沟灌二维入渗参数的影响因素与计算模型研究

为简化沟灌二维入渗参数的获取,本文以室内入渗试验为基础,分析了土壤容重、初始含水量、入渗水头这三个因素对二维和一维入渗参数参数比值的影响,初步建立了由一维垂直入渗参数推求二维入渗参数的多因子计算模型,并对模型分析简化,增加了模型的稳健性,通过大田试验对所建计算模型进行检验。结果表明文中所建二维入渗参数计算模型所求结果为整个灌水田块的均值,其与整个田块全部灌水沟由水流运动数据推求的入渗参数平均值误差不大,且入渗参数k、a增减相反,对累积入渗量的计算结果影响较小,说明本文所建模型对精度要求不高的沟灌灌水方案设计具有一定的指导意义。     

膜缝沟灌入渗规律及模型研究

根据膜缝沟灌试验研究结果，分析了膜缝宽度、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重及水深4个因素对膜缝沟灌二维入渗的影响。结果表明：膜缝宽度越大，累计入渗量越大，但是不利于水平入渗；土壤初始含水率越大，在相同的入渗时间里累计入渗量越小，但是其垂向、水平入渗速率越快；土壤容重及灌水沟中的水深对累计入渗量及垂向、水平入渗速率的影响不是很明显。提出了分别以膜缝宽度和初始含水率为参数的入渗模型。     

恒定水头井入渗Green-Ampt 模型的改进与验证

在假定恒定水头井入渗近似为以井内积水表面积为入渗面的一维入渗基础上,用湿润体内平均体积含水率增量代替Green-Ampt活塞模型中的饱和含水率与初始含水率差值。用入渗率和累积入渗量倒数的线性关系间接推求Green-Ampt模型中的参数,用湿润锋平均基质吸力和土壤饱和导水率。从而建立了适用于恒定水头井入渗的Green-Ampt模型。同时根据体积等效原理,定义了三维入渗中难以直接测定的概化湿润锋深度。经3种类型土壤的室内试验检验,表明该模型具有较好的精度,能精确地计算不同累积入渗量时的湿润体体积。     

基于降雨入渗全过程的非饱和湿润峰模型

对降雨入渗过程进行研究有助于充分发挥土壤的蓄水能力,减缓城市管网的泄洪压力。为更真实地反映入渗过程中土壤的含水率分布情况,将降雨入渗过程进行分段,确定各阶段土壤含水率分布函数,提出了修正的非饱和湿润峰模型。同时,结合达西定律,引入土体非饱和参数,得到均匀土体在不同降雨强度下,土壤含水率、浸润深度和累计入渗量随时间变化的曲线。结果显示,入渗过程中土壤表层含水率和浸润深度随时间呈非线性变化。对于高强度降雨,当表层土壤饱和后,开始出现积水。累计入渗量最终取决于土壤的饱和渗透性质,降雨强度对其影响有限。分别将4种土质土体的计算结果与有限元法得到的结果进行对比,两者相对偏差均小于5%。     

多参数沟灌入渗模型的试验研究

在土壤条件一定的情况下,根据沟距、湿周及侧向影响数对沟灌入渗及考斯加柯夫模型入渗参数K,α影响的试验研究结果,提出了多参数沟灌入渗模型,并进行了试验验证。该模型包含了沟距、沟道水面宽度及湿周(或水深)等因子,具有一定的实用性,并能方便地进行沟灌的数学模拟。     

陕西王东沟小流域野外土壤入渗试验研究

以野外土壤入渗试验为依据，利用时域反射仪进行了土壤水分动态变化的观测，并分析了积水入渗过程中土壤水分的动态变化规津及停渗后土壤水分再分布规律。结果表明：野外土壤积水入渗过程中，土体内任—埋深处士壤含水率的变化一般经历稳定不变、缓慢上升、急剧上升和再稳定4个阶段，不同土地利用类型的土壤每一阶段听经历的时间长短不同；积水深度越大，土壤剖面含水率、入渗量变化越明显，湿润锋的推移也越快；停渗后土壤水分再分布规律表现为表层0～10cm土壤含水率急剧减小，10～70cm土壤含水率开始呈增大趋势，然后再逐渐减小，70cm以下的土壤含水率略有变化。     

