Lakes of Malaysia: Water quality,eutrophication and management

The present study was undertaken to evaluate and verify the water quality status and trophic state of 15 major lakes and reservoirs in Malaysia. The lake water quality assessments were based on the National Water Quality Index (NWQI), while the trophic state assessments were based on Carlson's Trophic State Index (TSI). The findings of this water quality assessment, based on data collected between September and October 2012, indicated that a majority of the lakes were classified as Class II (Clean) waters suitable for recreational use. The results of the trophic state assessments, however, indicated that all of the lakes were eutrophic, meaning they were nutrient‐rich, they could experience algae blooms or macrophyte problems, and they were likely to exhibit poor water quality. Sustainable management measures and strategies are suggested to address the eutrophication problems of Malaysian lakes and reservoirs, with the national responses on lake and reservoir management also being discussed.     

长江流域水体富营养化演化驱动机制及防控对策

富营养化已成为长江流域河流、湖泊与水库面临的共性问题,基于近10 a来长江流域水质状况、营养物质含量、水文泥沙过程、富营养化评价指数等数据及相关历史文献,分析了长江流域水体富营养化现状及演化趋势,以典型河流、水库与湖泊为例,剖析了长江流域水体富营养化驱动机制。结果表明:①长江流域水体富营养化程度为河流水库湖泊,上游四川盆地与中游江汉平原是长江流域富营养化湖泊与水库的主要聚集区。②近10 a来,中度富营养化湖泊比例从2009年的31.3%增加至2018年的42.7%,水库营养水平正从中营养向轻度富营养快速发展。③长江流域水体营养充足,受闸坝建设运行影响,流速减缓、流量偏枯,水体交换慢与河湖连通性差是河流、水库与湖泊富营养化的重要驱动力。为防控水体富营养化,建议监测重要控制断面氮磷浓度与通量,加强农田灌溉退水与水产养殖废水排放管理,开展流域水、沙、营养物质耦合输送调控。     

我国应用生态技术修复富营养化湖泊的研究进展

我国湖泊、水库的营养化非常严重，且呈发展之势。在众多的治理方法中，生态方法以其效果好，费用低等优点，越来越受到人们的重视，成为国内外富营养化湖泊治理与研究的热点。本文将富营养化湖泊治理的生态技术分为控制营养盐的技术和直接控制藻类的技术，并分析了各种技术的生态原理、技术应用条件、实例应用情况以及技术优点和缺点等。湖泊富营养化是一个典型的生态问题，应综合各项技术的优点，科学地运用各项技术．宴旌富营养化湖泊的治殚。     

First assessment of the ecological status of Karaoun reservoir,Lebanon

Many reservoirs have been constructed throughout the world during the 20th century, with many also suffering from eutrophication. The resulting increased phytoplankton biomass in reservoirs impairs their use. Except for Lake Kinneret, the environmental status of lakes and reservoirs in the Middle East is poorly documented. Karaoun reservoir, also known as Qaroun, Qaraoun or Qarun, is the largest water body in Lebanon, having been constructed for irrigation and hydropower production. This present study reviews Karaoun reservoir, including its characteristics, uses, water quality and phytoplankton succession, to assess the environmental status of the reservoir on the basis of the few existing previous publications about the reservoir. Since 2004, which is 39 years after its construction, the reservoir is considered to be hypereutrophic, with low phytoplankton biodiversity and regular blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. The nutrient and trace metal concentrations would not prevent use of the reservoir for a drinking water supply for Beirut, as is currently being planned, although not all the micropollutants in the lake were documented. Karaoun reservoir is compared to other monitored lakes and reservoirs around the Mediterranean Sea. They share annual toxic cyanobacteria blooms of Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and of Microcystis aeruginosa. The phytoplankton composition and succession of Karaoun reservoir is more similar to El Gergal reservoir (Spain) than nearby natural lakes such as Lake Kinneret (Israel) and Lake Trichonis (Greece). Phytoplankton diversity in Karaoun reservoir was the lowest, due to higher nutrient concentrations and a larger decrease in water level in the dry season. Karaoun reservoir represents an interesting example of the potential response of the phytoplankton community in other lakes and reservoirs during the drought periods expected to occur as a result of global climate change.     

