分子动力学模拟研究温度对ε-CL-20结晶晶体形貌的影响

为了研究温度对六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)在乙酸乙酯/三氯甲烷体系中结晶时晶体形貌的影响,采用分子动力学模拟方法,使用修正后附着能模型计算了CL-20晶体能量和晶习,对比了不同温度(293、303、313、323、333K)下CL-20晶体形貌模拟结果与实验结果。结果表明,温度可以显著改变CL-20晶体形貌;随着温度升高,CL-20晶体形貌趋于非球形化,293K下可以获得球形化程度更好的CL-20晶体;温度对不同晶面影响程度不同,(2 0 0)、(0 1 1)、(2 0-1)晶面生长易被温度影响,附着能绝对值较大,晶面生长速率快,在CL-20晶体表面面积占比减小,最终在CL-20晶体中无法保留;当温度为333K时,对(2 0-1)晶面的附着能影响较大,最终使该晶面在CL-20形貌中显露。     

FOX-7结晶形貌的分子动力学模拟

基于1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)的晶胞参数,通过修正Dreiding力场得到了适用于FOX-7分子模拟的Dreiding-FOX-7力场;采用Growth Morphology方法模拟计算了FOX-7在真空中的晶体形貌,得到形态学上的重要晶面及附着能参数;构建了FOX-7重要晶面和H_2O/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、环己酮的吸附模型;利用分子动力学方法计算出溶剂分子与各晶面的吸附能及各晶面的修正附着能;预测了FOX-7在溶剂中的结晶形貌,并与文献结果进行了对比。讨论了氢键的成键强度对晶体形貌的影响。结果表明,FOX-7在H2O/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中(0 1 1)、(1 0-1)和(1 0 1)晶面为主要生长面,结晶形态为长方体块状;在环已酮中(0 1 1)和(1 0-1)晶面为主要生长面,结晶形态为长棱柱状,与文献结果一致。     

NTO结晶形貌的预测

采用修正的附着能(AE)模型预测了3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5酮(NTO)在真空和溶剂中的晶体形貌。研究了溶剂水、甲醇对重结晶晶体形貌控制的影响。结果表明,在真空中,NTO晶体的(100)和(001)晶面方向分子键合能量最低,是最重要的生长面,(010)晶面为极性生长面。受分子间氢键的影响,水中各晶面受抑制作用大小为(010)(100)(001),甲醇中为(010)(100)≈(001)。由NTO晶体附着能和对溶剂分子的吸附作用可知,真空中晶貌由晶面法线方向的分子键链强度决定,在水、甲醇中还受极性基团同溶剂分子形成氢键的强弱、方向控制。     

ε-CL-20在二元混合溶剂中晶体形貌的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学模拟的方法探究了乙酸乙酯与二溴甲烷组成的二元溶剂在298.15 K,1 atm下对ε-CL-20晶体形貌的影响。通过修正附着能模型(MAE)模型探究了溶剂-晶体相互作用,用分子动力学模拟预测了不同组成的乙酸乙酯/二溴甲烷混合溶剂中ε-CL-20的晶体形貌并与实验获得ε-CL-20的晶体形貌进行了对比。结果表明,实验获得的晶体形貌与模拟结果一致,且晶面粗糙度越大,溶剂-晶体相互作用越强。此外,还通过均方位移(MSD)分析了溶剂分子在不同晶面的扩散系数,探究了溶剂扩散速率对不同晶面的影响,并利用径向分布函数(RDF)分析了溶剂分子与晶体分子间相互作用的组成。     

吡拉西坦在溶液环境下的晶习预测

根据吡拉西坦晶型Ⅱ和晶型Ⅲ的晶胞参数搭建晶体模型,对其进行空间优化和BFDH模型优化后,采用AE模型确定其晶面,对晶面上药物分子与溶剂分子可能存在的相互作用进行了探讨,通过分析各晶面的相对生长速率,确定其形态学上重要的生长面及其表面结构,预测吡拉西坦在溶液环境中的晶习。将模拟得到的吡拉西坦各晶型的晶体形貌与实际晶习比较,发现结果吻合良好。     

