粉煤灰在高硫石煤提钒尾渣蒸压砖制备中的应用

石煤酸浸提钒尾渣是一种富含硫酸盐的硅铝材料,含硫高达16％.研究了以石煤酸浸提钒尾渣和熟石灰为主要原料制备蒸压砖,考察了添加粉煤灰对蒸压砖性能的影响,并采用XRD、DSC以及SEM形貌分析对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明:添加粉煤灰能很好的提高蒸压砖的抗压强度,添加量为25％时,砖坯强度达到GB11945-1999《蒸压灰砂砖》规定的MU15的要求;蒸压砖的主要矿物组成为CSH和钙矾石,以及部分托勃莫来石,硫酸盐以二水石膏的形式存在;粉煤灰在蒸压过程中提供活性的SiO2和Al2 O3,在增加水化产物的同时促使二水石膏向钙矾石的转变,减少样品中的石膏含量,增加砖坯的稳定性.     

碳硫硅钙石和钙矾石的稳定性

采用化学方法合成出纯的碳硫硅钙石和钙矾石,对比研究了二者的稳定性。结果显示:钙矾石比碳硫硅钙石更易受到碳酸钠破坏;碳硫硅钙石与氯化钡几乎不发生反应,钙矾石则较易被氯化钡破坏;在碳化条件下,钙矾石较易分解,碳硫硅钙石则几乎没变化。碳硫硅钙石在碳酸钠或氯化钡溶液中的稳定性、热分解稳定性和碳化稳定性均明显高于钙矾石,可能是由于碳硫硅钙石结构中离子键和氢键强度高于钙矾石。     

碳硫硅钙石鉴别方法研究

碳硫硅钙石和钙矾石的晶体结构和形态极为相似,对其准确鉴别难度较大.本文采用化学方法合成出纯的钙矾石和碳硫硅钙石,并用XRD、EDS能谱、IR光谱和Raman光谱等微观测试手段对它们的结构进行表征,以探求碳硫硅钙石鉴定方法.研究结果表明,碳硫硅钙石和钙矾石的XRD图谱极为相似;碳硫硅钙石EDS能谱显示其主要含有S、Si和Ca等元素,而钙矾石则主要为S、Al和Ca等元素;碳硫硅钙石的IR光谱和Raman光谱分别在500cm-1处和658 cm-1处有特征吸收峰.研究发现,拉曼光谱是鉴别碳硫硅钙石存在的最有效方法.     

高温环境下碳硫硅钙石-钙矾石固溶体的研究

由碳硫硅钙石引起的硫酸盐侵蚀破坏在许多国家都有相关工程案例.铝相可以加速碳硫硅钙石的生成,并能够与钙矾石形成固溶体,但铝相的作用机理目前尚无定论.在不同温度下合成了一系列固溶体,并利用XRD,SEM-EDS及红外对固溶体进行了测试分析,结果表明:40℃温度下亦可以生成碳硫硅钙石/固溶体;20℃与40℃均能够形成碳硫硅钙石型与钙矾石型两种形态固溶体;a轴固溶体间隙随温度升高而增大,20℃环境下固溶体间隙为1.1076～1.1182nm,40℃时固溶体间隙为1.1069～1.1189nm;随温度升高碳硫硅钙石-钙矾石固溶体晶体形貌更加细长.     

碳硫硅钙石形成机制的定量分析

设计了两种人工合成碳硫硅钙石的实验方法以研究水泥基材料中碳硫硅钙石的侵蚀机理。用X射线衍射、Raman光谱对水泥基材料不同龄期的反应产物进行定性分析,并采用Rietveld方法进行定量表征。结果表明：碳硫硅钙石在不能生成钙矾石的环境下仍可形成,说明其可以直接反应生成;在有钙矾石生成的环境下,碳硫硅钙石也可生成,表明碳硫硅钙石形成机理存在Woodfordite转变机理。钙钒石的存在提高了碳硫硅钙石的产率。相比较而言,Woodfordite转变机理比直接生成机理更容易发生,且两种机理可以同时并存。     