湖、库富营养化机理研究综述

综述了湖、库富营养化机理研究现状,内容包括水体富营养化过程各主要因素间的相互关系及其表现:藻类增长限制因子,叶绿素a与总氮、总磷浓度的关系,"水华"发生的水文气象条件;富营养化过程的藻类表现:典型污染指示种、群落多样性及藻类生长潜力;湖泊生态系统健康概念与湖泊生态系统的物质循环理论。指出富营养化实质是生态失衡。     

国内湖泊水质污染及富营养化治理

湖泊水质污染及生态恢复是我国当前水环境保护所面临的主要问题。在国内湖泊富营养化防治调研的基础上,对我国重点治理的“三湖”水环境状况及治理对策进行了总结与分析,提出国内湖泊治理存在的问题和对策,以及官厅水库水污染防治应注意的问题。     

湖库营养状态评价方法及适用性分析

富营养化是我国湖泊、水库当前面临的主要水环境问题,营养状态评价方法是识别湖库营养状态和水污染程度的主要技术手段。本文采用行业主管部门颁布的湖库营养状态评价方法,以北京市密云水库和昆明市滇池为例,对比分析了综合营养状态指数和营养状态指数2种评价方法下的湖库营养状态评价结果。从不同评价方法的特点和实例的评价结果差异归纳总结了综合营养状态指数法和营养状态指数法的适用性特征,提出湖库水体营养状态指数评价方法选择的基本原则,可为湖泊、水库营养状态评价的规范化管理提供科学依据。     

Application of artificial neural networks for classifying lake eutrophication status

Several artificial neural network architectures were ‘trained’ on data from the Eastern Lake Survey – Phase I of the Environmental Protection Agency's National Surface Water Survey in order to investigate which physical–chemical parameters are possibly of greatest importance in determining the eutrophication status of lakes. From the 110 available lake parameters in the Survey, 60 were chosen as input to the neural networks. The traditional eutrophication classification scheme of Vollenweider was used for comparative purposes. The various artificial neural network simulations showed that, in addition to total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen, turbidity, specific conductance, lake elevation and hydrogen ion concentration were identified as the most significant parameters affecting the classification of lakes in regard to their eutrophication status. These results suggest a conceivable association between these parameters and lake eutrophication, thereby indicating a need for further study on these relationships. A model simulation utilizing an unsupervised neural network did not provide much insight into the lake eutrophication status, but did show that the available physical–chemical lake data could be categorized according to physical region, thereby providing an indication that the lake data used in this study were region‐dependent.     

富营养化湖泊营养盐的来源及治理

分析富营养化湖泊营养盐的主要来源:流域内农田径流、畜禽养殖、水产养殖等产生的面源污染,以及湖底沉积物中液态营养盐向上覆水中释放、再悬浮造成的内源污染。综述多途径控制面源污染的措施,介绍底泥疏浚治理内源污染的方法,以及恢复水生高等植被、建设水生植物净化区、建造人工湿地等生态性治理措施。指出应结合当地的自然条件和湖泊富营养化状况,利用多种治理手段,逐步恢复富营养化湖泊生态系统的结构和功能,进而解决湖泊富营养化问题。     

陡河水库热影响与富营养化调查及生物学评价

研究电厂温排水对陡河水库富营养化的影响。陡河水库属我国北方地区多功能浅水型水库 ,已运行 4 0余年。库区水情较复杂 ,热影响严重 ,营养盐偏重 ,具有一定的典型意义 ,可供类似湖库研究热影响问题参考。全文分三篇刊载 :1.陡河水库热影响与富营养化调查和生物学评价 ;2 .陡河水库富营养化预测研究 ;3.陡河水库富营养化趋势分析与防治对策。     

Management of lakes in India

India is home to a wide range of water impoundments located in a diversity of climates, stretching from mountain conditions near the Himalayas in the north, to tropical conditions in the south. The impoundments include natural lakes, wetlands and coastal lagoons, as well as constructed reservoirs and tanks. This paper provides an overview of the lake management in India, focusing on wetlands, reservoirs and tanks. While there has never been a thorough survey of the lakes of India, it is possible to discuss the general conditions in which lake management is currently carried out in India. Overall, lakes all over the country are exhibiting varying degrees of environmental degradation caused by encroachments, eutrophication (from domestic and industrial effluents) and siltation. The high population density ensures that many water bodies are under severe and direct pressure from anthropogenic activities in their catchments. Actions to control and prevent these problems are addressed, with a focus on measures such as public interest litigation, the National Lake Conservation Plan, and the Special Purpose Vehicles. The role of national and international institutions is critiqued. Finally, the issues related to gaps in the knowledge base, delays in restoration, lack of coordination, ineffectiveness of legislation, and the general lack of an integrated approach to management are discussed, and possible solutions to these impediments are explored.     