Span类表面活性剂对CL-20重结晶的影响

采用溶剂-非溶剂法重结晶CL-20,研究了溶剂-非溶剂体系中表面活性剂对CL-20晶体形貌的影响。用激光粒度仪、光学显微镜、红外光谱仪对重结晶CL-20的颗粒分布、形貌、晶型进行表征。结果表明,表面活性剂的种类、含量对CL-20的晶体形貌的影响较大,在以乙酸乙酯为溶剂、三氯甲烷为非溶剂、温度20℃、非溶剂稀释速度0.2~0.25mL/min、搅拌速度100r/min的转晶体系中,添加Span60使CL-20晶体颗粒生长形状趋近球形,表面光滑,颗粒均匀。     

2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸晶体形貌预测

采用X-Cell精修模拟了2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)的晶胞结构,通过AE模型和BFDH模型预测了AMPS在真空中的形貌并得到了形态学主要面。通过修正的AE模型对AMPS在水、甲醇和乙醇溶剂中的结晶形貌进行了预测,得到了预测晶体的长宽比,对各个面的相对生长速率进行比较。通过实验对模拟结果进行验证,结果证明该模拟方法对控制AMPS结晶形貌具有指导意义。     

L-异亮氨酸对L-丙氨酸晶体生长速率的影响

结合实验和分子模拟研究了L-异亮氨酸对L-丙氨酸晶体主要晶面生长速率的影响。实验发现随着溶液中L-异亮氨酸浓度的增加,L-丙氨酸(120)面(轴面)的生长速率显著降低,而(011)面(端面)的生长速率增加,导致L-丙氨酸晶体的长径比增大。分子模拟的结果表明,L-异亮氨酸容易占据L-丙氨酸(120)晶面的台阶位从而阻碍(120)晶面的生长;但其不仅不容易吸附于(011)晶面的台阶位,反而会促进溶质分子在溶剂化界面的扩散,从而提高(011)晶面的生长速率。分子模拟的结果较好地解释了实验中L-异亮氨酸对L-丙氨酸不同晶面具有不同作用效果的现象。     

2-硝亚胺基-5-硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪的晶体形貌预测

利用Materials studio 5.0软件包中的Morphology模块所含的BFDH、Growth Morphology和Equilibrium Morphology三种方法计算了2-硝亚胺基-5-硝基-六氢化-1,3,5-三嗪的晶体形貌,得到了特定的晶面的面积、表面能、附着能及晶面的相对生长速率参数,确定了形态学上重要的生长晶面。各晶面的结构分析表明,(011)和(021)为强极性晶面,(110)、(200)为极性晶面,(001)和(20-1)为弱极性晶面。据此可以预测,在强极性的质子溶剂中,(011)和(021)为形态学上的重要晶面,(110)、(200)、(001)和(20-1)晶面的显露可能增加。在非极性溶剂中,情况可能相反。     

尿素(520)晶面可控结晶的分子动力学模拟

由于尿素结晶呈白色针状,晶貌单一,且传统结晶工艺不可控,严重影响药物的一致性评价结果。采用分子动力学模拟方法,从分子水平上研究不同种类的添加剂对尿素晶体生长的调控作用,揭示添加剂对药物晶体生长的调控机制。结果表明：① 六种添加剂(海藻糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、山梨醇、赖氨酸、精氨酸)在101.325 kPa、290 K下相较于无添加剂时都能不同程度地抑制(520)晶面的生长;② 添加剂对尿素晶面(520)的吸附能越负,其抑制晶面生长效果越好,其中海藻糖抑制(520)晶面生长效果最好;③ 添加剂分子携带基团的种类与数目决定与晶层的相互作用的强弱,特别是海藻糖、蔗糖双糖类分子含有8个羟基,与晶层上的尿素分子氢键相互作用强,与溶液层中的溶质形成竞争性吸附,能更好抑制(520)晶面生长。     

