Fatality risk in motorcycle collisions with roadside objects in the United States

Motorcycle crashes with roadside objects often involve more than one impact event: typically involving a collision with the ground and another object. The objective of this study was to determine the fatality risk in these roadside object collisions when compared with crashes only involving a collision with the ground. The roadside objects analyzed included guardrails, concrete barriers, signs, utility poles, and trees. The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) database was used in conjunction with the General Estimates System (GES) to analyze fatality risk for motorcycle crashes from 2004 to 2008. The analysis was based upon over 3600 fatal motorcycle crashes with roadside objects. Collisions with roadside objects were found to have a higher fatality risk than collisions with either the ground or another motor vehicle. Based on the most harmful event reported in the crash, motorcycle collisions with guardrail were 7 times more likely to be fatal than collisions with the ground, and collisions with trees were almost 15 times more likely to be fatal than collisions with the ground. Additionally, the roadside object was reported as the most harmful event in the majority of the crashes in fatal two-event crashes involving a roadside object and a collision with the ground, with the exception of collisions with signage. From these analyses it was concluded that collisions with fixed objects are more harmful to motorcyclists than collisions with the ground.     

基于三叶扭曲膨胀管技术的油冷器实验分析

传统管壳式油冷却器的传热效率较低,且存在壳程流动死区及易结垢等缺点。本文采用新型三叶形扭曲膨胀管技术提高传统油冷器的传热。通过实验测试平台测试得到的三叶形扭曲膨胀管油冷器传热及压降数据,与光滑圆管油冷器、传统翅片管油冷器和花瓣状翅片管油冷器进行对比分析。研究结果表明,采用三叶形扭曲膨胀管技术能明显提高油冷器传热系数,但比外翅片管油冷器压降更高,在较低雷诺数下,三叶形扭曲膨胀管油冷器综合性能比翅片管油冷器差,而随雷诺数增加,其综合性能逐渐优于外翅片管油冷器,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

Optimising quasi-orthogonal STBC through group-constrained linear transformation

The generic algebraic structure of a quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QO-STBC) has been derived, and group-constrained linear transformation (GCLT) as a mean to optimise the diversity and coding gains of a QO-STBC with square or rectangular QAM constellations has been proposed. Compared with QO-STBC with constellation rotation (CR), QO-STBC with GCLT requires only half the number of symbols for joint detection, hence lower maximum-likelihood decoding complexity. The optimum GCLT parameters for QO-STBC with square QAM constellation have been derived analytically. The optimised QO-STBCs with GCLT are able to achieve full-transmit diversity and have negligible performance loss compared with QO-STBCs with CR at the same code rate     

Optical coatings with enhanced roughness for ultrahydrophobic,low-scatter applications

Optical coatings with enhanced roughness offer promising prospects for ultrahydrophobic transparent surfaces with controlled scatter losses. Our approach links roughness characteristics with both wetting behavior and scattering. Experiments with rough oxide layers yielded surfaces with a high water contact angle.     

不同拉伸应变率下金纳米线拉伸力学行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了不同拉伸应变率下金纳米线的拉伸力学行为。模拟结果表明,相同截面尺寸、拉伸温度、拉伸方向的金纳米线在较高的拉伸应变率下,屈服强度较大,屈服发生的较早;更高应变率下的金纳米线在屈服时对应的应变更大,并且更容易发生二次屈服。金纳米线的弹性模量随着拉伸应变率的增大有所增加,但是幅度不是很明显。     

Mi_（70）Mn_（25）Co_5触媒合金C－N－B三元共渗研究

研究了合成人造金刚石用Ｎｉ（７０）Ｍｎ（２５）Ｃｏ５触媒合金Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｂ三无共渗及其对合成人造金刚石质量和产量的影响，并与单独渗Ｃ、渗Ｎ、渗Ｂ合金进行了对比。结果表明，该合金三元共渗比单独渗合成的人造金刚石的性能更高。单产比渗Ｃ者低，比渗Ｎ、渗Ｂ者高，接近于原始合金。     

Experimental pure fluid and binary mixture performance in a heat pump equipped with a distillation column