温排水对陡河水库富营养化影响的预测研究

研究电厂温排水对陡河水库富营养化的影响。陡河水库属我国北方地区多功能浅水型水库 ,已运行 4 0余年。库区水情较复杂 ,热影响严重 ,营养盐偏重 ,具有一定的典型意义 ,可供类似湖库研究热影响问题参考。全文分三篇刊登 :1.陡河水库热影响与富营养化调查及生物学评价 ;2 .温排水对陡河水库富营养化影响的预测研究 ;3.陡河水库富营养化趋势分析与防治对策     

城市浅水湖泊生态系统健康与保护研究

针对我国东部平原地区淡水湖泊资源丰富,且多为中小型浅水湖,受到社会经济快速发展的影响,城市化率高,人类干扰强烈,境内湖泊面临着富营养化、服务功能丧失等生态环境问题,以太湖流域东南部苏州市吴江区的湖泊群为例,在分析浅水湖泊特征的基础上,提出这一类型湖泊生态健康的概念框架,构建湖泊水生态健康评价体系,选择生态因子、环境因子、人类活动干扰与生态建设4个要素共12个指标描述湖泊健康水平,并分析其原因。结果表明:水环境质量的恶化与人类对湖泊资源的粗放式开发是造成湖泊生态功能失衡的主要原因。以评价结果为指导,制定典型湖泊三白荡的生态修复与建设的措施与方法,旨在为湖泊生态系统管理与修复提供科学依据。     

水培油菜处理富营养化水体的研究

中国湖区水体环境污染问题日趋严重,典型的污染 形式是面源污染造成的水体富营养化。为此利用水上生物浮岛,探索油菜水上移栽技术,通 过油菜生长代谢吸收水体中的氮磷等,在治理水体污染的同时,将水体中的氮磷等转化成农产品。     

The Sustainable Utilization of Lake Resources in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

1　ＭａｉｎＰｈｙｓｉｃａｌＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＬａｋｅｉｎｔｈｅＭｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄＬｏｗｅｒＲｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒ　　ＴｈｅｌａｋｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｍｉｄｄｌｅａｎｄｌｏｗｅｒｓｔｒｅａｍｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙｄｅｎｓｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｗａｔｅｒａｒｅａｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｄｒａｉｎａｇｅｂａｓｉｎｏｆＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒｉｓａｂｏｕｔ 8× 10 4ｋｍ2 ａｎｄｔｈｅｌａｋｅａｒｅａｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｍ…     

云南典型高原湖泊富营养化及其生态修复研究

始于70年代末80年代初的湖泊富营养化问题,严重阻碍了云南社会经济发展,继而引起了人们极大地关注。已有的研究从富营养化特征、机制、演化以及生态、工程修复等方面进行了相关探究,其1980—2010年湖泊水体总磷、总氮、透明度、叶绿素、生化需氧量及营养状况指数等均指示和记录了近30年来云南典型高原湖泊富营养化特征及演化过程。在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上、基于云南高原湖泊富营养化的典型性与差异性、富营养化演化及其修复现状的背景下认为:近年来富营养化水体水质好转大多只是季节性或区域性迹象,云南高原湖泊整体上乃处于持续的富营养化和污染状态,部分湖泊因为周边农业用地和建设的扩展已经导致湖泊处于不可恢复状态,抚仙湖、阳宗海等湖泊周边因开发需水量大,导致湖泊水位出现快速下降和湖容大量减少。进一步对云南高原典型富营养化湖泊开展更大时间尺度的研究,特别是湖泊变化机理的研究和趋势预警的升级是今后努力的重点和方向。     

