于有机物和氮的去除。     

鄱阳湖湿地适宜生态需水位研究——以星子站水位为例

根据鄱阳湖水位频变的实际情况,以星子站水位为例,利用生态水文法对鄱阳湖湿地的适宜生态需水位进行了研究.通过分析1953—1973年、1956—2000年、2006—2010年期间鄱阳湖水位和一些代表物种如白鹤和芦苇的生长、分布及变化规律,表明(1)针对鄱阳湖湿地水位剧烈变化的特征,将适宜水位分为枯水期和丰水期两个时段进行研究更为合理;(2)在丰水期以12～15 m作为适宜水位,枯水期以11～14 m作为适宜水位,作为关键时段的4月和10月适宜水位一定要得到保证;(3)水位条件变化虽然不能从根本上改变鄱阳湖湿地植物的带状分布,但水位变化直接决定各种物种的数量及生物量.     

图们江下游典型湿地植物对污水的净化研究

以图们江下游的塔头苔草、大穗苔草和芦苇三种典型湿地植物为试材,研究三种植物对当地污水的净化效果。结果表明:三种植物中塔头苔草的综合去污能力最强,其次为大穗苔草和芦苇,这与三种湿地植物根际土壤微生物的数量具有极显著的相关性。另外,植物对污染物的去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)有关:当HRT=3d时,化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达到最大值,而后去除率趋于稳定;随着停留时间的增加,系统中溶解氧(DO)的含量逐渐减少,使得氨氮(NH3-N)的去除率也逐渐降低,但各植物系统中总氮(TN)去除率却呈现逐渐上升的趋势;当HRT=5d时,对磷酸盐(P)去除率达到最大值。     

根系结构对湿地植物根系释氧能力的影响

为了研究湿地植物的根系结构对根系释氧能力(以根系释氧速率和释氧速率对水位变化的敏感性来表征)的影响。采用柠檬酸钛法测定菖蒲、再力花、香蒲、芦苇4种湿地植物在5种不同水位条件下的根系释氧速率,并采用标准差分析法分析不同湿地植物根系释氧速率对水位变化的敏感性。同时,采用比重瓶法测量湿地植物根系孔隙度,并对植物根部结构进行显微观察。结果表明:4种湿地植物的根系释氧速率从大到小总体上依次表现为香蒲芦苇再力花菖蒲,对水位变化的敏感性从大到小依次表现为香蒲芦苇菖蒲再力花。此外,湿地植物根系释氧能力与植物根系结构关系密切,主要表现为:湿地植物根系通气组织越发达、释氧屏障越不明显,则根系释氧速率越大、对水位变化越敏感。     

Treatment of gully pot liquor containing heavy metals with constructed wetlands in Scotland.

The aim of this investigation was to assess the treatment efficiencies for gully pot liquor of 12 experimental vertical-flow constructed wetland filters containing Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Common Reed) and filter media of different adsorption capacities in a cold climate. Seven of the twelve filters received inflow water spiked with heavy metals. For one year, hydrated copper nitrate and hydrated nickel nitrate were added to sieved gully pot liquor to simulate contaminated primary treated storm water runoff. The inflow concentrations for dissolved copper, nickel and nitrate-nitrogen were approximately 1.0, 1.0 and 1.45 mg/l, respectively, which represent mean loading rates of 0.063 g/m2/d for Filters 2 and 7 to 11, and 0.115 g/m2/d for Filter 12. For these filters receiving metals, an obvious breakthrough of dissolved nickel was recorded after road gritting and salting during winter. Sodium chloride was responsible for nickel leaching. Reductions of copper, nickel, biochemical oxygen demand and suspended solids were frequently insufficient compared to international secondary wastewater treatment standards. Moreover, the overall filtration performance for all filters was similar.     

Root stimulated nitrogen removal: only a local effect or important for water treatment?

Plants in constructed wetlands serve as carriers for attached microbial growth. They mainly transfer oxygen and release exsudates to the root zone. In consequence of this an area around the roots, called the rhizosphere exists, in which bacteria are stimulated by root growth. The goals were to ascertain whether stimulating the microbial cenosis only has a local effect on the rhizoplane, and to establish the importance of this stimulation for the water purification process in the root zone. Observations were carried out in a laboratory batch reactor filled with sand and planted with reeds (Phragmites australis). A small section was separated with gauze to avoid root growth outside this zone. The reactor was incubated with an artificial waste water containing a high concentration of ammonium. Samples were taken at intervals of 10 mm away from the gauze. The chemical and physical conditions and enzyme activities in soil sections at different distances from the roots affecting the efficiency of nitrogen removal were characterized. An influence was detectable by several parameters up to a specific root distance. Indirect parameters such as the total bacterial number and the DNA amount seem to be affected up to a distance of 50 mm from the root whereas the oxygen amount and DOC are unaffected at a distance exceeding 20-30 mm. This is an initial indication that improved nitrogen removal is also possible in the wider root surroundings. In view of the average root-to-root distance of 35 mm, the root-influenced area could therefore be expanded to the whole rooted zone in a constructed wetland. The influence on bacteria by roots is not just a local effect but may also play an important role in the whole purification process.     