CL-20/TATB共晶的分子动力学模拟

基于CL-20的晶胞参数和主要生长面及共晶的形成原理,构建了6种CL-20/TATB共晶结构模型。运用Forcite及在MD下达到平衡后,基于平衡结构进行径向分布函数考察、X射线粉末衍射图谱计算及模型能量计算。结果表明:6种共晶模型中分子间均存在较强的氢键作用力;随机取代模型的XRD衍射峰与纯组分CL-20相近,主要生长面模型的XRD衍射峰较纯组分CL-20和TATB有很大不同,且均有新峰出现;共晶模型在生长速率最慢的(10-1)晶面上取代后的能量最低,结构最稳定。基于能量计算、径向分布函数研究,TATB取代CL-20(10-1)晶面的共晶模型更容易形成。     

Morphology prediction of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) crystal in different solvent systems using modified attachment energy model

In order to theoretically study the growth morphology of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) crystal in different solvent systems, crystal–solvent models were established, and then molecular dynamics (MD) methods were adopted as a means to simulate particle motion. Modified attachment energy (MAE) model was employed to calculate the growth morphology of TKX-50. The simulation results demonstrate that COMPASS force field and RESP charge are suitable for molecular dynamics simulation of TKX-50. The morphologically dominant growth surfaces of TKX-50 in vacuum are (0 2 0), (0 1 1), (1 1 –1), (1 0 0) and (1 2 0), respectively. In water (H₂O) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvents, the (1 1 –1) face is the largest in the habit face, the growth rate of (0 2 0) face becomes faster. With the increase of temperature, the aspect ratios of TKX-50 crystal in DMF solvent increase, and the areas of the (1 2 0) faces decrease. In ethylene glycol /H₂O mixed solvent system with volume ratio of 1/1, aspect ratio of TKX-50 is relatively small. In formic acid /H₂O mixed solvents with different volume ratios (1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1/1 and 2/1), aspect ratio of TKX-50 is relatively small when volume ratio is 1/2.     

Changes in portlandite morphology with solvent composition: Atomistic simulations and experiment

Experimental work has been done to determine changes in the particle shape of portlandite grown in the presence of different ions. To quantify the experimentally observed changes in morphology a new analysis tool was developed, allowing the calculation of the relative surface energies of the crystal facets. The observed morphology in the presence of chlorides and nitrates was facetted particles of a similar shape, the addition of sulfates leads to hexagonal platelet morphology and the addition of silicates leads to the formation of large irregular aggregates. In addition to the experimental work, the surfaces of portlandite were studied with atomistic simulation techniques. The empirical force field used has first been validated. The equilibrium morphology of portlandite in vacuum and in water was then calculated. The results indicate that the presence of water stabilizes the [20.3] surface and changes the morphology. This is consistent with the experimental observation of [20.3] surfaces.     

利福喷丁在甲醇溶剂中的晶体生长、结构与形态研究(英文)

Rifapentine,an important antibiotic,was crystallized from methanol solvent in the form of its methanol solvate.The crystal structure of rifapentine methanol solvate belongs to monoclinic,space group P21,with the unit cell parameters of a 1.2278(3) nm,b 1.9768(4) nm,c 1.2473(3) nm,Z 2,and β 112.35(3)°.The parallelepiped morphology was also predicted by Materials Studio simulation program.The influence of intermolecular interaction was taken into account in the attachment energy model.The crystal shape fits the calculated morphology well,which was performed on the potential energy minimized model using a generic DREIDING 2.21 force field and developed minimization protocol with derived partial charges.     

Experimental Studies and Modelling of Sorption and Diffusion of Water and Alcohols in Cellulose Acetate

The sorption characteristics of water, methanol and ethanol vapours in cellulose acetate (CA) films were measured by microgravimetry. The sorption isotherms for water vapours in the CA film at different temperatures in the range 20–40°C do not obey the Flory equation over the whole water activity range. At high water activities, the sorption extent increases much faster with the water activity than it should according to the Flory approach. The isotherms over the whole water activity range can be fitted well by the ENSIC model, a new mechanistic model developed to account for the possibility of solvent cluster formation in the polymer material. Similar behaviour was observed for ethanol, which shows a lower tendency to form clusters, but higher affinity to CA. The sigmoidal shape found for the methanol sorption isotherm suggests a strong sorption on CA sites at low methanol activities. The Guggenheim–Anderson–De Boer equa-tion fitted well this isotherm. The diffusion coefficient, which was calculated from Fickian sorption kinetics at different solvent activities by curve fitting, was constant for water but increased with ethanol content in the membrane according to an exponential relationship characterized by a limit diffusion coefficient and a plasticization coefficient. The limit diffusion coefficient for water was two orders of magnitude larger than that for ethanol, but the activation energy for ethanol was twice as large. Methanol diffusion was only Fickian at a low solvent activity; the diffusion coefficient was one order of magnitude lower than that for water. © of SCI.     