高吸水性聚合物γ-聚谷氨酸对砂壤土水分运移的影响

高吸水性聚合物γ-聚谷氨酸（γ-PGA）又名纳豆胶，是一种节水材料和土壤改良剂，目前已被广泛应用于农业生产。采用室内试验和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了γ-PGA施用量、施用深度和土壤容重对砂壤土水分入渗特性的交互影响。结果表明，累积入渗量随γ-PGA施用量的增加而减小，入渗率随γ-PGA施用量的增加而减小，Philip入渗模型的吸渗率S和入渗率A值均随土壤容重和γ-PGA施用量的增加而降低；土壤中施加γ-PGA后，饱和含水率θs随γ-PGA施用量的增加而递增，θs增幅为3.15%～10.77%，各处理残余含水率θr变幅为0.031～0.033，其变化不显著，进气吸力值α有明显降低，其极差为0.004 6,n值随γ-PGA施用量的增加而降低，其极差为0.13；土壤容重和γ-PGA施用深度对累积入渗量的影响较γ-PGA施用量更明显。     

陕西王东沟小流域外土壤入渗试验研究

以野外土壤入渗试验为依据，利用时域反射仪进行土壤水分动态变化的观测，并分析了积水入渗过程中土壤水分的动态变化规律参后土壤水分再分布规律。结果表明：野外土壤积水水入渗过程，土体内任一埋深处含水率的变化一般经历稳定不变、缓慢上升、急剧上升一再稳定４个阶段，不同土地利用类型的土壤第一阶段所经历的时间长短不同；积水深度越大，土壤剖面含水率、入渗量变化越明显，湿润锋的推移也越快；停渗后土壤水分规律表现为表层     

改进的水动力参数模型在非饱和土壤溶质运移问题中的应用

传统水分和溶质运移参数模型(导水率、扩散率和水动力弥散系数)只是含水率的函数,难以反映土壤初始含盐量以及溶液浓度对含水率和溶质入渗透性的影响。该文对传统以含水率为变量的水动力参数模型进行改进(引入反映浓度的参数α、β和γ),并通过室内不同初始含盐量(2、4、6、8和10g.kg-1)清水淋洗试验和不同浓度氯化钠溶液(0、15、25、50和100g.L-1)入渗试验对模型进行验证。试验表明土壤初始含盐量和入渗溶液浓度越大,相同入渗时间湿润锋和累积入渗量越小。数值模拟表明:(1)含水率和溶质浓度的实测值与计算值吻合较好,改进后的模型较传统模型精度提高了6.31%;(2)参数α、β和γ越大,相同位置含水率和溶质浓度越大,相同时间湿润锋运移距离越大。参数敏感性分析表明,参数α、β和γ对扩散率、导水率及水动力弥散系数的敏感度不受含水率的影响,但随着浓度的增大而增大。     

基于Green-Ampt模型的变水头积水入渗模型建立及其参数求解

通过对变水头积水入渗物理机制的分析,将入渗水头对入渗的影响归结为对表面饱和导水率的影响,基于Green-Ampt入渗模型,引用了湿润区的平均含水率的概念,并考虑了湿润区平均含水率随入渗时间的变化,建立了具有物理意义的3种变水头积水入渗模型,分析了利用入渗率-累积入渗量及入渗率-真实湿润锋图形获得模型参数的求解方法。通过室内试验,得到了湿润区的平均含水率与入渗时间之间呈乘幂函数变化的规律。利用实测资料对模型及其参数求解的方法进行检验,结果表明所建立的3种模型是正确的,求解参数的方法合理。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.