太阳能曝气人工垂直潜流湿地去除生活污水氮磷的试验研究

利用芦苇和砾石构建太阳能曝气人工垂直潜流湿地处理生活污水。设定水力负荷400 mm/d,气水比10∶1,当进水氨氮(NH₄-N)、总氮(TN)、溶解性反应磷(SRP)和总磷(TP)平均浓度为5.14,7.56,0.40,0.53 mg/L时,引入太阳能曝气后,各自的平均去除率分别提高24.8%,9.4%,15.7%和11.5%。随着气温下降和进水浓度降低,湿地微生物脱氮除磷能力下降,曝气对改善生活污水氮磷去除作用不显著。对试验系统而言,太阳能曝气湿地基本建设费用是无曝气湿地的2.85倍;但以20 a运行为基础折算出的污水处理费比无曝气湿地仅高0.02元/m³。综上,从污染去除性能和污水长期处理费用来看,太阳能曝气湿地在生活污水处理方面具有较好的技术经济优势。     

强化型缓冲带水质净化技术试验研究

对强化型缓冲带中的植物净化系统进行了研究,对芦苇和蒲草的净化效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:蒲草和芦苇对水体中总磷能快速吸收、吸收效果显著,对总氮和有机物效果不明显;在最低种植密度(3株/m2)时,后期芦苇对试验效果的维持比蒲草好,在中等(6株/m2)和高等密度(12株/m2)时,蒲草对试验水体中总磷的净化效果较芦苇好;蒲草植株内的总磷含量较芦苇高,在相同时间内收获相同植株数量蒲草比芦苇对试验水体中总磷的移除量更大;工程应用时建议以蒲草为主,芦苇为辅;种植密度蒲草采用3株/m2,芦苇采用6株/m2;为避免植株腐败造成二次污染,芦苇和蒲草应在10月上旬至中旬收割。     

Calculating nitrogen-removal efficiency with a one-dimensional nitrogen budget model of a reed-wetland soil system.

A simple one-dimensional model that can evaluate the transport and fate of nitrogen in wetland soil-vegetation systems was developed to calculate the nitrogen-removal efficiencies of reed-bed wetlands. A common wetland plant, Phragmites australis, was the focus of this study. Seasonal variations of temperature, seasonal changes of nitrogen uptake by vegetation, the vertical distribution of root biomasses and oxygen transport into the soil by vegetation were considered in the model. Field observations were conducted to determine some model parameters and to validate the model, although most of the parameters were adopted from data published in Europe and North America. Field observations were carried out at the Minuma-Tanbo wetland (35 degrees 52' N, 139 degrees 43' E) in Japan. The calculated concentrations of NH4-N in the soils were about 10 times larger than those of the observational results. On the other hand, calculated NO3-N concentrations were about half of the observational data. However, the calculated nitrogen-removal efficiencies indicated the same trends as previous studies. It was found that the hydraulic loading rate played a key role in relation to nitrogen removal and nitrogen transformation in reed wetland systems.     

不同湿地植物的根系泌氧作用与重金属吸收

为研究不同湿地植物根系泌氧能力与重金属吸收积累能力间的关系,选用6种对废水中重金属吸收能力较强的湿地植物进行盆栽实验。结果表明:不同种类湿地植物的根系向水中的泌氧能力存在明显差异,植物间水体溶解氧质量浓度的差异最大可达1.05 mg/L;不同种类湿地植物对重金属的吸收积累能力也有显著差异,而且在重金属积累量方面的差异明显高于重金属浓度方面的差异。相关分析表明:不同种类湿地植物水体溶解氧浓度与植株重金属积累量之间存在显著正相关关系,相关系数达到显著水平(P0.05)。该结果说明,湿地植物对废水及底泥中重金属的吸收积累能力在相当大的程度上取决于其根系的泌氧能力。     

Performance of constructed wetland treating wastewater from seafood industry.

Wastewater from seafood industry contains high concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen compounds, and solid matter. Constructed wetland can be used as tertiary treatment and for nutrient recycling. This research studied the performance of nitrogen and suspended solids removal efficiency of a constructed wetland treating wastewater from a seafood-processing factory located at Songkhla, southern Thailand. The existing constructed wetland has dimensions of 85 m, 352 m and 1.5 m in width, length and depth respectively, with an area of about 29,920 m2. The water depth of 0.30 m is maintained in operation with plantation of cattails (Typha augustifolia). Flow rate of influent ranged between 500-4,660 m3/d. Average hydraulic retention time in the constructed wetland was about 4.8 days. Influent and effluent from the constructed wetland were collected once a week and analyzed for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), Suspended solid (SS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), organic nitrogen (Org-N), nitrate (NO3-N), and nitrite (NO2-N). The average removal efficiencies of BOD5, SS, TKN, NH3-N, and Org-N were 84%, 94%, 49%, 52% and 82%, respectively. It was found that the constructed wetland acting as a tertiary treatment process provided additional removal of BOD5, SS and TKN from wastewater from the seafood industry.     

Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland.

Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO3(-)-N, NH4+-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to > 80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO3- removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p < 0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH4+ nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were > 98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.