Nanosensors: towards morphological control of gas sensing activity. SnO2, In2O3, ZnO and WO3 case studies

Anisotropy is a basic property of single crystals. Dissimilar facets/surfaces have different geometric and electronic structure that results in dissimilar functional properties. Several case studies unambiguously demonstrated that the gas sensing activity of metal oxides is determined by the nature of surfaces exposed to ambient gas. Accordingly, a control over crystal morphology, i.e. over the angular relationships, size and shape of faces in a crystal, is required for the development of better sensors with increased selectivity and sensitivity in the chemical determination of gases. The first step toward this nanomorphological control of the gas sensing properties is the design and synthesis of well-defined nanocrystals which are uniform in size, shape and surface structure. These materials possess the planes of the symmetrical set {hkl} and must therefore behave identically in chemical reactions and adsorption processes. Because of these characteristics, the form-controlled nanocrystals are ideal candidates for fundamental studies of mechanisms of gas sensing which should involve (i) gas sensing measurements on specific surfaces, (ii) their atomistic/quantum chemical modelling and (ii) spectroscopic information obtained on same surfaces under operation conditions of sensors.     

Needle Crystal Morphology Explained

The morphology of needle shaped crystals is, usually, ill‐predicted when using the common attachment energy approach. Here we explain the needle shape of triacylglycerol crystals on the basis of a two‐dimensional nucleation growth mechanism. For that the edge energies of 2D nuclei on the surfaces of the various crystal faces is determined and turns out to be much lower than expected when applying the attachment energy criteria. The edge energies are found by determining the connected nets of the various faces that follow from the crystal structure and the interaction energies between the molecules. The results are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations.     

A geometric model of growth for cubic crystals: Diamond

A mathematical and software implementation of a geometrical model of the morphology of growth in a cubic crystal system, such as diamond, is presented based on the relative growth velocities of four low index crystal planes: {100}, {110}, {111}, and {113}. The model starts from a seed crystal of arbitrary shape bounded by {100}, {110}, {111} and/or {113} planes, or a vicinal (off axis) surface of any of these planes. The model allows for adjustable growth rates, times, and seed crystal sizes. A second implementation of the model nucleates a twinned crystal on a {100} surface and follows the evolution of its morphology. New conditions for the stability of penetration twins on {100} and {111} surfaces in terms of the alpha, beta, and gamma growth parameters are presented.     

Effects of solvent and impurities on crystal morphology of zinc lactate trihydrate简

The crystal morphology of zinc lactate trihydrate in the absence or presence of impurities （viz. succinic acid, L-malic acid and D-malic acid） is investigated by molecular simulation based on surface docking model and COMPASS force field. Combing simulation results with our previous experimental results, it is found that the solvent mainly has an inhibition effect on the （0 0 2） surface, and succinic acid impurity will inhibit the growth of （0 0 2） and （0 1 1） surfaces while two enantiomers of malic acid impurity will inhibit the （0 0 2） and （1 0 0） surfaces, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Measurements and correlation of hydrogen-bonding vapor sorption equilibrium data of binary polymer solutions

Vapor sorption equilibrium data of ten binary polymer/solvent systems were measured using sorption equilibrium cell equipped with a vacuum electromicrobalance. Tested solvents were water, methanol, ethanol and npropanol and polymer solutes were poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), poly(tetramethylene glycol) and poly(ethylene oxide). The measured sorption obtained in the present work, were compared with existing literature data and the degree of reliability of the measured data was discussed. Vapor sorption equilibrium data obtained in the present study were correlated by UNIQUAC model and the multi-fluid non-random lattice fluid hydrogen bonding equation of state (MF-NLF-HB EOS) recently proposed by the present authors.