基于指标权重的湖库营养状态识别

针对湖库营养状态识别未考虑指标权重及营养状态分级较少的不足,基于熵值法与概率神经网络（PNN）基本原理,提出熵值PNN湖库营养状态识别模型,以全国24个湖库营养状态识别为例进行分析。利用熵值法确定识别指标权重,依据我国湖库富营养化评价标准,将湖库营养状态划分为极贫营养一极重度富营养11个等级,提出基于改进的湖库营养状态识别等级标准,在等级标准域值间采用随机内插的方法生成样本对PNN模型进行训练和检验,利用正确识别率和运行时间对PNN模型性能进行评价。最后,基于两种方案对全国24个湖库营养状态进行识别。结果表明：@PNN模型对于随机生成的训练样本和检验样本的正确识别率分别达到98．9％、98．6％（5次平均）,模型用于湖库营养状态识别是合理可行的。②湖库识别结果存在差异。比较而言,基于指标权重考虑的识别结果更能科学、客观地反映湖库营养状态。     

富营养化综合防治调控指标探讨

通过分析富营养化发生机理和富营养化防治的主要调控指标 ,在常规以营养盐为富营养化控制性水质指标的基础上 ,引入临界水流流态概念。建议建立一套包括水质和水流流态等富营养化综合评价指标体系 ,对湖泊水库富营养化进行多目标防治研究。     

Waterbirds and nutrient enrichment in Mar Menor Lagoon, a shallow coastal lake in southeast Spain

The Mar Menor, a 135‐km² saline lake, is the largest water surface on the western Mediterranean coast, and an internationally important bird area. It is surrounded by a large irrigated agricultural plain, with dense tourism developments. Although the impacts of these activities on water quality are locally evident, their effects on waterbird populations are poorly known. In the winter 2004–2005, we studied the distribution of four waterbird species (Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps nigricollis, Phalacrocorax carbo and Fulica atra) around the main drainage channel that discharges into the lake, where it was feasible to infer spatial patterns of eutrophication (alongshore and shore centre) from previous environmental surveys. Waterbirds were counted along a stretch of undeveloped shoreline extending southwards from the channel outlet, in contiguous sections, and in bands parallel to the shoreline. Linear mixed models (LMM) indicated the population density increased only markedly for grebes (Podiceps cristatus, Podiceps nigricollis) and coot (Fulica atra) in littoral bands qualifying as eutrophic, but not an alongshore response, with their finescale alongshore distribution being apparently unrelated to nutrient sources. Considering the whole lake, however, the temporal trends and distribution of the wintering populations indicated that waterbirds respond numerically, in a guild‐specific way, to nutrient inputs. Grebes and coot could be a useful ‘two‐stage’ warning signal for potential problem areas affected by similar influences.     

Eutrophication, phytoplankton dynamics and nutrient removal in two man-made urban lakes (Palácio de Cristal and Serralves), Porto, Portugal

Urban lakes are prone to eutrophication because of a number of factors, including a high water residence time (slow flushing rate), and high nutrient loads from artificial feeding of waterfowl and fish by visitors and from waterfowl faeces, falling leaves and nutrient run‐off from adjacent areas. This study focuses on the ecology of two similar‐sized urban lakes in Porto, Portugal, that exhibit some differing characteristics conducive to different trophic states and nutrient removal efficiencies. Although similar in many aspects, the two reservoirs developed quite diverse phytoplankton communities. The higher nitrogen load to Palácio de Cristal Lake could be the result of the higher concentration in its underground influent stream, while a less‐oxidized nitrogen form (ammonia) is higher in Serralves Lake. Nitrate concentrations are higher in Palácio de Cristal Lake than in Serralves as a result mainly of high nitrate loads (maximum values above 80 mg L⁻¹) in its influent stream. Interestingly, however, its nitrate removal efficiency is greater than for Serralves Lake. Cyanobacteria are the dominal phytoplankton In both lakes throughout the year. However, only one genus of this group (Pseudoanabaena mucicola) was the dominant phytoplankton in Palácio de Cristal Lake, while five Cyanobacteria species co‐dominated in Serralves lake. Regular monitoring of Cyanobacteria and their toxins in urban recreation lakes is advised.