Asymptotic state behaviour and its modeling for saturated sand

A new double hardening elasto-plastic model is proposed in this paper based on the existing unified hardening model (UH model). By assuming that there is part coupling effect between the plastic volumetric strain and plastic shear strain, hardening parameters consisting of a coupled and an uncoupled components are adopted in this model. A unique feature of this model is that it can describe not only the conventional drained and undrained behaviors of soil, but also the stress-strain relationships of soil under partially drained conditions which can be volumetric compression or dilation. Adopting the asymptotic state concept, simple equations for estimating the limiting stress ratio under undrained or earth pressure at rest (i.e. K ₀) conditions are derived. The new model is relatively simple to be adopted in practice for two reasons. First, the same soil parameters as in Cam-clay model are used except the addition of one extra parameter, the stress ratio at the characteristic state. Second, all the parameters can be determined using conventional triaxial compression tests. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10672010 and 50479001) and the National Earthquake Science Item (Grant No. 200808076)     

超固结土三轴排水不排水试验数值分析

在临界状态土力学的框架内,采用Hashiguchi提出的下负荷面本构模型,建议了一个简化的塑性硬化规律,使之能较合理地描述超固结粘土在正常屈服面和下负荷面之间的变化规律。数值模拟结果表明,修正后的硬化规律能够较好地描述超固结粘土的许多力学特性如应力应变关系、应变软化以及应力剪胀性等。数值预测结果与室内三轴排水试验结果相一致,并可以用来分析超固结粘土的不排水三轴应力路径。     

SSUH model: A small-strain extension of the unified hardening model

A small strain unified hardening (SSUH) model is proposed in the present study to tackle the small strain behavior of clay. The model is an extension of the unified hardening (UH) model for overconsolidated (OC) clays accounting for the small strain stiffness. The new features of the SSUH model over the UH model include: (a) a new elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship to evaluate the stiffness degradation at small strains and to generate the hysteresis loop under cyclic loading condition; (b) a revised unified hardening parameter to enhance the plastic stiffness at small strains; and (c) a new overconsolidation parameter, which is crucial to make the UH model working with the elastic hysteretic stress-strain relationship effectively. With these enhancements, the SSUH model can describe a high initial stiffness and the highly nonlinear stress-strain relationship at small strains, in addition to the shear dilatancy and strain hardening/softening behaviors of OC clays at large strains. In comparison with the Modified Cam-clay (MCC) model, the proposed model needs two more small strain related parameters, which can be easily obtained from laboratory tests. Finally, some drained triaxial compression tests at large strains, drained triaxial compression/extension tests at small strains, an undrained compression test at small strains and a drained cyclic constant radial stress test are employed to validate the new model.     

论土体应力应变关系曲线类型和临界状态

为探讨应力历史对土体本构关系的影响,进行了一系列正常固结土和超固结土的排水剪切常规三轴压缩试验,对比具有不同应力历史的土体应力应变关系曲线发现,对于体应变,超固结比是决定性因素,而体应变对固结压力不太敏感。对于抗剪能力,固结压力是决定性因素,超固结比的影响也不可忽略,超固结比决定了是应变强化还是应变软化,且决定了应变软化的程度,但试样最终会达到一个统一的临界状态,具有大体相同的残余强度。根据塑性体应变与塑性剪应变之间的相互作用原理阐明,土体变形过程中,塑性体应变的变化控制了剪切抗力的升降,从而决定了土体应力应变关系曲线的类型;临界状态实际上是一个纯粹剪切变形过程,其中不发生塑性体应变与塑性剪应变之间的相互作用,压硬性、剪胀性、应力路径相关性统统消失,它与以前所经历的应力历史无关。     

Modeling of strength and deformation of overconsolidated clays based on bounding surface plasticity

An elastoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays is established in the framework of the critical state theory and bounding surface plasticity theory. The bounding surface is defined as the maximum yield surface in the loading history. A yielding ratio, i.e., an internal variant, is defined as the size ratio of the current yield surface to the corresponding bounding surface. The yielding ratio instead of the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is used to evaluate the strength and stress-strain behaviors of overconsolidated clays in the shearing process. The bounding stress ratio incorporating the effect of the yielding ratio is used to characterize the potential failure strength of the overconsolidated clays. The dilation stress ratio taking into account the effect of the yielding ratio is applied to describe the dilatancy behaviors of the overconsolidated clays. Comparisons between model predictions and test data show that the proposed model could well capture the strength and stress-strain behaviors of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.     

