3D打印连续纤维复合材料丝材的成形规律

针对3D打印连续纤维增强热塑性树脂复合材料,研究了热塑性树脂在螺杆挤出过程中的流动机理和在纤维界面的浸渍行为,揭示了螺杆转速和牵引速度对复合丝材成形直径和纤维含量的影响规律。提出使用实际浸渍时间和理论完全浸渍时间来共同表征树脂对纤维的浸渍程度,观察复合丝材断面的形貌可知,高浸渍程度的丝材内部空隙较少,树脂和纤维结合更紧密。进行3D打印成形测试,当丝材的浸渍程度从17.25%提高到40.02%,样件的拉伸强度可从132 MPa提高到160 MPa,提高约21%。对样件进行动态力学性能分析(DMA)测试,试验结果表明浸渍程度高的复合材料成形件具有高的存储模量和损耗模量,表明其纤维和基体间的界面结合程度得到了提高和改善。     

连续碳纤维增强聚乳酸复合材料3D打印及回收再利用机理与性能

纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有轻质高强的优异特性,但传统成型工艺具有成本高、过程复杂、难以回收的缺点限制了复合材料的广泛应用,介绍了一种新的连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料3D工艺(CFRTPCs)及其回收再利用策略,建立成型过程与界面性能、力学性能的内在联系,打印连续碳纤维增强聚乳酸(CF/PLA)样件抗弯强度与模量分别达到390MPa与30.8GPa,实现了复合材料低成本一体化快速制造,其回收再利用过程无污染,材料利用率为75%,二次打印样件抗弯强度提高25%左右,实现了复合材料高效高性能绿色回收再利用,二者结合形成一种全生命周期复合材料应用模式。     

连续碳纤维增强尼龙6复合材料3D打印装备与参数调控

为实现高性能纤维增强树脂基复合材料低成本、一体化快速制造,本文研究了一种连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料3D打印技术。借鉴熔融沉积成形工艺,建立了其成形原理,设计了集成打印头模块并搭建原理样机,采用二级喷嘴对打印工艺参数进行调控,建立了工艺参数对纤维含量与力学性能的影响关系,在纤维体积含量达到44.1vol%时,连续碳纤维增强尼龙6复合材料的拉伸强度与模量达到405MPa与80.6GPa,弯曲强度与模量达到565.8MPa与62.1GPa。     

连续纤维增强复合材料变刚度结构3D打印与性能研究

连续纤维增强复合材料变刚度结构可以通过调控纤维含量和方向分布以最大化利用纤维的性能优势。然而现有制造工艺难以实现纤维含量的精确调控,基于连续纤维增强复合材料3D打印工艺,建立了工艺参数与纤维含量的映射关系,通过动态调控打印过程中纤维与树脂的进给比例,实现了连续纤维增强复合材料变刚度结构的一体化无模快速制造。系统研究了纤维含量变刚度分布对制件弯曲与冲击性能的影响,在相同平均纤维含量下,3D打印变刚度结构的抗弯模量与冲击强度分别比均质结构提高了70%和65%。通过建立3D打印连续纤维增强复合材料变刚度结构的本构及有限元分析模型对其失效行为进行了分析,结果表明将较高纤维含量设置在制件的背侧,可以增加制件对纤维拉伸破坏的抵抗能力,大大提高制件的承载能力和纤维的使用效率。研究为航天航空、轨道交通等领域复合材料的设计制造提供了新的思路。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备研究

在综述纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术的国内外研究现状基础上,分析了短纤维、长纤维、连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的成形方法、工艺及性能。针对高性能的连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的增材制造成形,研究了连续纤维增材制造成形机理及工艺,揭示了其成形性能的影响规律。指出了纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备的未来发展趋势:亟需开展纤维增强复合材料的增材制造成形机理、成形工艺及装备研究,更好地推进纤维增强树脂基复合材料的广泛应用。     

[工程应用]纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备研究

在综述纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术的国内外研究现状基础上，分析了短纤维、长纤维、连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的成形方法、工艺及性能。针对高性能的连续纤维增强树脂基复合材料的增材制造成形，研究了连续纤维增材制造成形机理及工艺，揭示了其成形性能的影响规律。指出了纤维增强树脂基复合材料增材制造技术与装备的未来发展趋势：亟需开展纤维增强复合材料的增材制造成形机理、成形工艺及装备研究，更好地推进纤维增强树脂基复合材料的广泛应用。     

