OCT-M技术生产硫质量分数≯150 μg/g和≯50 μg/g清洁汽油的工业应用

石家庄炼油化工股份有限公司60 万t/aOCT-M FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置2005年3月首次开工,开工初期硫醇偏高,辛烷值损失较多.根据抚顺石油化工研究院的建议,优化了OCT-M装置的催化剂装填方案和操作工艺条件.2005年11月,在装置累计运转6个月之后,对OCT-M装置进行了满负荷标定,标定结果表明硫质量分数由606～676 μg/g降低到114～180 μg/g,RON损失0.4～0.6个单位.2006年11月,在装置累计运转17个月之后,对OCT-M装置又进行了一次标定,标定结果表明MIP汽油硫质量分数由417～442 μg/g降低到24～53 μg/g,RON损失0.7～1.8个单位,标定结果表明OCT-M技术可为我国炼厂生产硫质量分数≯150 μg/g)和硫质量分数≯50 μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

OCT-M技术生产硫质量分数≯150μg/g和50≯μg/g清洁汽油的工业应用

石家庄炼油化工股份有限公司60万t／aOCT-MFCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置2005年3月首次开工，开工初期硫醇偏高，辛烷值损失较多。根据抚顺石油化工研究院的建议，优化了OCT—M装置的催化剂装填方案和操作工艺条件。2005年11月，在装置累计运转6个月之后，对OCT—M装置进行了满负荷标定，标定结果表明硫质量分数由606—676μg/g降低到114—180μg/g，RON损失0．4—0．6个单位。2006年11月，在装置累计运转17个月之后，对OCT—M装置又进行了一次标定，标定结果表明MIP汽油硫质量分数由417—442μg/g降低到24—53μg/g，RON损失0．7—1．8个单位，标定结果表明OCT—M技术可为我国炼厂生产硫质量分数≯150μg/g）和硫质量分数≯50μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案。     

MIP汽油生产硫含量≯50 μg/g汽油研究及工业应用

研究了MIP(Maximizing Iso-Paraffins,最大化多产异构烷烃FCC工艺)汽油与FCC汽油的性质特点,比较了抚顺石油化工研究院开发的OCT-M催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术将MIP汽油与FCC汽油硫含量降低到≯50 μg/g情况下(欧IV标准)其辛烷值损失情况.工业应用标定结果表明,OCT-M技术将MIP汽油硫含量由417～710 μg/g降低到24～28 μg/g,RON损失1.6～1.8个单位,表明OCT-M技术可为我国炼厂生产欧IV标准清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

OCT-M装置生产“无硫”汽油工业应用

工业应用结果表明,中国石化金陵90万t/a OCT-M装置可以生产出硫质量分数≯15μg/g的"无硫"汽油(硫质量分数≯10μg/g)调和组分,研究法辛烷值(RON)损失2.5个单位。当采用OCT-MD方案时,可大幅减少轻汽油中的硫醇硫和总硫质量分数,生产出硫质量分数≯10μg/g的"无硫"汽油,RON损失1.7个单位。金陵OCT-M装置连续生产"无硫汽油"运转结果表明,OCT-M技术能够达到在产品硫质量分数≯10μg/g、RON损失≯1.8个单位。金陵OCT-M装置轻馏分抽提脱硫工艺投产后,生产"无硫"汽油时,FCC汽油硫质量分数99.1~261.0μg/g,轻汽油硫质量分数由43.1~74.2μg/g降低到15.4~28.6μg/g,混合产物硫质量分数9.3~13.2μg/g,RON损失0.7~1.5单位,因此,与轻馏分未抽提处理相比,OCT-M装置RON损失少1.0个单位左右。     

CDOS催化裂化汽油选择加氢脱硫技术的首次工业应用

介绍了CDOS技术在中国石油华北石化分公司汽油加氧脱硫装置上开工情况及运行结果.工业应用标定结果表明,采用CDOS技术可将FCC汽油硫含量由541～600μg/g降至41～49μg/g,硫醇硫含量降至不大于10μg/g,辛烷值(RON)损失1.0-1.4个单位,CDOS技术可为炼油厂生产硫含量小于50μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

OCT-M催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术的工业应用

介绍了由中国石化抚顺石油化工研究院开发的OCT-M催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术特点及其在中国石化武汉分公司400 kt·a^－1OCT-M装置进行工业应用试验的情况。标定结果表明,FCC汽油硫含量由727～794 μg·g^－1降低到80～90 μg·g^－1,研究法辛烷值损失0.4～0.5个单位,取得了较好结果。     

生产硫质量分数小于50 μg·g-1催化汽油加氢脱硫技术开发

研究了MIP汽油与常规FCC汽油的性质特点,比较了抚顺石油化工研究院(FRIPP)开发的OCT-M催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术将MIP汽油与FCC汽油硫质量分数降低到≯50 μg/g情况下其辛烷值损失情况.工业应用标定结果表明OCT-M技术可为我国炼厂生产w(硫)≯50 μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

GARDES技术在大庆石化130万吨/年汽油加氢改质装置的工业应用

中国石油天然气集团公司为应对汽油质量升级,首批采用具有自主知识产权的GARDES技术新建7套汽油加氢改质装置,大庆石化为其中规模最大的一套。本文介绍了采用GARDES技术设计建设的大庆石化130万吨/年汽油加氢改质装置的催化剂预处理、装置开工及初期运行情况。2013年10月装置正式开工运行,开工后装置一直平稳运行,11月29日分别在85%、100%负荷两种方案下完成装置初期标定;初期运行及标定结果表明,在85%负荷和全负荷状态下,通过GARDES工艺技术,汽油产品硫含量均能达到30μg/g以下、硫醇硫含量能够控制在10μg/g以下,RON损失为0.2～0.4个单位。GARDES技术可根据实际生产需求灵活调整负荷,催化剂具有优异的加氢脱硫及脱硫醇性能,同时具有较低的RON损失,完全满足催化汽油加氢改质装置生产国IV标准清洁汽油需求,解决了企业汽油质量升级的重大问题。     

CDOS-FRCN全馏分催化汽油选择加氢脱硫技术的首次工业应用

介绍了CDOS-FRCN技术在中海石油炼化有限责任公司惠州炼油分公司50万t/a全馏分催化汽油选择加氢脱硫装置上的开工情况及运行结果.工业应用结果表明,采用CDOS-FRCN技术可将FCC汽油硫含量由320～ 336 μg/g降至10 ～ 17μg/g,相应RON损失仅为0.8～1.4个单位,满足了生产硫含量≤10 μg/g国V汽油(类似欧V)的技术要求.CDOS-FRCN技术相比传统选择加氢脱硫技术投资可节省25％以上,能耗可降低30％～ 50％.     

OCT-M催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术的应用

介绍了抚顺石油化工研究院开发的OCT-M催化裂化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术特点及其在洛阳分公司1．00Mt／a OCT-M装置进行工业应用试验的情况。标定结果表明,FCC汽油硫质量分数由820-1100μg／g降低到200弘g,g左右,RON损失0．7-1．9个单位,工业应用是成功的。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.