超固结土的蛋形弹塑性本构模型

为了描述超固结软土在不同应力条件下的强度变形特征,以蛋形函数为基本框架,建立并发展适用于超固结土体的弹塑性本构模型. 通过对一系列超固结土应力路径三轴压缩试验结果的分析,探讨土体在超固结状态下塑性应变的发展规律(剪胀/剪缩). 在先前提出的旋转塑性势面流动法则基础上对其进行发展与改进,引入峰值应力比,构建剪胀状态下归一化塑性势面旋转角与应力状态参数之间的近似线性关系,以满足超固结土的塑性变形特性. 结合基于等效硬化参量的广义塑性功硬化原理构建超固结软土的蛋形弹塑性本构模型. 将三轴压缩试验数据与数值预测结果进行对比以验证模型有效性,结果表明该模型可以有效反映超固结软土在不同加载条件下的应力应变特性,比如软化与剪胀.     

Behavior of high water-cement ratio concrete under biaxial compression after freeze-thaw cycles

The high water-cement ratio concrete specimens under biaxial compression that completed in a triaxial testing machine were experimentally studied. Strength and deformations of plain concrete specimens in two loading direction under biaxial compression with stress ratio of a=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 were obtained after 0, 25, 50 cycles of freeze-thaw. Influences of freeze-thaw cycles and stress ratio on the peak stress and deformation of this point were analyzed according to the experimental results, Based on the test data, the failure criterion expressed in terms of principal stress after different cycles of freeze-thaw, and the failure criterion with consideration of the influence of freeze-thaw cycle and stress ratio were proposed respectively.     

Molecular dynamics simulation of the test of single-walled carbon nanotubes under tensile loading

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to do the test of sin-gle-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) under tensile loading with the use of Bren-ner potential to describe the interactions of atoms in SWCNTs. The Young’s modulus and tensile strength for SWCNTs were calculated and the values found are 4.2 TPa and 1.40―1.77 TPa, respectively. During the simulation, it was found that if the SWCNTs are unloaded prior to the maximum stress, the stress-strain curve for unloading process overlaps with the loading one, showing that the SWCNT’s de-formation up to its fracture point is completely elastic. The MD simulation also demonstrates the fracture process for several types of SWCNT and the breaking mechanisms for SWCNTs were analyzed based on the energy and structure be-havior.     

宁波软土流变试验及经验模型

为了研究宁波软土的流变特性及经验模型,进行一维固结流变试验和三轴排水流变试验,并采用西原模型拟合模型参数.试验对比分析表明,固结试验的侧限作用会阻碍试样流变的发展,应力-应变等时曲线偏向应力轴,而三轴流变试验试样的流变能够得到充分地发展,应力-应变等时曲线偏向应变轴,能够更好地体现软黏土的流变性状.将一维西原模型应力-应变关系扩展到三维,采用修正剑桥模型屈服函数描述材料的塑性屈服.推导荷载恒定时土样的轴向应变计算公式,根据三轴排水流变试验结果进行曲线拟合,确定西原模型参数.结果表明,该模型能够较好地符合宁波软土的流变规律.     

High performance low cost steels with ultrafine grained and multi-phased microstructure

Ultrafine grained ferrite was obtained through tempering cold rolled martensite with an average grain size of 200―400 nm in a low carbon and a microalloyed steel. Thermal and mechanical stability of the two steels was studied. Due to the pinning effect of microalloyed precipitates on the movement of dislocations and grain boundaries, the recrystallization and grain growth rate were retarded, and the thermal stability of ultrafine grained microstructure was improved. The ultrafine grained ferritic steel was ...     

考虑温度影响的非关联弹塑性饱和黏土本构模型

从不同温度作用下的压缩曲线和回弹曲线出发,利用等效的力学固结代替热固结,将常规温控三轴试验过程中复杂的热力学特性转化为纯力学特性,然后结合传统的临界状态理论,运用非关联流动法则,提出考虑温度影响,适用于正常固结饱和黏土的非关联弹塑性本构模型。模型包含6个独立参数,各参数的物理意义明确,且可由常规的温控三轴实验确定。随着温度的增加,压缩曲线和回弹曲线的斜率、临界应力比和泊松比不变,先期固结应力呈指数形式变化,此外,塑性势函数和屈服函数之间的比例因子可通过试算确定。结合高岭土和伯克土的常规温控三轴排水剪切试验数据,给出了模型参数的具体确定方法,并将模拟值和试验值进行对比,验证了该模型的合理性。     

