柠檬酸体系化学镀镍-磷合金辅助配位剂的筛选

配位剂在化学镀镍-磷合金工艺中具有不可替代的作用。以柠檬酸为化学镀镍-磷合金主配位剂,采用温度80~85℃进行施镀,以沉积速率、孔隙率为评价指标,通过实验考察乳酸、丁二酸、氨三乙酸和甘氨酸四种辅助配位剂对化学镀镍的络合作用,在此基础上对乳酸、丁二酸两种辅助配位剂进行复配,以求更好的沉积速率和耐蚀性。结果表明,在乳酸的体积分数为0.016,丁二酸的质量浓度为6 g/L时,复配效果最佳,沉积速率达到14.29μm/h,镀层孔隙率仅0.32个/cm2,镀层表观形貌平整、致密。     

七种稀土元素对酸性化学镀镍-磷合金镀层影响

在酸性化学镀镍镀液中分别加入Ce、La、Y、Sm、Sc、Lu和Tm七种稀土元素,对基材进行化学镀镍,探究稀土元素对沉积速率、镀层孔隙率及表面形貌的影响.结果证明,七种稀土元素对沉积速率以及镀层性能影响各不相同.其中,Ce、Y和Lu三种稀土元素在一定质量浓度范围内有加速作用,加入4 mg/L Ce的加速比最大,为18.05％.七种稀土元素对镀层孔隙率均有抑制作用,最低能达到0.32个/cm2.     

七种稀土元素对酸性化学镀镍-磷合金镀层的影响

在酸性化学镀镍镀液中分别加入Ce、La、Y、Sm、Sc、Lu和Tm七种稀土元素,对基材进行化学镀镍,探究稀土元素对沉积速率、镀层孔隙率及表面形貌的影响。结果证明,七种稀土元素对沉积速率以及镀层性能影响各不相同。其中,Ce、Y和Lu三种稀土元素在一定质量浓度范围内有加速作用,加入4 mg/L Ce的加速比最大,为18.05%。七种稀土元素对镀层孔隙率均有抑制作用,最低能达到0.32个/cm~2。     

丁二酸对化学镀镍的加速和稳定作用

测定了丁二酸对镍的沉积速度和氢的析出量的影响，并用电化学方法测定了化学镀镍过程的阴，阳极化曲线，揭示了丁二酸加速和稳定化学镀镍过程的电化学特征。     

中温化学镀镍商品镀液的研制

采用混合配体,以有机酸和稀土元素做加速剂,研制了成功了在７０－７５℃条件下,沉积速度达１６μｍ／ｈ、寿命为８ＭＴＯ的酸性化学镀镍液。沉积出的化学镀镍层孔隙率低,耐浓硝酸点滴性能优良。     

无铅无镉化学镀镍复合添加剂的研究

在前期确定的基本化学镀镍配方的基础上,通过正交试验优选出一组无铅无镉复合添加剂:20mg/L硫酸铜、3mg/L硝酸银、4mg/L碘酸钾、10mg/L硫酸铈和4mg/L唑类添加剂M。研究了该无铅无镉复合添加剂对化学镀镍液的稳定性、镀速、镀层孔隙率及外观的影响。结果表明,该添加剂使镀液的稳定性由23s升高至10h,v=15μm/h,孔隙率=0,w(镀层中磷)=10.1%;所得镀层外观光亮、细致。与某公司商品含铅镉添加剂相比,该复合添加剂对镀液、镀层性能的改善作用更为优异。     

化学镀镍磷合金复合加速剂的研究

为了提高化学镀Ni–P合金的沉积速率,采用正交试验法研究了以乳酸为配位剂的复合加速剂。通过测定镀速、镀液稳定性、镀层孔隙率及耐盐雾腐蚀性能,得出最佳的复合加速剂配方为:20mL/L乳酸 8g/L丁二酸 3mL/L有机酸加速剂 4g/L钠盐加速剂。采用此复合加速剂,镀速达32μm/h,镀液在PdCl2加速试验中的稳定时间为7.49h,镀层孔隙率为0.09个/cm2,耐盐雾腐蚀时间达925h。     

柔性印刷电路板硫酸镍体系化学镀镍及镀层性能研究

分别以柔性印刷电路板(FPCB)和紫铜为基体,采用丁二酸钠?乙酸钠复合配位体系化学镀镍.通过正交试验对化学镀镍液进行优化,得到较优的配方为:NiSO4·6H2O 20 g/L,NaH2PO2·H2O 10 g/L,CH3COONa 9 g/L,丁二酸钠5 g/L,乳酸6 g/L,苹果酸4 g/L.采用该镀液在温度70°...     

AZ31镁合金化学镀镍工艺的研究

对AZ31镁合金化学镀镍工艺进行了研究,并采用失重法和扫描电镜研究了不同的前处理工艺。确定最佳酸洗工艺配方为C_2H_4O_28~12mL/L、H_3PO_420~30mL/L;最佳活化工艺配方为NH_4HF 60~80g/L、H_3BO_330~45g/L、H_3PO_420~30mL/L。另外,研究了pH值、温度和时间对沉积速率及化学镀镍层孔隙率的影响,确定了最佳的化学镀镍工艺参数为pH值6.5、温度90~95℃、时间1h。     

稳定剂对化学镀镍液稳定性的影响

以镀液稳定性、沉积效率、镀层性能为评价指标,研究重金属稳定剂、稀土稳定剂、有机酸稳定剂等不同稳定剂对低温碱性化学镀镍的影响。结果表明:向化学镀镍液中添加以丁二酸、OH-、硫脲为组合的有机酸稳定剂,可以有效提升化学镀镍液的稳定性及沉积效率。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。