基于拓扑优化的多复合材料3D打印增强方法及实验研究

针对多复合材料3D打印制造中利用连续纤维增强模型强度问题,提出利用拓扑优化技术对模型进行增强的方法,提升其力学性能。基于变密度法中的固体各向同向材料惩罚(Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization, SIMP)方法,引入体积分数常量,求解出模型的拓扑结构;建立采用增强材料填充拓扑结构、基础材料填充空洞结构的多复合材料3D打印材料分布模型,从而使得模型的整体结构得到强化。为验证该方法的可行性,以120 mm×80 mm×10 mm的矩形小板为例,利用ANSYS软件建立静力学仿真模型,与未增强模型力学分析结果进行对比,得到采用层间增强、轮廓增强和拓扑增强的模型在Y方向上的位移降低幅度分别为88.90%、87.10%和94.13%,采用拓扑增强的模型位移降低幅度最大;拓扑增强相对于轮廓增强和层间增强在Y方向位移上分别降低了50.79%和54.65%,表明该方法适用于多复合材料3D打印。根据仿真内容进行静力学实验分析,实验结果表明优化结构对比未优化结构在位移上减小了39.6%,证明了该方法对于复合材料3D增强打印具有实用价值。     

连续碳纤维增强复合材料3D打印喷头设计与实验分析

以“独立挤出”型连续碳纤维增强PLA复合材料(continuous carbon fiber reinforced PLA composite, CCFRC/PLA)3D打印制件为研究对象,设计了柔性的连续碳纤维增强PLA复合材料丝(continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite filament/PLA, CCFRCF/PLA)送丝机构,研究了打印喷嘴直径与CCFRCF/PLA直径、表面包裹树脂膨胀特性及打印层高的关系,探讨了喷嘴端面直径对打印表面热辐射的影响规律,推导了喷嘴直径的计算公式,求解了最佳喷嘴直径和最佳端面直径。基于设计的打印喷头,采用仿真分析与实验验证的方法,探索了打印层高与制件力学性能之间的关系,结果表明CCFRC/PLA的抗拉强度与纤维层数呈正相关,并验证了层合板预测模型的有效性,获得了打印层高0.1 mm时CCFRC/PLA抗拉强度的修正系数为0.039,打印层高0.2 mm时,修正系数为0.124,为连续碳纤维增强复合材料3D打印技术的发展提供了理论基础和参考价值。     

4D打印热塑性聚氨酯/钕铁硼磁性复合材料成形工艺与性能研究

传统的3D打印技术逐渐无法满足高端制造领域对构件的要求,材料-结构-功能一体化增材制造即4D打印技术将是新的发展方向。为此,选取热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)/钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁性复合材料体系,采用激光选区烧结(Selective laser sintering,SLS)工艺成形具有不同Nd FeB含量的复合材料成形件,研究了复合粉末的粒度及其分布、微观形貌、成形前后化学基团演变,成形件晶体结构、力学性能及变形行为,结果表明Nd Fe B含量会影响复合材料成形件的力学性能和变形行为,增加Nd Fe B含量能够增大成形件在磁场中受到的作用力;当Nd Fe B含量在复合材料中质量分数为30%时,复合材料成形件拥有最佳的拉伸强度。本研究将TPU/NdFeB复合材料体系作为一种创新的4D打印材料,成形的磁性智能构件在磁场中发生变形,实现了磁场驱动的4D打印,对4D打印磁性智能构件的发展具有指导意义。     

连续碳纤维复合材料3D打印的成型工艺研究

连续碳纤维复合材料3D打印的成型质量与成型性能受到三维成型过程中温度、速度、层高等多工艺条件及复合材料本身、打印喷头等多物理参数的影响,合理工艺参数的选择是高质量碳纤维三维成型的保证。针对碳纤维长纤复合材料连续性与各向异性的特点,研究了连续碳纤维3D打印的系统构成与工艺模型,分析了三维成型过程中不同工艺参数与成型结果间的影响关系,通过3D打印实验验证理论分析的正确性。研究为连续碳纤维复合材料3D打印合理工艺条件的选择提供了依据。     