Global optimization of tool path for five-axis flank milling with a cylindrical cutter

In this paper, optimum positioning of cylindrical cutter for five-axis flank milling of non-developable ruled surface is addressed from the perspective of surface approximation. Based on the developed. interchangeability principle, global optimization of the five-axis tool path is modeled as approximation of the tool envelope surface to the data points on the design surface following the minimum zone criterion recommended by ANSI and ISO standards for tolerance evaluation. By using the signed point-to-surface distance function, tool path plannings for semi-finish and finish millings are formulated as two constrained optimization problems in a unified framework. Based on the second order Taylor approximation of the distance function, a sequential approximation algorithm along with a hierarchical algorithmic structure is developed for the optimization. Numerical examples are presented to confirm the validity of the proposed approach. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50775147 and 50835004), the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Project) (Grant No. 2005CB724103), and the Science & Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 07JC14028)     

Bounding surface model for ballast with additional attention on the evolution of particle size distribution

Particle size distribution significantly influences the mechanical response of the ballast under low confining pressure. However, particle breakage usually occurs and unfavorably degrades the particle size distribution of the ballast when sufficient load is applied. To model the triaxial stress-strain behavior and its associated evolution of particle size distribution of the ballast, a specific bounding surface model is proposed. The proposed model is based on the traditional bounding surface plasticity and a modified particle breakage index, which correlates the initial gradation and the ultimate gradation together with the current gradation. Simulation of the experimental results from the triaxial compression tests shows that the proposed model can predict the strain softening and volumetric expansion of the ballast under relatively lower confining pressure. It is also able to simulate the strain hardening and volumetric compression of the ballast under relatively higher confining pressure. Most importantly, the proposed approach was observed to have a great potential in predicting the evolution of the particle size distribution of the ballast.     

Development of a unified viscoplasticity constitutive model based on classical plasticity theory

The traditional unified viscoplasticity constitutive model can be only applied to metal materials. The study of the unified constitutive theory for metal materials has discovered the correlation between the classical plasticity theory and the unified viscoplasticity constitutive model, thus leading to the concepts of the classic plastic potential and yield surface in the unified constitutive model. Moreover, this research has given the continuous expression of the classical plastic multiplier and presented the corresponding constructive method, which extends its physical significance and lays down a good foundation for the application of the unified constitutive theory to the material analysis in more fields. This paper also introduces the unified constitutive model for metal materials and geo-materials. The numerical simulation indicates that the construction should be both reasonable and practical. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 90410012)     

循环荷载三面本构模型及与实验结果比较

为探求形式简洁,参数较少,便于工程应用的循环本构模型,本文基于边界面模型和多面模型理论,建立了一个可描述金属材料三轴循环加载力学行为的三面本构模型.把塑性应变分解成塑性应变1和塑性应变2,塑性应变1对应于一套屈服面-边界面模型,塑性应变2对应于一套单屈服面模型.提出了当前应力点与边界面上对偶点之间距离的演变公式,基于一致性条件得出边界面模型中塑性模量的计算与运动硬化准则的联系.采用塑性应变作为硬化参数,应用关联流动法则计算塑性应变.相比于经典的边界面模型,本文模型形式简明;相比于前人修正随动硬化准则模型,本文模型需要的材料参数较少.结合金属稳定材料U71Mn的单轴循环实验结果,对其4种力学行为进行模拟,分析了非对称应力循环下平均应力和应力幅值对稳定材料棘轮效应的影响,以及对称应变循环下材料的最大应变幅值记忆效应.研究结果表明,本文模型的模拟结果与前人文献的实验结果一致性较好,可为研究材料的本构行为提供一条新的途径.     

Strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests

To study the strength properties and evolution laws of cracked sandstone samples in re-loading tests,strength and damage evolution properties of intact sandstone samples were first analyzed through the triaxial compression tests carried on TAW-2000 microcomputer control electro-hydraulic servo rock triaxial test system. Damage evolution models were established based on dilatancy properties realizing the real-time and quantitative evaluation of samples damage state in loading process. On this basis, samples with different damage were obtained by pre-peak, peak point, post-peak and residual strength stage unloading tests in the loading process of intact samples. The characteristics of the stress-strain curves and strength evolution laws were studied through the re-loading tests of samples with different damage under different stress states. The experimental results showed that the slope of stress-strain curves, peak strength and residual strength of cracked samples increased linearly with confining pressure and decreased linearly with damage. The equivalent cohesion decreased with damage in the exponential decay curves. The mechanics properties of samples transformed from strain softening to strain hardening with damage.     