石膏溶解特性对无水硫铝酸钙水化进程的影响

石膏的溶解度和溶解速率等特性对无水硫铝酸钙水化及性能有重要的影响。本文采用等温量热仪、XRD、TG-DTG等多种测试方法,研究了半水石膏、二水石膏、硬石膏溶解特性及其对无水硫铝酸钙水化进程的影响,并基于Krstulovic-Dabic和Kondo模型,计算了水化反应各阶段的动力学参数。结果表明,半水石膏、二水石膏、硬石膏在纯水中的溶解度分别为2.74、2.30、2.38 g/L,半水石膏的溶解速率最大,其次是二水石膏,硬石膏的最小(1 h的溶解度为1.19 g/L)。石膏的加入缩短了无水硫铝酸钙水化诱导期进而加快了水化进程,其中半水石膏表现最为显著,水化热曲线几乎不存在诱导期,二水石膏次之,硬石膏对诱导期的影响最小;加速期初期的水化反应速率常数从小到大为硬石膏体系、二水石膏体系、半水石膏体系。石膏溶解速率和溶解度影响钙矾石的形成过程,溶解速率大的石膏促使水化早期钙矾石沉淀出现,生成量快速达到最大值;且在相同时间内,溶解度高的石膏体系钙矾石生成量大,在水化1 h时,半水石膏体系中钙矾石生成量约占试样总量的15.77%(质量分数),二水石膏体系中钙矾石生成量占13.28%(质量分数),硬石...     

内掺硫酸镁加速水泥基材料TSA破坏

为满足实验室研究水泥基材料的碳硫硅钙石型硫酸盐侵蚀(thaumasite form of sulfate attack,TSA)破坏的需要,研究了一种快速生成碳硫硅钙石的途径。将内掺10%硫酸镁的水泥-石灰石粉净浆样品浸泡在(5±2)℃水中,进行硫酸盐侵蚀加速试验,观察侵蚀后样品外观,并用X射线衍射、红外光谱分析腐蚀产物。结果表明:浸泡6个月后,样品失去强度,变为一种白色、柔软且无黏结力的烂泥状物质,腐蚀产物以碳硫硅钙石、石膏为主,并含有少量钙矾石,具有典型的TSA破坏特征。与硫酸盐溶液外部侵蚀相比,内掺法显著加速水泥基材料TSA破坏。X射线衍射结合红外光谱分析可以有效鉴定碳硫硅钙石存在。     

铝酸盐水化物碳化性能的研究

本文研究了水化铝酸钙、水化硫铝酸钙的碳化性能。实验结果表明,高硫型水化硫铝酸钙(钙矾石)比低硫型水化硫铝酸钙容易碳化,两者碳化后均分解成碳酸钙、二水石膏、铝胶。与水化铝酸钙相比,水化硫铝酸钙更容易碳化。C_3AH_6是这些水化物中最稳定的。水化铝酸钙碳化分解成碳酸钙和铝胶,碳铝酸盐可作为过渡产物存在。提出这些水化物的碳化反应受扩散控制。通过碳化过程中的物相变化探讨了反应机理,提出了碳化反应方程。     

高炉矿渣-粉煤灰-脱硫石膏-水泥制备硅酸钙板的协同水化机理

以高炉矿渣、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏和水泥为原料,通过搅拌-压力成型-预养-脱模-蒸压养护的工艺流程制备硅酸钙板,研究了原料配方、蒸养时间对硅酸钙板抗折强度的影响,并采用DSC、XRD、IR和SEM等方法研究了混合原料的协同水化历程和水化产物的微观结构.结果表明:高炉矿渣、粉煤灰、脱硫石膏和水泥最佳配比为50％、5％、25％和20％,最佳蒸压温度和时间分别为180℃和10 h,原料在协同水化历程中依次生成了C-S-H凝胶、片状托贝莫来石、纤维状钙矾石和针状硬硅钙石,硬硅钙石的生成使得硅酸钙板的强度得以提升.     

石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的碱性激发作用

采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析-热重分析表征了碱激发石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的水化产物.研究表明:添加质量分数为0.5%的碱性激发剂时,石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的各项强度和耐水性能最好.碱激发石膏-矿渣胶凝材料的水化产物主要为二水石膏(CaSO4·2H2O)、水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H)以及少量的钙矾石(ettringite,AFt)和莱粒硅钙石[Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2].C-S-H凝胶含量越高,材料的强度越高、耐水性能越好.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.