An experimental heat pump system that included a distillation column, accumulator/sump, and heater was experimentally investigated using two different working fluids, R32 and a mixture of R32/134a. Performance variations with changes in sump heater power, condenser and evaporator heat transfer fluid flow, and compressor speed were examined. Heating capacity generally increased with increases in the factors tested. Heating capacity increases were generally smaller with the R32/134a tests than with the R32 tests, except with variations in sump heater power. An increase in sump heater power caused a pronounced increase in the circulating R32 concentration during the mixture tests, and the heating capacity increased markedly. The increase in heating capacity with sump heater power during the R32/134a tests was on par with the increase with compressor power during these same tests. The increase in capacity with sump heater power during the R32/134a tests also was substantial even when compared with the capacity increase with compressor speed during the R32 tests.     

超疏水Ti6Al4V表面的制备及其润湿性

为了使Ti6Al4V合金具有超疏水特性,采用激光技术加工规则点阵状纹理,然后采用自组装技术在试样表面制备自组装分子膜,得到了超疏水Ti6Al4V表面.激光加工构造的微米级点阵结构规整,形成了具有一定高度的类似锥台或柱状的凸起.通过激光加工和沉积自组装分子膜,Ti6Al4V试样表面的水接触角显著增大,最大可达到151°.将测得的接触角与分别用Wenzel模型和Cassie模型计算的理论值进行比较,实测结果更接近Cassie模型的结果.通过改变激光加工表面微结构的参数,可以控制表面接触角的大小.随着表面粗糙度值的增大,接触角呈增大趋势.当表面粗糙度大于4μm时,接触角均大于150°,形成超疏水表面.     

Effects of glass ionomer cements on bone tissue

In vivo biocompatibility of glass ionomer cements (GICs) was evaluated for use in orthopaedic surgery using a rat model and compared with conventional bone cement, Polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA. The unset GICs and PMMA were inserted into the marrow cavities of rat femora and retained in situ for various periods of time. The PMMA bone cement showed complete biocompatibility with no interference with reparative bone. The conventional GIC with smaller glass particles and lower powder/liquid ratio showed an initial minor toxic effect on rat bone tissue with later disturbance of adjacent bone formation. The conventional GIC with larger-size glass particles and higher powder/liquid ratio and resin-modified GIC showed more severe toxic effect on rat tissue with the resin-modified GIC affecting the rat bone tissue later. The causes of toxicity associated with the conventional GIC with larger glass particles and higher powder/liquid ration and the resin-modified GIC are thought to be related with the unreacted acid component of both materials and longer ongoing metallic ion release.     

Mechanical properties,drying and autogenous shrinkage of blast furnace slag activated with hydrated lime and gypsum

This article reports the characteristics of blast furnace slag (BFS) pastes activated with hydrated lime (5%) and hydrated lime (2%) plus gypsum (6%) in relation to compressive strength, shrinkage (autogenous and drying) and microstructure (porosity, hydrated products). The paste mixtures were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG). BSF activated with lime and gypsum (LG) results in larger amounts of ettringite when compared with BFS activated with lime (L). Although the porosities of the L and LG mixtures were about the same, there was a greater pore refinement for the BFS activated with lime, with an increase in mesopores volume with age. The presence of ettringite and the higher volumes of macropores cause the compressive strength of BSF activated with hydrated lime plus gypsum to be smaller than that of BFS activated with lime. For both chemical activators, compressive strength developed slowly at early ages. Autogenous and drying shrinkage were greater for the BFS activated with lime, believed to result from the more refined porous structure in comparison with the mixture activated with gypsum plus lime.     

直齿圆柱齿轮双向镦挤精密成形工艺对比研究

为实现直齿圆柱齿轮精密成形,并克服传统工艺存在的成形力大、模具结构复杂等一些不足,在已有齿形凸模双向镦挤成形直齿圆柱齿轮的基础上提出了另外2种改进的成形工艺,分析了不同成形工艺下端面摩擦力对载荷的影响,利用有限元模拟软件DEFORM-3D分别对3种成形工艺进行了数值模拟研究,并提出了一种优化的成形新工艺——无齿凸模双向镦挤精密成形.结果表明:采用无齿凸模镦挤成形直齿圆柱齿轮在载荷及模具结构方面优于有齿凸模镦挤成形,其中,无齿凸模双向镦挤较有齿凸模双向镦挤,上、下凸模载荷下降约55%;无齿凸模双向镦挤较非对称凸模双向镦挤,上、下凸模载荷分别下降约50%、38%;无齿模具加工制造更容易,强度更高;新工艺的等效应力最大值为3种方案中最小,而且等效应力变化正常,无破坏现象出现.对优化后的成形工艺进行了试验研究,得到了齿形轮廓清晰、充填饱满、无折叠、开裂等缺陷的铅质试件,试验结果与模拟结果基本吻合.     