Fiber Traction Printing: A 3D Printing Method of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Metal Matrix Composite

A novel metal matrix composite freeform fabrication approach, fiber traction printing(FTP), is demonstrated through controlling the wetting behavior between fibers and the matrix. This process utilizes the fiber bundle to control the cross-sectional shape of the liquid metal, shaping it from circular to rectangular which is more precise. The FTP process could resolve manufacturing diffculties in the complex structure of continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites. The printing of the first layer monofilament is discussed in detail, and the effects of the fibrous coating thickness on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the composite are also investigated in this paper. The composite material prepared by the FTP process has a tensile strength of 235.2 MPa, which is close to that of composites fabricated by conventional processes. The complex structures are printed to demonstrate the advantages and innovations of this approach. Moreover, the FTP method is suited to other material systems with good wettability, such as modified carbon fiber, surfactants, and aluminum alloys.     

3D打印复合材料开孔板力学性能影响规律

为了改善3D打印技术制备的连续碳纤维增强复合材料样件的拉伸力学性能，研究了不同填充路径对复合材料开孔板拉伸性能的影响。采用主应力轨迹路径的规划方法制备了主应力轨迹路径填充开孔板测试样件，并将其与栅格路径填充开孔板和机械加工开孔板进行了拉伸性能对比。结果表明：主应力轨迹路径填充开孔板与机械加工开孔板相比，拉伸强度高9.73%，弹性模量高25.58%；主应力轨迹路径填充开孔板在断裂前圆孔周围的应变分布更均匀，应变更小。     

Creep behavior analysis of additively manufactured fiber-reinforced components

This research study reports the creep behavior analysis of the new composite materials manufactured by 3D printing technology. Nylon was used as a polymer matrix, and carbon fiber, Kevlar, and fiberglass were used as reinforcing agents. Since the properties of 3D-printed components are usually insufficient for robust engineering applications, adding reinforcing fibers improves the performance of these components for several engineering applications. Fiber-reinforced additive manufacturing (FRAM) is an almost 4-year-old technology. Additionally, there is not sufficient research on the behavior of FRAM components specifically at high temperatures. Therefore, the investigation of the high-temperature behavioral analysis of FRAM components was focused on in this study. Creep properties of the composite specimens reinforced by different fibers were measured by the dynamic mechanical thermal analysis system. The statistical analyses were conducted to analyze the experimental data using mathematical models. The microstructural analysis was performed to further investigate parts’ morphology, 3D printing quality, and fracture mechanisms. The results indicated that the creep compliance of reinforced composite specimens was significantly improved in comparison with pure nylon. Overall, this paper presents quantitative creep analysis results demonstrating the capabilities of FRAM components to be used for several engineering applications.     

Process parameter selection for the consolidation of continuous fiber reinforced composites using finite element simulations

The foil/fiber/foil process is one of the most common techniques used to fabricate continuous fiber reinforced composites. In composites consisting of several alternate layers of foils and fibers, some of the fibers form a triangular array, while others are arranged in a rectangular pattern directly one above another. A finite element analysis using the commercial code ABAQUS has been employed in order to determine which of these fiber arrays densifies at a slower rate, and hence controls the densification process. The simulation results, based on composites comprised of Ti-6A1-4V foils and SCS-6 silicon carbide fibers, showed that the triangular array densifies much faster than the rectangular. Foils comprising the rectangular array must undergo much higher strain than those comprising the triangular array in order to produce a fully densified composite. A slowing of the densification in both types of fiber arrays was observed in the latter stages of pore closure after two neighboring foils had estabished contact with each other. This slowing may be attributed to the required increase in strain as well as the low stress levels existing in the vicinity of the pore. The simulation results were used to describe the process by a closed form relationship, and to generalize our results so they may be applied to any composite system, since it includes the processing parameters, as well as fiber spacing (or fiber volume fraction), foil thickness and fiber diameter.Densification maps showing the change of density with time for a range of processing temperatures and applied stresses were also constructed. These maps may be used to select the consolidation parameters that will minimize the reaction zone formation at the matrix-reinforcement interface, the residual stresses and other adverse effects.     