A unified viscoplasticity constitutive model based on irreversible thermodynamics

A unified viscoplasticity constitutive model for metal materials is developed within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, and an expression for the Helmholtz free energy function involving the parameters reflecting kinematic hardening and isotropic hardening is given. At the same time a non-associated flow potential function including the corresponding state variables is also given, from which the flow equation and the evolution equations of the internal state variables are derived. Thus, a general theoretical framework constructing a unified viscoplasticity constitutive model is given. Compared with the typical unified viscoplasticity constitutive models, the presented model evidently satisfies the irreversible thermodynamics laws. Moreover, this method not only provides a new theoretical foundation for further development of the unified viscoplasticity constitutive model, but also gives a new theoretical framework for the stress-strain analysis of more materials. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO. 90410012)     

筑坝料动力分析中的Bouc-Wen模型及其参数研究

Bouc-Wen光滑滞回模型因其能够描述动力荷载下的复杂非线性,广泛应用于材料的动力分析。为研究筑坝料在循环加载条件下动剪切模量和阻尼比以及累积变形等复杂动力特性,将Bouc-Wen模型应用于土体,绘制应力应变滞回圈并分析其模型参数;采用参数敏感性分析方法研究Bouc-Wen模型,并对动力试验数据进行数值模拟;讨论模型参数变化对土体应力应变滞回圈及动剪模量和阻尼比的影响。根据国内外筑坝料动力试验数据统计得到筑坝料模量衰减及阻尼比增长的均值曲线,应用MATLAB软件编制遗传算法程序确定模型参数;利用GDS动三轴仪探究糯扎渡土石坝的心墙掺砾土在循环荷载下的累积变形特性,并应用Bouc-Wen模型对循环三轴试验测得的应力应变滞回圈进行数值模拟。基于参数分析和数值拟合结果,本文提出适用于筑坝料的Bouc-Wen模型参数范围;筑坝料动剪模量衰减曲线和阻尼比增长曲线拟合结果均方误差小于0.4%;糯扎渡掺砾土循环三轴试验8个振动周期累积应变试验值与模型预测值分别为1.2%和1.18%。基于本文研究得到的模型参数范围,Bouc-Wen模型可以有效地模拟筑坝料动模量阻尼和累积变形特性,为筑坝料动力分析提供帮助。     

Centrifuge model test on earthquake-induced differential settlement of foundation on cohesive ground

Dynamic centrifuge model test was conducted to study the earthquake-induced differential settlement of foundation on cohesive ground, and the influence of asymmetry of building was investigated. During the experiment, the overconsolidated kaolin clay ground with a three-dimensional asymmetrical structure model was shaken by a basically balanced input motion, and bender elements were used to measure shear wave velocities of model ground to reveal the soil fabric evolution during and after shaking. The test results show that, the total seismic settlement of foundation is composed of instantaneous and long-term post-earthquake settlements, and most of the differential settlement occurs immediately after the earthquake while the post-earthquake settlement is relatively uniform despite its large amplitude. The asymmetry of building affects the settlement behavior considerably. Compared with 1-or 2-dimensional structures, more evident differential settlement occurs under three-dimensional asymmetrical building during shaking, which accounts for one-half of the total seismic settlements and results in complex spatial tilting effects of foundation. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (“973” Project) (Grant No. 2007CB714203), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 20080430219, 20081476) and the Foundation for Seismological Researches, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. 200808022)     

结构性吹填软土侧向变形真三轴试验研究

为了研究吹填软土在侧向变形条件下的力学与结构特性,利用真三轴试验机以及WF应力路径试验仪进行了不排水条件下的侧向卸荷试验,并与常规三轴试验结果进行了对比分析.试验结果表明：与常规三轴剪切试验应力-应变关系曲线表现的硬化特性不同,真三轴卸荷试验表现出应变软化现象.随着初始围压的增大,土体由剪缩向剪胀变化.由于中主应力的影响,真三轴卸荷状态下土体的结构屈服应力值明显大于WF卸荷状态以及常规三轴试验下的数值,其随着中主应力系数bd的增大而成非线性增长.真三轴侧向卸荷条件下土体抗剪强度指标大于WF卸荷条件,与常规三轴试验结果也明显不同,其内摩擦角增大,粘聚力减小.