Development of a secondary antibody thio-functionalized microcantilever immunosensor and an ELISA for measuring ginsenoside Re content in the herb ginseng

Ginsenoside Re (GRe) is a major active component of the Chinese medicinal herb ginseng, Panax ginseng . A sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated as mAb3D6, was generated with a GRe-bovine serum albumin conjugate as an immunogen. Microcantilever immunosensors (MCS), one modified with thiolated anti-GRe antibody and one modified with thiolated goat antimouse immunoglobulin G (IgG), were developed to detect the content of ginsenoside. The MCS immobilized with thiolated goat antimouse IgG had a better sensitivity than the MCS modified with thiolated anti-GRe antibody. The advantage of a secondary antibody thio-functionalized MCS was verified with the anti-paclitaxel mAb. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was also established with mAb3D6. The concentration of analyte producing 50% inhibition and the working range of icELISA were 1.20 and 0.15-16.1 ng/mL, respectively. The icELISA had a cross-reactivity of 89% with ginsenoside Rg1 and less than 3% with other ginsenosides. The icELISA and MCS with thiolated secondary antibody were applied for the determination of GRe in ginseng samples, and the results agreed well with those determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.     

CFRP筋增强ECC梁弯曲性能试验研究

为研究碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced polymer,CFRP)筋/超高韧性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(Engineered cementitious composite,ECC)梁的抗弯性能,对3根CFRP筋/ECC梁、1根玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(Glass fiber reinforced polymer,GFRP)筋/梁和1根CFRP筋混凝土梁进行了四点弯曲试验,分析了配筋率、纤维增强树脂复合材料(Fiber reinforced polymer,FRP)筋类型和基体类型对梁抗弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:CFRP筋/ECC梁与GFRP筋/ECC梁和CFRP筋混凝土梁类似,均经历了弹性阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段;配筋率对CFRP筋/ECC梁的受弯性能影响较大。随着配筋率的增加,CFRP筋/ECC梁的承载能力不断提高,延性性能逐渐减弱;ECC材料优异的应变硬化能力和受压延性,使得CFRP筋/ECC梁的极限承载能力和变形能力均优于CFRP筋混凝土梁;由于ECC材料多裂缝开裂能力,CFRP筋/ECC梁开裂后,纵筋表面应变分布比CFRP筋混凝土梁更均匀; 由于聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维的桥联作用,CFRP筋/ECC梁破坏时,其表面出现了大量的细密裂缝,且能保持较好的完整性和自复位能力;正常使用阶段,CFRP筋/ECC梁的最大弯曲裂缝宽度均小于CFRP筋混凝土梁。最后,根据试验结果,建立了基于等效应力图的CFRP筋/ECC梁弯曲承载力简化计算模型,确定模型中的相关系数。由简化模型计算的极限承载力与试验结果具有较好的相关性。      

Comparative Analyses of Fixed and Removable Item Mixed Model Assembly Lines

Three designs of mixed model assembly lines: a moving belt with fixed items, a moving conveyor with removable items, and an accumulation conveyor with removable items are compared with respect to total station idle time, unfinished jobs, and production rate. The conditions required to avoid idle time and unfinished items are analyzed. Simulation is used to confirm the advantage of using an accumulation conveyor with removable items over a moving belt assembly line with fixed items.     