Analytical study on elastic transition in short-fiber composites for plane strain case

An analytical approach for short-fiber-reinforced composites is developed for three-dimensional (3D) elastic stress field distribution subjected to an applied axial load. Two sets of exact displacement solutions for matrix and fiber, which are respectively called far-field and transient solutions, are derived based on the theory of elasticity. The superposition state of these solutions are then used to obtain the analytical expressions for the 3D stress field components over the entire composite system, including the fiber end region, through the adding imaginary fiber technique. The fiber/matrix 3D stress field components fully satisfy the equilibrium and compatibility conditions in the theory of elasticity. The stress field components also satisfy the overall boundary, interface continuity, and axial force equilibrium conditions. The analytical results obtained are then validated by finite element method modeling.     

基于电场驱动熔融喷射聚合物基复合材料高分辨率3D打印

针对当前聚合物基复合材料（Polymer matrix composites，PMC）成型存在打印分辨率低、打印材料受限、成型结构较为简单、工序复杂等方面的不足和局限性，尤其是还面临难以实现宏/微结构跨尺度高效制造的挑战性难题，提出一种基于电场驱动熔融喷射PMC高分辨率3D打印新工艺。阐述了基于电场驱动熔融喷射PMC高分辨率3D打印的基本原理和工艺流程。通过试验，揭示了主要工艺参数（碳填料含量、施加电压、螺杆转速、打印速度、加热温度等）对于打印件分辨率（精度）和质量的影响及其规律。利用自主搭建的试验平台，并结合试验优化的工艺参数和提出的两种打印模式，实现了多层石墨烯/聚乳酸（Polylactic acid，PLA）和多壁碳纳米管/PLA复合材料微尺度三维网格、多层石墨烯/PLA大高宽比薄壁圆环、多壁碳纳米管/PLA复合材料柔性导电网格以及其他聚合物复合材料3D结构典型工程案例的制造。研究结果表明，提出的电场驱动熔融喷射3D打印能实现高分辨聚合物基复合材料成型（使用内径300 μm喷嘴，实现了分辨率为40 μm的PMC特征结构制造），而且还具有大面积宏/微结构跨尺度集成制造的优势。     

聚乙烯亚胺修饰碳纤维对环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响

为提高碳纤维与环氧树脂的界面结合性能,从而提高复合材料的摩擦学性能,用聚多巴胺和聚乙烯亚胺对碳纤维进行表面修饰,利用光谱分析仪和扫描电子显微镜分析修饰前后碳纤维表面的化学组成和微观结构,利用万能材料试验机和摩擦磨损试验机考察碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能。结果表明：碳纤维经表面处理之后的粗糙程度和活性官能团增多,改善了纤维与树脂之间的界面结合,使得复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度得到不同程度的提高;与未修饰碳纤维增强的环氧树脂复合材料相比,表面修饰碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性能得到了很大程度的提高,复合材料的磨损机制也由疲劳磨损转变为磨粒磨损。     

Effect of surface treatment on mechanical properties of glass fiber/stainless steel wire mesh reinforced epoxy hybrid composites

This paper investigates the effect of surface treatment for glass fiber, stainless steel wire mesh on tensile, flexural, inter-laminar shear and impact properties of glass fiber/stainless steel wire mesh reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. The glass fiber fabric is surface treated either by 1 N solution of sulfuric acid or 1 N solution of sodium hydroxide. The stainless steel wire mesh is also surface treated by either electro dissolution or sand blasting. The hybrid composites are fabricated using epoxy resin reinforced with glass fiber and fine stainless steel wire mesh by hand lay-up technique at room temperature. The hybrid composite consisting of acid treated glass fiber and sand blasted stainless steel wire mesh exhibits a good combination of tensile, flexural, inter-laminar shear and impact behavior in comparison with the composites made without any surface treatment. The fine morphological modifications made on the surface of the glass fiber and stainless steel wire mesh enhances the bonding between the resin and reinforcement which inturn improved the tensile, flexural, inter- laminar shear and impact properties.