Depth-dependent normal strain of articular cartilage under sliding load by the optimized digital image correlation technique

The sliding experiments of articular cartilage were conducted by applying an optimized digital image correlation (DIC) technique and the depth-dependent normal strain and friction force were analyzed for cartilage. It is found that the friction forces of cartilage increase firstly and then decrease slowly with the slide of slider and increase with increasing compressive strain. The normal strain values of different layers increase obviously with sliding time with compressive strain of 35.2%. The normal strain values of superficial layer and middle layer appear in an increasing trend however little change of normal strain in deep layer is observed with sliding time with compressive strains of 18.9% and 11.2%. The depth-dependent normal strain values decrease along depth direction with constant compressive strain and the normal strain values of different normalized depth increase with increasing compressive strain. The friction forces and depth-dependent normal strain values of cartilage decrease slightly with increasing sliding rates. It is noted that the first sliding friction forces are the largest and then the friction forces decrease with increasing sliding numbers. The normal strain value increases with increasing sliding numbers and the increasing amplitude of normal strain during the former two sliding is significant. The fitting relationship of normal strain and normalized depth was obtained considering the effects of compressive strain and sliding rate and the fitting curves agree with the experimental data for cartilage with different compressive levels and sliding rates very well.     

稀土元素掺杂TiO2薄膜的制备及其光学性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到Y3 和Ho3 掺杂的TiO2薄膜,XRD分析表明薄膜结晶性能良好,具有锐钛矿晶型。薄膜表面AFM分析表明,薄膜的晶粒具有纳米尺寸。采用紫外-可见分光光度计对掺杂和未掺杂的TiO2薄膜进行紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,表明Y3 和Ho3 掺杂的TiO2薄膜在紫外光区吸光度有所提高,同时在可见光区光吸收范围出现了红移,相同掺杂浓度的Y3 和Ho3 掺杂的TiO2薄膜,前者在400~450nm的可见光区具有更高的吸光度。     

Comparison of direct,rehalogenating, and solvent bleaching processes with BB-640 plates

Bleaching is one of the key processes in the production of phase holograms with fine grain silver halide emulsions. This step was widely studied for discontinued Kodak, Agfa, and Ilford emulsions, and most of those results have been optimized with small changes for presently available holographic emulsions. A study of the different bleaching techniques with BB-640 holographic emulsions is presented. Some interesting new features found are the high-diffraction efficiencies achieved with direct rehalogenating bleaching and with reversal bleaching, with higher values and better sensitivities than those of classical fixation-free rehalogenating bleaching. In particular, we have found that the highest diffraction efficiency and the lowest scattering is obtained with AAC developer and reversal bleach R-9, with diffraction efficiency values of 82%.     

采用不同膨胀机构的跨临界CO2循环性能分析

运用热力学第一定律和第二定律对跨临界CO2基本循环、膨胀机循环、喷射器循环和涡流管循环进行了分析,计算了各循环各个部件的损失,比较了各循环性能系数和总损失。计算结果表明,采用膨胀机、喷射器和涡流管等膨胀设备代替基本循环中的节流阀后,由于这些改进膨胀设备的损失小于基本循环节流阀的损失,同时改进循环中压缩机的损失小于基本循环的压缩机损失,从而减小了循环总损失,提高了循环的COP。膨胀机循环的COP远大于其它跨临界CO2循环,其次为喷射器循环和涡流管循环。     

复合受剪钢纤维再生混凝土破坏机理及强度计算

为研究钢纤维再生混凝土在复合受剪状态下的力学性能,以取代率、法向应力和钢纤维掺量为变化参数,设计了102个标准立方体试件进行复合受剪试验。观察了钢纤维再生混凝土在直剪、压剪作用下的破坏形态,获取了其在直剪、压剪作用下的全过程剪切应力-位移曲线,深入分析了取代率、法向应力和钢纤维掺量对钢纤维再生混凝土剪切强度、峰值位移的影响规律。结果表明：随着法向应力的增大,剪切强度逐渐增大;随着取代率的增加,掺量为0%的钢纤维再生混凝土剪切强度随之减小,掺量为1%的钢纤维再生混凝土剪切强度先增大后减小;与掺量为0%的钢纤维再生混凝土相比,掺量为1%的钢纤维再生混凝土平均剪切强度提高了10.77%;提出了剪切强度公式,所得计算值与试验值吻合良好。     

我国城市居室装修的发展趋势

系统地从居室与自然,居室与科技,居室与文化,居室与经济,以及居室对人的关怀等方面进行了较为详细的分析.并阐明了我国城市居室装修的发展趋势,提出了绿色,高科技,文化,简约,经济和人性化设计的新理念.